Erotic literature

Illustration from the Kama Sutra.

Erotic literature is a literary genre in which the texts are related, directly or indirectly, to eroticism and
sex. Sometimes it can also be referred to as pornographic literature if the sexual scenes are really very
explicit, although it is normally still considered within erotica.1

Pornography is the pure and simple description of carnal pleasures; eroticism is the same description revalued,

based on an idea of love or social life. Everything that is erotic is necessarily pornographic in addition. It is

much more important to distinguish between the erotic and the obscene. In this case, eroticism is considered

to be everything that makes the flesh desirable, shows it in its splendor or blossoming, inspires an impression

of health, beauty, pleasurable play; while obscenity devalues the flesh, which is thus associated with dirt,

imperfections, scatological jokes, dirty words.

2

Within this genre you can usually find erotic fiction novels, short stories or tales, poetry, plays, memoirs
and sex manuals.

Content
[disguise]

1 History

o 1.1 Literary eroticism in antiquity

o 1.2 The Middle Ages and the Renaissance

 o 1.3 16th and 17th centuries, erotic liberation

o 1.4 The Enlightenment, reaffirmation of literary pornography

o 1.5 19th century, English Puritanism and the rise of eroticism in Central

Europe

o 1.6 20th century and present

2 Erotic literature and the Internet

3 See also

4 Bibliography

5 References

6 External links

[edit]History

Eroticism and sex have been associated with society and human culture since the beginning of time, and
literature is no exception, although it has often been subjected to censorship for being considered a
reprehensible or sinful subject. Likewise, allusions to sex or erotic passages are also frequently included
in larger works, not as the main theme of the work, but as isolated chapters that contribute to the
development of the narrative or the development of characters. Thus, for example, it is possible to find
clearly erotic fragments in works such as http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuijoteCervantes'
Donhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervantes http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/UlisesQuixote or James Joyce's
Ulysses, without these works being considered within the genre.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-23
4http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-3

[edit]Literary eroticism in antiquity

Treatises on sex were already written in Ancient Egypt, sometimes merely compilations of sexual
positions, such as the Turin Papyrus,http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-45 which details the variations
of the act of love. Although little remains from that period, some fragments have been saved, such as the
Leide papyrus, which proposes "creating an image of love."6

Ancient literature on eroticism is mainly characterized by the union between the divine and the earthly.
There are frequent allusions to the gods and to cults of fertility and the phallus. The works are usually
included in manuals of sexual positions, poetry and plays. Apart from dealing with heterosexuality, there
are also frequent references to oral sex and lesbianism. The hetairas, women who elevated the practice
of love to the category of art, were authors of treatises on these practices, such as the treatises of
Artyanassa, an old servant of Helen, of Filenis of Samos and those of Elefantis.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er
%C3%B3tica - cite_note-6
7 Not infrequently, literary eroticism is associated with comedy or is associated with satire
and social criticism.
The Sultan forgiving Scheherazade's life, The Thousand and One Nights

The first writings of erotic literature date back to Ancient Greece, around 400 BC, when the playwright
Aristophanes wrote the play Lysistrata. From around 300 BC. The obscene satirical poems of Sotades
date back to the time when he was imprisoned for criticising Ptolemy's marriage to his sister
Arsinoehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsinoe. For a time, erotic literature itself was even identified as
sotadic literature.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-fcsh-01 Around the 2nd century BC, Lucian is
credited with writing the oldest pornographic book, Dialogues of the Courtesans. It is Luciano, precisely,
who first uses the term lesbianism to define female homosexuality.

Ancient Rome is also rich in this literary genre, cultivated between the 2nd century BC. C and early 1st
century. The Priapeia, a series of poems about the god Priapus, belong to this period. Apart from the
approaches to the genre by authors such as Martial, Juvenal, Plautus, http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica -
cite_note-7
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/CatuloCatullus8 and Horacehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio, it is
worth highlighting The Art of Loving, by Ovid, The Satyricon,9 by http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-
arescronida2-8
Petronius and The Golden Ass, by Apuleius, as the most relevant works of the period.10

In Ancient Chinahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/China, during the Han period (around 200 BC), various
educational manuals on sexual practices circulated, following the literary formula of the dialogue between
an Emperor and his precepts or sexual teachers.1

In the 4th century, the http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndiaKama Sutrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/K

%C4%81ma_s%C5%ABtra, the most famous and universal of sexuality manuals, appeared in India.
Written by Mal-la Naga Vatsiaiana as a religious text addressed to the people, the work is a compendium
of techniques and advice in the amatory arts, ranging from the most subtle eroticism and sensuality to a
detailed and graphic description of sexual positions for the act of copulation.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er
%C3%B3tica - cite_note-10
11 9http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-arescronida2-8

Coming from the Muslim Middle East is the medieval work The Thousand and One Nights, from the 9th
century, in which the subject of infidelity is dealt with.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-1112 Also of
Muslim origin is The Perfumed Garden, by Cheik Nefzaoui, a manual in the style of the Kama
Sutra.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-loduca-56 A second manual emerged in India around the 15th or
16thhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XVI century, the Ananga Ranga, by Kalyana Malla, with a series of
tips to avoid monotony in marriage and prevent separation between man and
woman.9http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-arescronida2-8

[edit]The Middle Ages and the Renaissance

The Middle Ages were a difficult time for eroticism and sexuality in general, and literature was also
influenced by that fact. In http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XIIthe 12th century, the ideal of courtly love
emerged,http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-1213 based on a helpful and selfless love that idealizes the
beloved woman. Some works included in this style are Lancelot
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot,_el_Caballero_de_la_Carretaby Chrétien de Troyes, Tristan and
Isolde by Gottfried von Strassburg, the Roman de la Rose by Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun and
Vita Nuova and the Divinehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri Comedy by Dante Alighieri.6

Erotic literature gained some importance in Italy with the arrival of the Renaissance. Giovanni Boccaccio
was the author of the Decameron (1353), a work that narrated the exploits of monks seducing nuns in
convents. The book was banned in many countries. Even five centuries later, various copies of the text
were destroyed in countries such as the United States and England; between 1954 and 1958, English
magistrates issued eight orders for the book to be destroyed.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-1314
Another important Italian work of the 15th century http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XVwas Facetiae or
Facecies by Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini, a collection of short stories in which plots about lust are
major protagonists. Girolamo Morloni portrayed the sexual customs of http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N
%C3%A1polesNaples in Novellae (http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Pietro_Armino&action=edit&redlink=11520), and Pietro http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SonetoArmino
captivated readers with lustful comedies and sonnets and the work Reasoning, in which he gives an
account of the perversions of the time. Still in Italy, the figure of Antonio Beccadelli also stands out,
whose most famous work, Hermaphroditus (1425), evoked the eroticism of the work of
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/CatuloCatullus and Martialhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcial, as well as the
priapei. This work did not escape Christian censorship either due to its obscenity. Other contemporary
examples of the same genre include the erotic poems of Eustache Deschamps, the book De amore by
Andreas Capellanus, and the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.1

In France, the influence of erotic literature also began to be noticed in the figure of Antoine de la Sale, to
whom belonged the works Le Petit Jehan de Saintré (1456), in which a widowed woman indoctrinates a
young knight in all the arts of religion, courtesy and chivalry, without leaving aside seduction and love,
and Les Quinze Joyes de mariage (The fifteen jokes of marriage), where with vivid and natural language
he describes the miseries of marriage.

An attempt to print erotic material caused a scandal when Italians Pietro Aretino and Marcantonio
Raimondi produced I Modien 1524, an illustrated book with 16 sexual positions. Raimondi had already
published it once before, and was subsequently imprisoned by Pope Clement VII, and all copies of the
illustrations were destroyed. Raimondi based the engravings on a series of erotic paintings that Giulio
Romano was doing on commission for the Palazzo del Te in Mantua. Although the two representations
were very similar, only Raimondi was prosecuted because his engravings could be seen by the public.
Romano did not know about these engravings until Aretino went to see the original paintings while
Romano was working on them. Aretino then composed sixteen explicit sonnets ("both in your rabbit and
in your ass, my cock will make me happy, and you happy and content")http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica -
cite_note-imodi-15http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-history-14
15,16 to accompany the paintings and secure
Raimondi's release. I Modi was then published for a second time, with the poems and illustrations, the
first time that erotic texts and images were combined, although the Pope again seized all the copies he
could find. Raimondi escaped prison this time, but censorship was so effective that no original copy has
ever been found. The preserved text is only a copy of a copy that was discovered 400 years
later.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-imodi-15http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-history-1415 16 Among
Aretino's disciples we can find Lorenzo Veniero, author of La puttana errante, and Nicollo Franco, author
of La priapea, where he mocks the sexual habits of the master.

In the Iberian Peninsula, the most notable are the Cantigas de escarnio y mal
decir,http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-fcsh-01 in Galician-Portuguese and the Libro de buen amor del
Arcipreste de Hita,http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-17http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-leergratis-1617
18 where the author narrates the events of his love life during the Late Middle Ages. A little further on,
immersed in the Spanish Golden Age, we can mention the works of La Celestina, which recounts the
events of a procuress, and La lozana andaluza by Francisco Delicado,http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica -
cite_note-leergratis-16
17 which describes the world of prostitution in Renaissance Rome. However, many writers
dedicated some verse to eroticism and sexuality despite the reigning puritanism of the time, such as
Quevedo or Góngorahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3ngorahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quevedo,
although generally they are more isolated contributions than central plots.19
[edit]16th and 17th centuries, erotic liberation
During the 16th century, the medieval heritage would be felt in one of the richest literatures in Europe,
French literature, with masterpieces of the genre such as Pantagruel (1532) and La Vie très Horrificque
du Grand Gargantua (1534) by Rabelais, writings that parody the excesses of sensual love and
debauchery.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-fcsh-01 In this same context, the group of poets known
as La Pléyade also addressed love poetry of a libidinous nature. The work Sonnets pour Hélène, from
1578, stands out, where Pierre de Ronsard deals with the theme of the forbidden love of an elderly man
for a young maiden.1

Inspired by Boccaccio's Decameron, Margaret of Navarre wrote the Heptameron (1558), a collection of
72 short stories dealing with the themes of love, lust, infidelity, and other romantic and sexual matters.

Illustration from the work Fanny Hill, also known as Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure.

In http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XVIIthe 17th century, numerous examples of pornographic or erotic

literature began to circulate, printed mainly in Amsterdam and smuggled to other European countries.
These include L'Ecole des Filles, a French work printed in 1655 that is considered to be among the
beginnings of pornography in France. It consists of an illustrated dialogue between two women, a 16-
year-old girl and her more worldly cousin, and their explicit discussions about sex. The author remains
anonymous to this day, although some suspects have been sentenced to prison for their alleged
authorship of the work.20
The idea of Don Juan dates back to the same century, a seductive and daring male character who never
finds full satisfaction in his conquests, which is why he repeatedly embarks on the task of seduction,
renouncing love.

Giovanni Benedicti Sinibaldi made one of the first forays into the roots of sexology, with his work
Geneanthropeia (1669), with more intentions than rigor.

In France, the figure of Pierre de Brantôme stands out, who presented characters immersed in the most
absolute immorality according to the canons of society. Her manuscripts contain extensive and explicit
descriptions of intimate parts, as well as allusions to promiscuity, lesbianism, cunnilingus and even
sadomasochism. Among his works, probably the most obscene is The Lives of Gallant Women.

In England, playwright John Ford made a controversial foray into incest with his play 'Tis Pity She's a
Whore, both for the main plot and for the way the protagonist is treated, without condemning his actions
at any point. On the other hand, there is the work Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery, attributed
to John Wilmot Rochester, although it is not known exactly who the author is. The plot revolves around a
king's sexual preference for sodomy, which could be interpreted within the context of the time as a satire
against the permissiveness of King Charles II of England towards Catholicism during his reign.6

[edit]The Enlightenment, reaffirmation of literary pornography

Illustration by Theresa, philosopher.

During the Enlightenment, many French freethinkers began to exploit pornography as a means of social
criticism and satire. Libertine pornography was a subversive social commentary often directed against
the Catholic Church and general attitudes of sexual repression. The market for these cheap, mass-
produced pamphlets soon became the bourgeoisie, causing the upper classes to worry, as in England,
that the morals of the lower classes and the feeble-minded would be corrupted, since women, slaves and
illiterate people were seen as especially vulnerable during that time.

The stories and illustrations (sold in the galleries of the Palais Royal, alongside the services of
prostitutes) were often anti-clerical, filled with indecorous priests, monks and nuns, a tradition that in
France continued into the 20th century. In the period leading up to the French Revolution, pornography
was also used as political commentary: Marie Antoinette was often the subject of fantasies involving
orgieshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org%C3%ADa, lesbian activities and the parenting of her children, and
rumours circulated about Louis XVI's alleged sexual inadequacy.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-
libido2-19
20 21http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-libido4-20

Illustration from a Dutch edition of Justine by the Marquis de Sade, circa 1800.

The English response to this was Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (later abbreviated and retitled Fanny
Hill) written in 1748 by John Cleland. Although the text satirized literary conventions and fashionable
customs in 18th-century England, it was most scandalous for portraying a woman, the narrator, enjoying
and even delighting in sexual acts without serious physical or moral consequences. The text is barely
explicit, as Cleland wrote the entire book using euphemisms for sexual acts and body parts, using up to
50 different ones just to refer to the penis. Two minor earthquakes were blamed on the book by the
Bishop of London and Cleland was arrested and briefly imprisoned, but Fanny Hill continued to be
published and is one of the most reprinted books in the English language. However, it was not legal to
own a copy in the United States until 1964 and in the http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_UnidoUnited
Kingdom until 1970.22

As with criticism and satire of the government, eroticism sometimes merges with philosophy, as
demonstrated by the work Teresa, philosopher, attributed to the Marquis d'Argens, where passages
charged with eroticism and provocation are interspersed with lessons about philosophy. Framed within
what could be called a pornographic novel, it was one of the most widely distributed works of its time in
France.23

A recurring theme with the arrival of enlightened debauchery is that of orgies. Andréa de Nerciat stood
out in this regard with the related works Les Aphrodites and Le diable en l'corpse. An important fact
about De Nerciat's work is the lack of ideological and political pretensions, dealing with stories of pure
entertainment and passion. This trend will be followed in the coming years. The period was also the
birthplace of numerous fetishes or sexual deviations. Nicolas Edme Restif de la Bretonne, for example,
featured foot or shoe fetishes in his works, and the Count of Mirabeau again addressed the theme of the
sexual initiation of young girls in The Lifted Curtain or Laura's Education.

During and after the French Revolution, the famous works of the Marquis de Sade were printed, often
accompanied by illustrations and serving as political or philosophical commentary for their
author.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-libido5-2324 Nevertheless, the Marquis marked a milestone in
the history of erotic literature and is primarily known for his works in the genre. Openly libertine, his
opposition to all laws and his particular vision of the world earned him several years in prison. It was
during his stay in the Bastille that he began to write one of his most important works, The 120 Days of
Sodom,http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-arescronida4-2425 where he tells how four wealthy men locked in
a castle decide to put into practice, abusing their situation, the most depraved stories they have heard,
frequently combined with extreme violence. Not in vain, Elsadismo inherits its name from the Marquis's
surname. Another brilliant work by the Marquis is Justine, which tells the story of two orphan sisters who
choose two very different paths, one who embraces religious worship and the other who gives himself
over to vice and perversion.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-arescronida4-2425 Sade's works also
contributed in some way to the transformation of the genre, moving from criticism of the political class to
criticism of society in general.

[edit]19th century, English Puritanism and the rise of eroticism in Central

Europe
Towards http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XIXthe 19th century, a new movement emerged,
Romanticism, which idealized pain and psychological suffering, as well as passionate love. This new
movement often dealt with the boundaries between what was permissible and what was forbidden,
although it did not reach the obscenity of previous periods. Gustave Flaubert, for Madame Bovary, and
Charles Baudelaire, for The Flowers of Evil, were even prosecuted.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-
fcsh-0
1 Less controversial were other classic works of the period, such as Wuthering Heights (novel), Jane
Eyre or Anna Karenina. This specific subgenre will end up deriving into what will be known as the
romance novel.26

During the Victorianhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra era in England, at the same time, erotic texts
with a characteristic relationship between master and servant gained strength. In his literature it is
reflected in works such as Venus the Schoolmistress, or the Flagellation Games, by George Cannon or
The Meny Order of St. Bridget, by James Berttram. However, the works were more commonly
anonymous and of uncertain date, with cases such as The Lustful Turk (1828), The Way of a Man with a
Maid, A Weekend Visit, The Romance of Lust (1873), The Autobiography of a Flea (1887),Beatrice,
Venus in India (1889), Raped on the Railway: A True Story of a Lady who was first ravished and then
flagellated on the Scotch Express (1894), Flossie, A Venus of Fifteen: By one who knew this Charming
Goddess and worshiped at her shrine (1897) and My Lustful Adventures.

But the wildest erotic literature also continued in the 19th century. The Austrian author Leopold von
Sacher-Masoch made a name for himself in history, equal parts due to the scandal and success
generated in France by his work Venus in Furs (1870), in which he laid the foundations for what would
later become known as masochism, in honour of his own surname, consisting of being whipped, tied up
and humiliated by one's partner. Authors who followed in his footsteps are Richard Brohmek and Fedor
Essée, always with women seen from a dominant and cruel point of view, with the figure of the
dominated and submissive man.

At the end of the century, the name of the playwright Arthur Schnitzler emerges, who proclaims in
several of his works the supremacy of the sexual instinct over social conventions. His most controversial
work was La ronda, a cycle of ten one-act dramatic pieces, each one made up of a pair of lovers, in such
a way that one of the members of the couple repeats in two consecutive scenes, in a kind of dance of
sexual pairings. At the beginning of the 20th century, more than 40,000 copies were sold in Germany
before the work was banned. Attempts to represent it were also subject to censorship and bans. Another
erotic novel of great importance in Germany was Josephine Mutzenbacher, considered a pornographic
classic. Published anonymously, its creation is attributed to Felix Salten. The story is told from the point
of view of a 50-year-old Viennese prostitute, who recalls her sexual escapades between the ages of 5
and 12. The book touches on almost every possible taboo relating to sex, such as child prostitution,
incest, homosexuality, rape and orgies. Anecdotally, Felix Salten is the author of the children's classic
Bambihttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambi,_una_vida_en_el_bosque.

[edit]20th century and present

The English DH Lawrence is the author of one of the most controversial books of the first half of the 20th
century, Lady Chatterley's Lover (1928), which recounts a woman's descent into adultery with a servant
during the absence of her husband, who was stationed in the First World War. The work describes in
detail the lovers' sexual relations, which symbolize and glorify the power of love, which does not
understand class-based social barriers. Likewise, the work has also been studied as an anti-feminist text,
as a praise to the triumph of the phallus.1

In Spain, a famous and successful writer of erotic novels was "El Caballero Audaz". It was linked to a
trend of erotic novels from the beginning of the century and achieved millions in print runs during its
lifetime, to the point that, almost a hundred years later, there is no problem finding copies on the used
book market.

Another controversial author from the beginning of the century is Henry Miller, whose works Tropic of
Cancer (1934) and Tropic of Capricorn (1938), banned in many countries.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica -
cite_note-arescronida6-26
27 Miller praises pornography (understood from its original Greek meaning, as the
relationship with prostitutes), describing it as a new religion. Emmanuelle Arsan, author of Emmanuelle,
and Dominique Aury, author of Story of O, also praise the world of prostitution.1

Georges Bataille, with the book entitled The Story of the Eye (1928), published under a pseudonym,
explored the sensations and sexual relations between two exhibitionist teenagers. Throughout the play,
aspects such as death and madness are addressed, always related to the sexual affairs of the main
couple. Group sex, the eroticism of fluids and the union between religion and sex are other themes
addressed in the work. An important feature of the book was that it included several explicit illustrations. 28

Anaïs Nin was one of the first representatives of female erotic literature. Known for her diaries, which
chronicle her life from the age of 12, Nin has touched on a multitude of erotic themes in her works,
including incest, voyeurism and lesbianism.

Vladimir Nabokov is best known as the author of Lolita (1955), a work that dealt with the thorny issue of
the relationship between an underage girl and a mature man, obsessed with nymphets (sexually
desirable girls between 9 and 14 years old).http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-arescronida6-2627 The work,
branded as pornographic when it was published in France, was adapted to film by Stanley Kubrick in
1962http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita_(1962) and later by Adrian Lyne in
1997http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita_(pel%C3%ADcula_de_1997). However, the impact of the novel on
society was enormous, with the title of the book going beyond the notion that it was considered a term
linked to pedophilia.

Other significant authors of the 20th century are Guillaume Apollinaire, Louis Aragon, Jean Genet, known
for his writings on homosexuality, Pierre Louÿs, author of the parody Manual de urbanidad para niñas,
the surrealist poet Joyce Mansour, Mario Vargas Llosa, with Travesuras de la niña mala, with a synopsis
similar to Cinderella, or J. G. Ballard, author of Crash (1973), a novel that addresses the relationship
between sexual desire and cars, adapted to film in 1996 by David Cronenberg.

One of the key works of erotic literature of the second half of the 20th century is, without a doubt, Story of
O. Published under the pseudonym Pauline Réage, the work was conceived as a series of love letters to
her lover Jean Paulhan, an admirer of the work of the Marquis de Sade. It is a story of absolute
submission, where the protagonist is initiated into the sexual arts as a slave, always available for sexual
relations of all kinds. Set in the BDSM worldhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM, several terms from it
come from the book, such as Samois.29

At the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century, erotic books narrated as female
autobiography gained a certain fame. Las Edades de Lulú, http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-arescronida6-
26
27 by Almudena Grandes, the controversial Cien Cepilladas antes de Dormir by Melissa Panarello,
which deals with extreme sexuality during adolescence, http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_note-2930 or
Diary of a Nymphomaniac (2003) by Valérie Tasso, are some examples of this.

[edit]Erotic literature and the Internet

The arrival of new technologies has also meant an increase in the activity of erotic literature, as in other
eroticized manifestations such as photography or cinema. On the Internet it is easy to find websites that
collect erotic stories written by users, of varying quality and length. Anonymity facilitates the writing and
dissemination of texts that could be inspired by reality or that simply satisfy the imagination and creativity
of the narrator. These are usually short writings with strong, very explicit sexual content, although there is
no pre-established rule or trend. There is an abundance of forbidden or socially disapproved themes,
with texts relating to different fetisheshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filia and plots immersed in activities
such as sex with minors, incest or submission.

Erotic literature is also widely found in fanfiction, where it is popularly known as lemon.

[edit]See also

 Sexual literature

 Erotic comic

 The Vertical Smile Award

[edit]Bibliography

 Castro García, Óscar (2004). A century of eroticism in the Colombian short story: Anthology.
University of Antioquia. pp. 490. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBNISBN9789586557337. Retrieved 29-10-2008.

 Grantham Turner, James (2003). Schooling Sex: Libertine Literature and Erotic Education in Italy,
France, and England, 1534-1685. Oxford University Press. pp. 408. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBNISBN
9780199254262. Retrieved 29-10-2008.

 Calvo Martínez, José Luis (2009). Anthology of Greek erotic poetry. Poems of Love and Sex in
Greece. Madrid: Chair. Universal Letters. pp. 498. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBNISBN 978-84-376-2569-0.

 Alexandrian (1990). History of erotic literature. Barcelona: Planeta. pp. 398.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBNISBN 978-84-320-4461-8.

 Various authors (1998). Anthology of erotic literature. Madrid: Espasa Calpe.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBNISBN 9788423986613.

 Juan, Victorio (1983). Love and eroticism in medieval literature. National Publisher. pp. 281.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBNISBN 9788427606197.

 Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco (1994). Greek, Latin and Indian erotic tale. Madrid: Ortho Editions.
pp. 348. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBNISBN 978-84-7923-023-4.

 Kearney, Patrick J. (1982) (in English). A history of Erotic Literature. MacMillan. pp. 216.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBNISBN 978-0333341261.

 Brulotte, Gaetan (2006). John Philips. ed. Encyclopedia of Erotic Literature. Routledge. pp. 1616.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBNISBN 978-1579584412.

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4http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-fcsh_0-3http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-fcsh_0-

2http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-fcsh_0-1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-fcsh_0-0

f
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g
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Ceia. «Erotic literature» (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29-10-2008.

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literature

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chttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-loduca_5-3http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-loduca_5-2 d Lo

Duca, Translation by Juan José Sebreli. «History of eroticism» pp. 91. Retrieved 29-10-2008.

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Shameless». Retrieved 29-10-2008.

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arescronida2_8-2http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-arescronida2_8-1
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debauchery (2) The sex manuals» (10-9-2008). Retrieved 29-10-2008.

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Literature» (10-10-2006). Retrieved 29-10-2008.

11. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-10↑ Carmen Marquez (12-7-2007).

«Kamasutra, the art of love». Retrieved 29-10-2008.

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Retrieved 29-10-2008.

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History of Pornography: 71-2

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Marilyn Chambers, John Leslie, Seymore Butts. Pornography: The Secret History of Civilization

[DVD]. Koch Vision. ISBN 1-4172-2885-7

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Renaissance. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-0803-8.

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17. ↑ a bhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-leergratis_16-
1
«The eroticism of yesteryear» (29-11-2006). Retrieved 29-10-2008.

18. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-17↑ «Eroticism in the Book of Good

Love» (8-2-2007). Retrieved 29-10-2008.

19. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-18↑ «Between the lyrical and the

vulgar... the funny» (4-2-2008). Retrieved 29-10-2008.

 20. ↑ a http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-libido2_19-1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-libido2_19-0b

Beck, Marianna (December 2003). Libido, The Journal of Sex and Sensibility (ed.): "The Roots of

Western Pornography: The French Enlightenment Takes on Sex" (in English). Retrieved July 1,

2007.

21. ^ http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-libido4_20-0Beck, Marianna

(February 2003). Libido, The Journal of Sex and Sensibility (ed.): "The Roots of Western

Pornography: The French Revolution and the Spread of Politically-Motivated Pornography" (in

English). Retrieved July 1, 2007.

22. ^ http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-libido3_21-0Beck, Marianna

(January 2003). Libido, The Journal of Sex and Sensibility (ed.): "The Roots of Western

Pornography: England Bites Back With Fanny Hill" (in English). Retrieved July 1, 2007.

23. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-22↑ «Theresa, philosopher» (10-14-

2008). Retrieved 29-10-2008.

24. ^ http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-libido5_23-0Beck, Marianna (March

2003). Libido, The Journal of Sex and Sensibility (ed.): "The Roots of Western Pornography: The

Marquis de Sade's Twisted Parody of Life" (in English). Retrieved July 1, 2007.
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25. ↑ a bhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-
arescronida4_24-1
«Bedroom tales, eroticism, lust and debauchery (4) Sadism and other perversions» (10-

9-2008). Retrieved 29-10-2008.

26. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-25↑ «Bedroom tales, eroticism, lust

and debauchery (5) From the Romantic Novel to the Pink Novel» (10-9-2008). Retrieved 29-10-2008.

27. ↑ http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-arescronida6_26-0a b chttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-

arescronida6_26-2http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-arescronida6_26-1
«Bedroom tales, eroticism, lust and

debauchery (6) Taboos and Eroticism in the 20th Century» (10-9-2008). Retrieved 29-10-2008.

28. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-27↑ Miguel Sardegna. "The point of

coincidence of life and death." Axolotl Magazine. Retrieved 29-10-2008.

29. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-28↑ «The incredible story that

founded female erotic literature» (27-7-2004). Retrieved 29-10-2008.

30. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_er%C3%B3tica - cite_ref-29↑ «Melissa P. I, a sinner" (2-2-

2004). Retrieved 29-10-2008.

[edit]External links

 Wikisource contains original works by or about Erotic literature.

 Gaspar Garrote and Alicia Gallego (2010). «Electronic bibliography of Spanish erotic literature».
Consulted on 28-VIII-2011.
 Natalia Ferretti (5-12-2006). «Erotic literature: Words that turn you on». Retrieved 29-10-2008.

 «Special issue of erotic literature». www.elfantasmadelaglorieta.com. Consulted on 29-10-2008.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSNISSN 1577-8851

 Augustine Cadena (5-12-2005). «Erotic literature written by women in Mexico». www.letralia.com.

Retrieved 29-10-2008.

 «How to Write Erotic Literature» (1993). Retrieved 29-10-2008.

 Gregorio Morales (1998). «Erotic literature and love literature». Retrieved 29-10-2008.

 Victoria Galvan Gonzalez. «Erotic literature of the Spanish Enlightenment». Retrieved 29-10-2008.

 «Bedroom tales, eroticism, lust and debauchery (7) Eroticism and pornography, the themes in the
green and hot tales» (10-9-2008). Retrieved 29-10-2008.

 http://www.eroticabibliophile.com Ongoing research into erotica and erotic art, containing the history
of erotic literature, a collection of period illustrations and erotic drawings, and information about the
publishers and artists.

Antonio Beccadelli

Sayings and deeds of Alfonso, King of Aragon.

Antonio Beccadelli (Palermo, 1394 - Naples, 1471), better known as the Panormitan or the
Panormitano (after his city of origin) was an Italian canon lawyer, humanist poet and scholar.
[edit]Biography

He studied humanities and law in Florence, Padua, Bologna and

Romehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolonia. In Rome
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1428in 1428 he met Lorenzo Valla and Poggio Bracciolini. Between 1430 and
1433 he taught in Pavia.

He was known for his Latin erotic poetry. His Hermaphroditus ('the Hermaphrodite', whose title alluded to
its contents, which were both heterosexual and homosexual in nature) was a collection of epigrams in
which he imitated the priapei and followed those of Martial and
Catullushttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Valerio_Catulohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcial, and was the
first collection of this genre in the Renaissance. Many of the poems in Hermaphroditus were censored or
left unpublished in its first printing in Venice (1553), and the collection would not be published in its
entirety until 1790. Pope Eugene IV banned its reading and the book was burned in public in places such
as Bolognahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C3%A1nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolonia and Milan.

Persecuted for writing this licentious imitation of classical poetry, from 1443 he was protected by Alfonso
V of Aragon the Magnanimous, who had moved his court to the kingdom of Naples, where he was able
to devote himself to his intellectual work.1

His duties in the service of the King of Aragon were diplomatic, protocolary and advisory. It continued
under the government of his son, Ferdinand I of Naples, and established there an academy called the
Pontaniana, which he directed until his death; its subsequent director was Giovanni Pontano.

The famous Palazzo del Panormita in Naples belonged to him. It was built in the second half of the 15th
century under the direction of the architect Giovan Filippo de Adinolfo, and sold during the 17th century
to Giacomo Capece Galeota.

[edit]References

Palazzo del Panormita, in Naples.

 1. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Beccadelli - cite_ref-0↑ Enrique Montero Cartelle, ed. by Antonio

Beccadelli, The Hermaphrodite, Madrid, Akal (medieval and Renaissance Latin classics, 23), 2008.

ISBN 978-84-460-2574-0

[edit]Works

 Hermaphroditus (1425). ed. and trans. into the Spanish of Enrique Montero Cartelle, El
Hermafrodito, Madrid, Akal (medieval and Renaissance Latin classics, 23), 2008. ISBN 978-84-460-
2574-0

 Epistolae Campane (posthumous edition in 1474)

 De dictis et factis Alphonsi regis Aragonum (completed 1455)

 Liber rerum gestarum Ferdinandi regis (completed ca.1469)

Poggio Bracciolini
(Redirected from Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini)

Poggio Bracciolini.

Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini (Terranuova, near Arezzo, 1380 – Florence, October 10,
1459http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1459http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_de_octubre) was an Italian humanist.

He studied in Florence and came http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romato Rome around 1402. Pope Boniface
IX made him one of his apostolic secretaries. He took up the post of chancellor of Florence in June
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/14531453 thanks to the protection of the Medici and was a Latinist convinced
that Latin was a living language, for which he was frequently criticised by Ciceronians such as Leonardo
Bruni or Lorenzo Valla (the latter wrote an Antidotus in Poggium).

He was a tireless pursuer of manuscripts throughout Italy, England, Germany, France and
Switzerlandhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suizahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia, so much so that he
single-handedly rescued, bought, copied or stole much of the ancient classical Latin literature that
flourished during the Renaissance from the monasteries he went to in search of it. He used, imitating
Coluccio Salutati, the new, faster Gothic letter instead of the Carolina minuscule. Thus he rescued
numerous speeches by Cicero that he found in the monastery of http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClunyCluny
in 1415http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1415, as well as, in the Swiss monastery of Saint Gall, the first
complete text of Quintilian's Institute Oratoriahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Fabio_Quintiliano, a
fragment by Valerius Flaccus, commentaries by
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/AsconioCicerohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgiliohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Prisciano, others by Asconius and Priscian on Virgil and a manuscript by Vitruvius. In Germany he found
a codex of Vegetius. He also found Lucretius'http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Poggio_Bracciolini - cite_note-
0
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucrecio De rerum natura1 and works by Manilius, Silius Italicus, Ammianus
Marcellinus and works by the grammarians Caperhttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Caper&action=edit&redlink=1, Eutyches and
Probushttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutiques. He also found the Silvae of
Statiushttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estacio, and this is only a very small part of his discoveries.

He also studied the history of Florence, which he wrote from 1350 to

1455http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1455http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1350, and composed numerous
epistleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%ADstola, some of them against his enemies, and dialogues
in Latin; a collection of comic short stories entitled Liber facetiarum was very well known and popular.

A rather unknown aspect is its role in the development of calligraphy (see image[1]). Bracciolini is
considered2http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Poggio_Bracciolini - cite_note-1 the main creator of the calligraphic letter lettera
antica formata or humanisthttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Letra_Humanista&action=edit&redlink=1, which he spread from his work as a notary and through
the Pope's secretariat. This letter gave rise to humanist printing at the end of the 15th century.

[edit]References
 1. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Poggio_Bracciolini - cite_ref-0 ↑ Francisco Rico Márquez

(2000) [1987] «Humanism and ethics» in Camps Cervera, María Victoria History of Ethics1

Barcelona: Críticap. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN529 ISBN 84-7423-336-4.

2. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Poggio_Bracciolini - cite_ref-1 ↑ Claude Mediavilla

(2005) [1993] «Gothic scripts» Calligraphy, Valencia: Campgrafic.p. 188 et seq. ISBN

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN84-933446-8-0.

Eustache Deschamps
Eustache Deschamps

Birth
1346 Vertus, France

Death 1406

Occupation poet

Nationality French.

Eustache Deschamps (b. in 1346 - f. in 1406) was a French poet of http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetathe

Middle Ageshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medioevohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franceses, also known as
Eustache Morel (Huot 1999, 699). Born in Vertus, in the Champagne region, he received lessons in
versification from Guillaume de Machaut and later studied law at the University of Orleans. After this he
traveled throughout Europe as a diplomatic messenger for King Charles V. His property was stolen by
the English, so he refers to them in many of his poems.

Deschamps wrote about 1,175 ballads, and is sometimes credited with inventing the ballad form. All but
one of his poems are short, and most are satirical, attacking the English (whom he remembers as the
thieves of his country) and the wealthy class, oppressors of the poor. His satires also targeted corrupt
officials and the clergy, and his sharp words may have cost him his job as Bailli of
Senlishttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senlishttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Bailli&action=edit&redlink=1. He also wrote a treatise in verse in French entitled L'Art de dictier,
which he completed on 25 November 1392http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1392 (Kendrick 1983, 7).
His only full-length poetic work, Le Miroir de Mariage, is a satirical poem of 13,000 lines about women.
This work influenced Geoffrey Chaucer who was inspired by parts of this poem for his own work.
Chaucer is apparently one of the few Englishmen whom Deschamps liked, so much so that he
composed a ballad in his honour (no. 285, probably written after 1380) naming Chaucer as a great
philosopher, translator, and poet (Kendrick 1983, 3–4).

[edit]External links

 Some poems
[edit]References

 This article was created from a translation of the article Eustache Deschamps from the English
Wikipedia, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and
the GFDL.

 Boudet, Jean-Patrice, and Hélène Millet (eds.). 1997. Eustache Deschamps et son temps. Textes et
Documents d'Histoire Médiévale 1. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.

 Huot, Sylvia. 1999. [Untitled review of Boudet and Millet 1997]. Speculum 74, no. 3 (July): 699–700.

 Kendrick, Laura. 1983. "Rhetoric and the Rise of Public Poetry: The Career of Eustache
Deschamps." Studies in Philology 80, no. 1 (Winter): 1–13.

Margaret of Navarre
For the 16th-century French princess, see Margaret of Angoulême.

Margaret of Navarre (1128 – 1183) was queen consort of the Kingdom of Sicily during the reign of
William I (1154–1166) and regent during the minority of their son, William II.

She was the daughter of the marriage between King García Ramírez of Navarre and his first wife, the
Norman Margaret of L'Aigle. She married William as a child when he was still a prince of Sicily, the fourth
son of Roger II of Sicily. According to the Italian historian Isidoro La Lumia, she was, in her advanced
age, bella ancora, superba, leggiera (still beautiful, proud, light).

Content
[disguise]

1 Queen consort

2 Offspring
3 Queen Regent

4 Legacy

5 Sources

[edit]Queen consort

During her husband's reign, she was often ignored by the king, for whom he did not particularly feel
friendship, nor did he certainly love her. However, she had a stronger personality than him and several
times convinced him to act when the king wanted to be passive. She had a perhaps mutual infatuation
with Mayon of Bari, the king's ammiratus ammiratorum (admiral of admirals), and the two often allied
themselves in attempts to overthrow the king's opponents, although one of them, Matteo Bonello,
murdered Mayon of Bari and kidnapped Margaret and two of her children during the rebellion of 1160.

[edit]Offspring

To William I the Bad, Margaret of Navarre gave a total of four children:

 The eldest Roger IV, Duke of Apulia (1152 – 1161) died before his father, as did

 the second son Robert III, prince of Capua (º 1153 – † 1158),

 William II (1155 – 1189) the successor with Margaret as queen regent,

 and the last Henry, Prince of Capua (º 1158 – † 1172).

[edit]Queen Regent

It was William I's will that, upon his death (1166), his eldest surviving son should succeed him and his
second son should receive the Principality of Capua. This was done, and on the day of William II's
coronation, Margaret declared a general amnesty throughout the kingdom. The new regent also revoked
her husband's last most unpopular act: the imposition of ransom money on rebellious cities. Margaret's
first appointment to the government of the kingdom was the designation of a strong man for the vacant
position of admiral (since Mayon of Bari was assassinated while the king, her husband, was still alive).
She promoted the http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_el_Ca
%C3%ADd&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%ADdcaid
Pedrohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almirante, a http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversoconverted
Muslimhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunucohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulm%C3%A1n yeunuch, to
admiral of the kingdom, which greatly annoyed the blood aristocracy, who believed themselves to have
more rights, and provoked the envy of the palatine aristocracy.

The queen distrusted the native aristocracy and wrote a letter to her cousin, Rotrude, Archbishop of
Rouen, asking him to send her one of his French Norman relatives, on her mother's side of the family
(L'Aigle), to help her govern. His cousin Gilbert, Count of Gravina, who was already present in southern
Italy, was one of Peter the Caid's enemies and, according to the chronicler Hugo Falcando, a traitor and
firm opponent of his cousin's government.

In the midst of this conflict between the court and the nobility, Peter the Caid deserted his position as
Cancellarius Regni (chancellor of the kingdom) and fled to Tunis, where he converted to Islam under the
name of Ahmed the Sicilian. This fact forced Margaret to appoint her cousin, the treacherous Gilbert of
Gravina, catapan of Apulia and Campania and to send him out of Sicily, to the Italian peninsula, to
prepare against the invasion coming from the territorial ambitions of the Ghibelline emperor Frederick I
Barbarossa. By this time, the popularity of the Queen Regent, which had soared thanks to the initial
populist measures of her reign (as mentioned above), had waned considerably and she was known on
the street as "the Spanish Woman."

After Gilberto's departure for Apulia, Margaret's half-brother, Rodrigo Garcés de Navarra, arrived in
Palermo. Rodrigo, who changed his name to Enrique at the request of his sister, was a son of King
García Ramírez of Navarre, probably with his second wife Doña Urraca, and who, upon the death of
Margarita's husband, travelled to Palermo in the hope of making a career for himself thanks to the
influence of his half-sister, the widowed queen of Sicily. He became a divisive and dangerous figure for
the future reign of his half-nephew King William II. But as a newcomer, his sister Margaret sent him to
Apulia with the title of Count of Montescaglioso. Fortunately for the queen, the arrival of a relative more
favourable to her interests occurred almost simultaneously. Rotrude of Rouen had sent his request for
help to Stephen of Perche, another cousin of the L'Aigle branch. At that time, Stephen was about to go
on a http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruzadascrusade to the Holy Land with a group of thirty-seven knights.
He decided to stop in Palermo first and there he was persuaded to stay in the kingdom and help his
cousin the queen regent. He was appointed chancellor in November 1166.

In 1167, Margaret did what she could to provide relief (in the form of money) to the besieged Pope
Alexander III in Romehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma, thereby opposing their common enemy, the
Emperor Barbarossa. In the autumn of that same year, however, she made a mistake that brought
horrible consequences: she appointed Stephen of Perche as archbishop of the vacant archbishopric of
Palermo. With this, now not only the nobility, but also the clergy disdained the queen regent, who was
nevertheless loved by the populace. His half-brother Henry returned to Sicily at the same time and
created new embarrassment for the queen, accusing her of being under the influence of her lover
Richard, Count of Molise. The allegations, fabricated by Enrique's friends, were unexpectedly completely
false. His friends soon convinced him to point out as incestuous Stephen of Perche, equally innocent as
Richard of Molise. A great conspiracy grew around Henry of Montescaglioso, but Stephen was too quick
and the danger was gone. Margaret convinced Henry (that is, bribed him) to leave Sicily and return to
Spain.
In 1168, events generated by rebellious vassals who opposed the French and Navarrese courtiers of the
queen regent came to a head: they forced Stephen of Perche to resign his post, while Gilbert of Gravina
was also banished. They then left Margaret without any family relations except her son and ward in
Sicily: they had taken the government out of her hands. Margaret protested her cousin's deposition from
the archdiocese of Palermo and sent letters to Pope Alexander III and Thomas Becket, Archbishop of
Canterbury, requesting their assistance in reinstating her favourite, but received none from Alexander
and little help of real value from St Thomas. Queen Margaret's regency then ended de facto, although
she remained de jure regent until her son came of age in 1171.

[edit]Legacy

She continued to live until 1183http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1183, endowing as her inheritance the

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad%C3%ADaBenedictine abbey on the site of Santa Maria de Maniaces,
built by the Byzantine catapan George Maniaces a century earlier, and also a church at San Marco
d'Alunzio, Robert Guiscard's first castle in
Sicilyhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_normanda_de_Italia_Meridional -
Conquista_de_Sicilia.2C_1061.E2.80.931091. She was buried in the Cathedral of Monreale.

The correspondence that Queen Margaret had with Saint Thomas Becket is interesting. St. Thomas
wrote to her "we owe you a debt of gratitude" for the queen's assistance to the saint against King Henry II
of England. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_BecketThomas also wrote to Richard Palmer,
Bishop of Syracuse, requesting him, an opponent of any other candidate than himself for the Palermo
see, to work for the cause of the queen and Stephen. More interesting than any of these exchanges of
letters, however, is Thomas's gold pendant, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan, New
York. It bears the inscription ISTUD REGINA MARGARETE SICULORUM TRANSMITTIT PRESUL RAINAUDUS
BATONIORUS with an effigy of Her Highness Margaret and a prelate (Thomas or Reinaldo).

Finally, Queen Margaret of Navarre's abilities as regent at the court of Sicily are questionable. John
Julius Norwich speaks of her "total inability to govern", but Stephen of Perche's success during his time
as chancellor is undeniable. Scholars blame her above all for her refusal to see the disaffection her
relatives caused to the local nobility and clergy.

[edit]Sources

 Norwich, John Julius. The Kingdom in the Sun 1130–1194. Longman: London, 1970.

Pierre de Brantome
Pierre de Bourdeille, lord of Brantôme.

Another portrait of Pierre de Bourdeille.

Pierre de Bourdeilles (Boudeilles, Périgord, around 1540http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1540 – Château de

Richemont, Saint-Crépin-de-Richemont, 15 July 1614http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1614), abbot and lord of
Brantôme, French historian and biographer, adventurer and gallant, did not stand out either as a soldier
or as a writer.

Third son of the Baron de Bourdeille, his mother and maternal grandmother were linked to the court of
Margaret of Valois, after whose death in 1549 he moved to Paris and, later, in 1555, to Poitiers, to finish
his education. He was granted many clerical properties, the most important of which was the abbey of
Brântome, although he had no religious vocation, so he became a soldier and associated with great
warlords.

He travelled to Italy and also to Scotland, where he accompanied Mary I Stuart (at that time widow of
Francis II of France); to England, where he met Elizabeth I (1561–1579); to Morocco (1564) and to
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1aSpain and Portugalhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal. He
fought in Africa against the Turks. He fought against Suleiman the Magnificent in the galleys of the Order
of Malta and accompanied his great friend, the French commander Philippe Strozzi (grandson of Filippo
Strozzi, the Italian general) on his expedition against Terceira, during which Strozzi died (1582).

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1572In 1572, at Dreux, he took part in the first war of religion between
Catholics and Protestantshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanteshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat
%C3%B3licos, as well as in the battles of Meauxhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaux and Saint-Denis. In
1574 he ended his military career.

His later travels were limited to following the court and participating in amorous and political intrigues,
duels, rivalries and murders.

In http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/15841584 he suffered a fall from a horse that forced him to retire to his
lands, where he began to write to distract himself from the memories that have made him immortal. This
work, often scandalous, is liked above all for the candor with which it is written and for the Gascon vanity
that exudes its author.

Classified as a "light" author for his novel Las damas galantes, he also wrote articles, travel novels, war
chronicles and biographies. In almost all of his writings, one common trait stands out: his love for women,
especially those he knew intimately: Queen Margot or Catherine de Médicis, for example.

Brântome left express orders for his manuscript to be printed; a first, incomplete edition was published
posthumously in Leiden (1665–1666). Later editions included:

 A work in 15 volumes (1740).

 Another by Louis Nicolas Monmerque (1780–1860) in 8 volumes (1821–1824), reproduced in the

Pantheon Littéraire de Buchan.

 The work of the Bibliotheque elzevirienne, begun in 1858 by Prospero Mérimée and `Louis Lacour
de La Pijardière and completed, with volume XII in 1893.

 Ludovic Lalanne's edition for the Société de l'Histoire de France (12 volumes, 1864–1896).

Brântome can hardly be considered a rigorous historian; his memoirs are not a reliable source of
information. But his style, full of colloquial features, has a particular charm, even when he expressed his
facts, thoughts and observations without order or system and with an absolute and disconcerting
frankness and naivety. His works unequivocally describe an admirable portrait of the courtly life of his
time, with its shameless and open debauchery. There is not an educated man or gallant lady in his entire
gallery of portraits who is not tainted by vice, and yet the whole is narrated with the most complete
appearance that there is nothing objectionable in their conduct. Many events and personalities of the
time would have remained unknown without his fine pen.

The edition of L. Lalanne was the first to show the Spanish and French sources on which Brântome
based himself, but he did not use all the existing manuscripts. It was after Lalanne's death that the oldest
copies of the Bibliotheque Nationale were obtained. All his original manuscripts, revised by himself
several times, were collected in http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%ADsParis and
Chantillyhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantilly (Musée Conde), so that a new and definitive edition could
be made. Brântome's poems (more than 2,200 verses) were first published in 1881. In Spain his famous
Gentilezas y bravuconadas de los españoles has been translated.

[edit]Bibliography

 Vie des hommes illustres et grands capitaines français (Life of illustrious men and great French
captains).

 Vie des grands capitaines étrangers (Life of the great foreign captains).

 Life of Illustrious Ladies.

 Life of Gallant Ladies.

 Anecdotes touchant les duels (Anecdotes about duels).

 Rodomontades et jurements des Espagnols. (Bravado and oaths of the Spaniards).

Melissa Panarello
Melissa Panarello in 2006

Melissa Panarello (born December 3, 1985http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/

3_de_diciembre), alias Melissa P., is an Italian
writerhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritora.

[edit]Biography

Melissa Panarello grew up in the small Sicilian

townhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acicastellohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siciliano of Acicastello, near
Catania, Italy. She rose to fame as the author of the erotic novel 100 colpi di spazzola prima di andare a
dormire (translated as One Hundred Strokes Before Sleeping, or The Hundred Strokes). The book is
about her extreme sexual life during her adolescence, based on a personal diary. The text was
distributed in 40 countries, translated into more than 30 languages, and was even adapted into a film.
Melissa Panarello shocked a large part of traditional Sicilian society, one of the most conservative in
Italy, by writing freely about topics such as orgasm, penetration and sperm, in a direct and factual
manner.

He currently lives in Rome, where he wrote his second novel L'odore del tuo respiro (The Smell of Your
Breath) in 2005. In the same year, the film Melissa P. was filmed based on her first novel. The feature
film was produced by Francesca Neri and directed by Luca Guadagnino. However, Melissa maintains
that the production is not entirely faithful to the novel. In April http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/20062006 he
published a third book, entitled In nome dell'amore (In the name of love), presented as an open letter to
Camillo Ruini in which he accuses the Catholic Church of interfering in the Italian political scene and
defends the secularism of his country.

[edit]Filmography
Year Movie Director Character

2006 Melissa P. Luca Guadagnino Maria Valverde

Melissa P. I, a sinner
SCANDAL BOOK. Controversial and a best-seller, "The Hundred Blows" tells the story of a
minor's brutal sexual awakening, narrated in detail by her herself. LA LUNA talks to its
teenage author and gives you a sneak peek of her gruesome diary, which is now being
published here

ALBERTO LUCHINI . PHOTO BY GABRIELE RIGON

His novel The Hundred Blows is

published on March 8

HISTORY OF M. Her name is Melissa Panarello, she is from Sicily and she came of age on December
3rd. Before that date, she was known around the world as Melissa P. (the anonymity of a minor had
to be maintained), the author of the scandalous book The Hundred Blows (published by Poliedro, in
bookstores from March 8), which in her native Italy has broken sales records, reaching 650,000
copies – to get an idea of what this figure means, any book that reaches 20,000 copies in the country
of the boot is considered a bestseller.

The plot of the novel, written in the form of a diary, is very simple: in great detail, Melissa describes a
year of her life, from 15 to 16, and her gradual discovery of sex and all its variants. Masturbation,
oral sex, voyeurism, lesbianism, sadomasochism, orgies, partner swapping... nothing is foreign to the
young woman, whose only dream in life is to find a prince charming who will take care of her and
protect her, without having to first go through his bed (or the back seat of his car). Almost everything
is based on personal experiences.

Question: How much of the book is autobiographical and how much is fiction?
Answer: Let's say that 90% of it is authentic and the remaining 10% is made up. But reality has also
undergone certain modifications due to fantasy and narration.
Q: Do these modifications respond to an interest in improving reality?
A: Yes, and to improve the book itself from the narrative point of view, since they contribute to giving
the events other colors, other nuances. They make it more literature and less real life.
Q: When you decided to write it, was it a kind of exorcism to get rid of that, let's say, sordid past?
A: Partly because even though you're talking about yourself, while you're writing or when you're
reading it, it seems to you that this
person doesn't belong to you, that he or she is someone completely alien to you.
Q: When you talked about this strange person, what did you think of him or her?
A: I let myself be carried away by him or her and he or she was someone hard, bitter, angry. Q: And
when you remember all those adventures, what does it feel like? Remorse, pride, shame…?
A: None of that. Just absolute indifference.
Q: Absolute indifference to such a powerful story?
A: Yes, it was as if I was telling someone else's life from a purely objective point of view, so I didn't
let myself get involved in it. Sometimes I felt a little bitter, but it wasn't something that belonged to
me.
Q: It's like you're starting from scratch.
A: Exactly.
Q: On more than one occasion, you've said that your story is erotic, not pornographic. Allow me to
disagree…
A: Let’s see. The novel can be approached from many points of view. For some it will be erotic and
for others, pornographic. From my perspective, it is a work of formation in which I tell the story of a
teenager who matures through different adventures and suffers various misfortunes. A bit like the
heroes and heroines in fairy tales: they have to reach a goal and, first of all, suffer painful
experiences.
P: Yes, but it is the maturation process of a teenager who is a little out of the ordinary…
A: We are talking about a very intimate young woman, very devoted to herself and very reflective,
who projects her inner world onto others and perhaps idealises everything too much. But I don't think
she's a teenager that's so different from the rest.
Q: Returning to the debate between eroticism and pornography, the difference is that the former
suggests and the latter shows explicitly. And the book is, in some passages, tremendously explicit...
A: Eroticism is thought and pornography is act. And yes, there are some very pornographic passages.
But porn is so because it has no meaning, it only has an aesthetic aspect, which is not accompanied
by a psychological analysis. I think that the pornographic parts of the work bring emotions, they are
not just images, but there is a whole psychology, an intellect within them.
Q: The most surprising thing about these hot scenes is the poetic language you use to refer to
certain intimate parts, such as "The Unknown" and "The Unknown" in her case, or "Asta" in their
case.
A: The book is presented as a fable. Therefore, just as a fable requires a certain language, my novel,
which is an erotic fable, also requires a certain language. Using “cock” or “cunt” would not have
been fair to the story or to the passion I put into writing it. Talking about "Secret", "Unknown" or
"Asta" is much more poetic, lyrical, and gives it a fabulous touch.
Q: Isn't it a bit contradictory to try to make certain scenes that are anything but poetic lyrical?
A: I wanted it to be that way on purpose, to make readers understand that they are not faced with
empty and vain pornography, but one rich in poetry.
Q: The end of the book, with the appearance of this sort of Prince Charming who rescues the
protagonist from the clutches of evil, isn't that too moralistic?
A: Like all fables, it has a happy ending, which is very moralistic and idealized, but fundamental,
because the heroine, after having suffered a series of tortures in the forest, finally finds her prince
and falls in love. Maybe in real life it wasn't like that, but the story almost demanded it.
Q: So, this ending is part of that 10% we were talking about at the beginning.
A: It could be...
Q: Another conclusion that can be drawn from this ending is that there is a kind of regret on the part
of the protagonist for all the misdeeds she has committed...
A: No regret. More than anything, awareness. And the most coherent demonstration is that I have
spoken about all these things. And talking about these things means having become aware of them,
having assimilated them and having exorcised them.
Q: The fact that you needed to carry out this awareness, does that mean that you didn't know what
you were doing before?
A: I was aware, but I had no idea where they were leading me and I didn't know what was going on
inside me. I was at the mercy of events and did not know how to act or react. That's something I
learned later, when one day I said to myself: "What are you doing?" At that moment I understood
everything.
Q: Of all the experiences you describe, which one would you have liked not to have experienced?
A: None. I always say that I would repeat everything I have written in the book. More than the
experience itself, it depends on how it is carried out, on your attitude. And perhaps my attitude was
wrong, so I only lived the experiences halfway. If I were to revive them today, with a different
attitude and a different frame of mind, they would surely be better.
Q: Your novel, 650,000 copies. Susanna Tamaro's, almost a million. What is it about Italian female
writers who are in their teens that drives their fellow countrymen so crazy?
A: Surely, Italian society is very voyeuristic, so as soon as you open the first door and say, "Please
come in and enjoy my world," no one turns back. The world of teenagers is almost unknown, so when
someone wants to talk, adults are happy to listen. Furthermore, a book like mine is not just for
voyeurs, it touches on the emotional keys, which is almost as engaging as the plot.
Q: And what's more, it takes place in Sicily, which contributes to increasing the morbidity due to the
black legend that weighs on the island...
A: That's true, because there has always been this idea that Sicily is a closed island, a caste, a
fiefdom. And hearing these things from a Sicilian girl must have stirred things up. But my novel
shows that Sicily is a place like any other, where things like this happen, where there is also culture
and emotions to tell.
Q: What did your parents say when they read it?
A: Obviously, at first they were shocked. It is not easy to accept that your own daughter has a sexual
activity, much less one as intense as mine. But later they understood that it was essential for me to
write and publish it, because it helped me, above all, on a human level. Now they are very happy
about my success. And our relationship has improved a lot, because the book has broken down the
walls of silence that had existed between us before.
Q: Did you have any problems with censorship?
A: No, I write what I want. If society accepts it, fine, and if it doesn't, fine too. In any case, the story
was never censored at all.
Q: There is already talk of a film adaptation of The Hundred Blows, produced by actress Francesca
Neri (the star of The Ages of Lulu and Almodóvar's Live Flesh). How can you film such a story without
it being rated X?
A: That's up to the director, how he sets the lights, how he plays with the colors... It's also a question
of sensitivity. I will be involved in the script and I will certainly be able to, and I must, give it a
personal touch.
Q: Which actress would you identify with on screen?
A: I will probably play myself. We are still in the discussion phase, but it is most likely.
Q: What is your mood right now?
A: Right now I feel happy and serene. I've had great success, I've fallen in love and I've moved in
with my boyfriend. For me, it is a golden period.
Q: Would you take the same long and winding path again to get to this point?
A: Without a doubt. Absolutely.

Dominique Aury
Dominique Aury, a shy French intellectual and writer whose real name was Anne Desclos, author of
Histoire d'O (Story of O) under the http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seud%C3%B3nimopseudonym Pauline
Réage, the erotic novel banned for years that marked the decade of the 60s. He died at the age of 90 on
April 30, 1998.

[edit]History

Born on September 23, 1907, in Rochefort-sur-Mer, Charente-Maritime, France, Aury revealed at the
age of 86 to an American magazine that the adventures of O were written with a great objective: to
conquer, from her sickbed, the author of the prologue, Jean Paulhan, with the literary weapons that
earned her more confidence than the youth and beauty that she did not believe she possessed. This
cursed book traveled around the world, sometimes clandestinely, and was crowned in 1955 with the
prestigious French literary prize Les Deux Magot. Histoire d' O was further popularized by the film Just
Jaeckin, starring Corinne Clery.

Aury, a leading figure in French literature, was a translator, film critic and editor, the only woman to sit on
the evaluation committee of the publishing house Gallimard, and a member of the Légion d'Honneur. The
French government recently announced that it will be included in a list of national prides.

Dominique Aury, lying in bed with a pencil and her school notebook, had no thoughts of publishing her
writings. She wrote as a challenge, an undertaking she undertook to further woo her lover, Jean Paulhan,
whom she met during the German occupation, when she was distributing a magazine called Lettres
Françaises. Despite this, his work marked the birth of a new subculture: BDSM. For long periods of her
life, she was an active activist in favour of female bisexuality. (Infobae, January 2007)

[edit]See also

 Story of O
[edit]Bibliography

 Dominique Aury, by Angie David - Editions Léo Scheer, - isbn 2756100307

 Dominique Aury, biography, by Angie David, Editions Léo Scheer, 2006 - isbn 2-7561-0030-7

Story of O
History of O (Original, French: Histoire d'O) is a BDSM novel by French writer Pauline Réage
(pseudonym of Dominique Aury, born Anne Desclos) published in 1954. A French intellectual as well as
a writer, Dominique Aury did not intend to publish her works; she wrote them as a challenge she
undertook to further win the affection of her lover, Jean Paulhan.http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_O - cite_note-01 Her
work is considered one of the pinnacles of contemporary erotic literature.
In 1975 it was made into a film by French director Just Jaeckin and starred Corinne Clery.

[edit]References

1. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_O - cite_ref-0↑ The story of The Story of O

John Cleland
John Cleland (24 September 1709 – 23 January 1789) was a famous English novelist best known for
writing Fanny Hill. John Cleland was the last son of William Cleland (1673/4 – 1741) and Lucy Cleland
(née Du Pass). He was born in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London. His father was an officer in the
British Navy.

[edit]Bibliography

 Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, or, Fanny Hill (1749)

 Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, or, Fanny Hill (1750) (censored, legal version)

 Memoirs of a Coxcomb (1751)

 Titus Vespasian (1755) (unreleased)

 The Ladies Subscription (1755) (unreleased)

 Tombo-Chiqui, or The American Savage (1758) (unreleased)

 The Surprises of Love (1764)

 The Woman of Honour (1768)

 other philological works, poetry, translations, newspaper articles and letters.

[edit]References

 Gautier, Gary. "Introduction". Fanny Hill or, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. New York: Modern
Library, 2001.

 Gladfelder, Hal. "In Search of Lost Texts: Thomas Cannon's 'Ancient and Modern Pederasty
Investigated and Exemplified." Eighteenth-Century Life 31(1). Winter 2007.

 Plumb, J. H. "Introduction". Fanny Hill, or, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. New York: Signet
Classics, 1965.

 Taste, Peter. "John Cleland" in H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison, eds. The Dictionary of National
Biography. Vol. 12. London: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Rebellion in verse: female erotic
poetry
by Fatima Frutos

The generosity that appears implicit in showing sensuality, the acceptance of one's own body as an element of
empowerment, the exuberance in women's sexual desire and a particularly passionate lyricism; all of this has
been manifested, with greater or lesser subtlety, throughout the History of Literature in female Erotic Poetry.

The existence of erotic expression in writing has been a symbol of great development in all cultures'
literature. In our Judeo-Christian world, the sensual exquisiteness in many psalms of the Song of Songs is a
good example of this.

"My beloved is white and ruddy; he stands out among ten thousand. His head is fine gold. Her hair is wavy,
black as a raven. Her eyes are like doves beside rivers of water, dipped in milk and sitting in settings. Her
cheeks are like beds of aromatic spices, exuding perfume. Her lips are like lilies that give off a penetrating
aroma. His hands are like bars of gold set with chrysolites. Her belly is like a plate of ivory, covered with
sapphires. Her legs are like marble columns founded on bases of gold. His form is like Lebanon, choice like the
cedars. His palate is very sweet; he is all desirable! Such is my beloved and such is my friend, O daughters of
Jerusalem." (Can. 5:10-16)

In Greece, the triple dimension of Sappho is indisputable, leaving aside the truths or half-truths that have
come down to us about her and her poetry through classical authors, we know that: she is the first poetess of
the West, a worthy and talented heir of the Pythias who offered their oracles in hexameters; she is the first
woman to sing of her bisexuality, giving rise to Greek erotic literature; she is the creator of the paradigm of love
in the West, with all the human feelings linked to it: passion, disillusionment, nostalgia, sweetness, tenderness,
disappointment...etc. And along with the great Sappho we must remember Asminda of Crete, whom we know
through Plutarch, Corina of Tanagra, a contemporary of Pindar, Telesila, Praxila, Erina, Noside, Mero and a
long etcetera.

If we jump forward in time and place ourselves in the 6th century, we find the Frauenlieder, compositions
of popular lyrics with an erotic-amorous character. It was Wilhelm Scherer, an Austrian philologist, who in the
mid-19th century, in his correspondence with colleagues at the University of Berlin, explained that the feminine
“I” contained in those poems written in medieval German, together with romanticism and a taste for refinement,
led him to compare different folkloric pieces from different European countries, reaching the conclusion that the
oldest love songs in Europe were written by women in Germany and Austria.

The Church reacted, because these poems were a clear example that women had sexual desire and
they threw it away without any consideration. Thus Caesarius of Arles - author of the first female monastic rule:
Regula ad virgines - who presided over the Council of Orange in 529, where the free will advocated by
Cassian and Lérins was rejected, described these female compositions as "diabolical and obscene chants."

Alongside this popular poetry in the Middle Ages, the phenomenon of the trobairitz appeared, daughters,
sisters or wives of the troubadours' protectors, who dared to express their carnal appetites in a direct way,
following the male models with whom they lived, but their poems never reached the songbooks that are today
kept by the prestigious libraries of Europe.

Beatriz de Día was the most famous among the trobairitz, married to Guilhem of Poitiers, but in love with
the troubadour Raimbaut of Orange. We know of some of her verses translated into Spanish, thanks to the
study by Pilar Cabanes in her work Women Writers of the Middle Ages.

I could lie next to you when the sun goes down

and give you a passionate kiss

know that I would have the great desire

to have you instead of the husband

on the condition that you swear to me

do what I wanted.

In Spain, Castilian gained momentum as a Romance language in a time of struggle more conducive to
epic poetry than to lyric poetry. The suffocating and monolithic Catholic religion of the time fostered a concept
of women linked to sin, provocation and eternal damnation, which is why the female poetry in Castilian
songbooks contains verses that have to do with courtly or idealized love, without bodily references or any
erotic manifestation. But thanks to Eros, at that time there also existed another Spain, that of Al-Andalus, with
refined courts in the sensual heat of a Muslim south.

In the work, Hispano-Arabic Feminine Poetry, we find anonymous jarchas of the quiyan, slaves in the
court, who address men directly, imperiously demanding intimate caresses and explicit sex.

My friend, make up your mind,

come take me,

kiss my mouth,

squeeze my breasts;

bracelet and earring together.

My husband is busy.
 And along with these slaves, women with their own names: Muhya, bint at Tayyani, Walada la Umayyad,
Zaynab, Hafsa Al Hayy, Umm al-ala Bint Yusuf or Ibn Zaydun, from whom we reproduce here some verses
that contain a splendid sexuality.

If I had seen a phallus in the palm trees

I would have become a woodpecker.

The Italian Renaissance arrives like a gust of fresh air to the grey European courts and sets about
rescuing freedom and elegant forms. Unfortunately, in our country the heavy religious tradition still
predominates too much and the female body is the prison of the soul. In this context and following the more
rigid line of Trento, we come across works such as La perfecta casada by Fray Luis de León and La educación
de la mujer cristiana by Vives, with opinions expressed about women that today seem terrifying to us and yet
continue to be imprinted in the male imagination in the 21st century. Thus, in the midst of this rigid and
regressive panorama, female poetic creation took refuge in convents, which paradoxically became authentic
fortresses of erotic-mystical freedom within the walls. It is here that passionate love hides to be sublimated
through mysticism. An erotic, passionate, elevated, euphoric language is used to refer to the Beloved, to
Jesus, to Mary, to the Saints and Apostles. Religious manifestations not exempt from an unparalleled feminine
sensual charge on the part of women who, having entered a cloister barely after completing childhood and
who, unable to avoid carnal excitement, epitomize it in mystical verse with a high erotic content. Notable
among these women are: Teresa of Jesus, Sister Mary of Saint Joseph, Sister Anna of Saint Bartholomew,
Sister Hippolyta of Jesus, Sister Maria Luisa Antigua and Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz, among others. The
verses reproduced here are from the latter.

They all had two common enemies: the confessor and silence. His erotic-mystical passion was a hidden
exaltation, again a paradoxical fact that led to ecstasy or madness.

So precise is the desire

we have to be loved,
that even knowing that it
is useless, we know we will never leave it.

May it correspond to my
love, he adds, but I cannot
, no matter how much I ask for
it, stop myself from desiring it.
 If it is a crime, I say so;
if it is guilt, I confess it,
but I cannot repent
, no matter how much I try to do so.

The heir to these mystical affections that rise towards immensity is German Romanticism, with authors
such as Carolina von Günderrode and Bettina Brentano von Arnim.

It is after Romanticism that we find a feminine erotic poetry that expands more worthily, although its
precursors still had to walk through quicksand and link sexual desire and the exaltation of carnality to unique,
true and stereotyped love. On both sides of the Atlantic, Delmira Agustini, Alfonsina Storni and Juana de
Ibarbourou in the 19th century proclaimed their love experiences and the intensity of their libido with highly
sensual verses. Modern female erotic poetry became a literary phenomenon, quantitatively speaking, of
enormous significance. Women burst into all areas of life, including literature, bringing with us new feelings, a
freer sexuality, a sensuality based on the woman as subject, which is revealed against the rigid male vision of
woman as object, a positive appreciation of the body and its enjoyment, greater freedom in language and
economic independence in some cases, which already pointed to ways towards the conquest of emotional
autonomy, a subject still pending for women today. To this we must add the newly awakened gender
awareness (late 19th and 20th centuries) that developed in the different waves of the feminist movement and
that feminism constructed conceptually, as a questioning of the single model defended tooth and nail by an
already outdated masculine and androcentric universe.

If we recall María Zambrano's words "dare to be", they symbolize overcoming the red line that had been
drawn firmly for women. It begins by leaving aside the passive and pitiful positioning, beginning with the
approach and conquest of a feminine poetic language with an authentic expression of the personal self and
with lustful and carnal references without taboos. Pure rebellion, without a doubt, which was also accompanied
at times by humor, which ultimately resulted in another form of open and shameless defiance.

In Spain, the rigidity of educational norms, the power of the Church, the dictatorship and the social
behaviour that was demanded of women caused modern erotic poetry to appear more timidly, almost hidden
under the canopy of conjugal love, in accordance with what was Catholic, Apostolic and Roman. Writers such
as Carmen Conde and Ernestina de Champourcin allowed themselves certain liberties that were taken on the
fly and followed by authors such as Susana March, Sagrario Torres and Acacia Uceta. But the explosion, not
only with loose sensual poems but with entire collections of poems on erotic and feminist themes, is found in
Central America and Ecuador, which will later give rise to a whole movement of women poets, subversive,
irreverent and heartbreaking of the past and its antiquated garments; such as Lidia Dávila, Violeta Luna,
Aurora Estrada, Ecuadorians; Ana María Rodas, Guatemalan; Gabriela Cavaría, Costa Rican; the Cubans,
Nancy Morejón and Regina María Rodríguez; and the Mexicans, Frida Varinia and Rosario Castellanos. As an
example of this insurgency of strong personality, which takes over a terrain still not clear for many women, the
verses of the great Ana Istarú, teacher of famines and nocturnal lusts.

My clit flashes

in the beards of the night

like a petal of lava

like a tremendous eye

 the one who attacks happiness.

The sexual revolution of the 60s and 70s, with a sexuality differentiated from motherhood, the breaking of
stereotypes of dominance-passivity, a new identity...etc, brings with it a beautiful contingent of authors who
write erotic poetry: Amalia Iglesias, Encarna Pisonero, Ana Rossetti, Isabel Abad, Ángeles Munuera, Beatriz
Villacañas, Gioconda Belli and a very long etcetera. All this libidinous and literary baggage has not had
adequate or wide dissemination, except for the unwavering support generated by the works of Rossetti and
Belli. It is therefore worth pointing out that erotic poetry written by women is still not as prestigious as that of
men, and proof of this is that in the various anthologies, from the end of the seventies until well into the 21st
century, the presence of women is minimal, in a percentage of practically one in seven.

Finally, I would like to reproduce here some verses from the woman who is, in my humble opinion, one of
the great poets of the 20th century, Gioconda Belli, a magnificent successor to the Greek sibyls, whose poetry
combines the sensuality of the Central American climate and the grit of haughtiness that sustains her
commitment to justice.

Then go down to your legs

firm as your guerrilla convictions,

those legs where your height sits

with which you come to me

with which you support me,

the ones you entangle in the night among mine

END

LITERATURE

BELLI, G., The woman's eye. Collected Poetry, Madrid, Visor, 9th Edition, 2005.

CABANES JIMÉNEZ, P., Women writers in the Middle Ages.

CARO ROMERO, J., Anthology of Erotic Poetry of our time, Ruedo Ibérico, 1973.
DÍEZ BORQUE, JM, Erotic Poetry 16th-20th Centuries, Madrid, Siro, 1997.

ISTARU, A., The Fever Season, Madrid, Torresmozas, 1986.

JIMÉNEZ FARO, L., Breviary of desire, Madrid, Torresmozas, 1989.

LUQUE, A., The Dice of Eros, Madrid, Hyperion, 2000.

ROSSETTI, A., The ordination. Retrospective 1980-2004, Seville, Paul M Viejo, José Manuel Lara Foundation,
2004.

RUBIERA MATA, MJ, Hispano-Arabic Feminine Poetry, Madrid, Castalia, 1990.

SCHWARTZ, C., Anthology of erotic poetry, Buenos Aires, Leviathan, 1988.