Class 12 Mathematics Notes
Author : Compiled Notes Date : 2025
Algebra
Algebra is one of the most important branches of mathematics that deals with symbols
and the rules for manipulating these symbols. It forms the foundation for advanced
mathematical studies.
Topics covered:
- Polynomials and their properties
- Quadratic equations and their solutions
- Matrices and determinants
- Sequences and series
- Binomial theorem and its applications
Key Formulas:
- Quadratic formula: x = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a
- Sum of an arithmetic series: S = n/2 (2a + (n-1)d)
Example Problem:
Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the arithmetic sequence where a=3 and d=5.
Solution:
S = 10/2 (2(3) + (10-1)(5)) = 5(6 + 45) = 5(51) = 255.
Calculus
Calculus is the branch of mathematics that studies continuous change. It consists of
differential calculus and integral calculus.
Topics covered:
- Limits and continuity
- Differentiation and its applications
- Integration techniques
- Definite and indefinite integrals
- Applications of calculus in real life
Key Formulas:
- d/dx (x^n) = nx^(n-1)
- ∫ x^n dx = (x^(n+1))/(n+1) + C
Example Problem:
Differentiate f(x) = 3x² + 5x - 7.
Solution:
f'(x) = d/dx (3x²) + d/dx (5x) - d/dx (7)
= 6x + 5.
Probability and Statistics
Probability deals with the study of random events and their likelihood, while statistics
involves the collection and interpretation of data.
Topics covered:
- Basics of probability
- Conditional probability and Bayes' theorem
- Random variables and probability distributions
- Measures of central tendency and dispersion
Key Formulas:
- P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
- Mean = Σx/n
- Standard deviation = √(Σ(x - mean)² / n)
Example Problem:
If a die is rolled, what is the probability of getting an even number?
Solution:
Total outcomes = 6 (1,2,3,4,5,6)
Favorable outcomes = {2,4,6} = 3
P(Even number) = 3/6 = 1/2.
