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The document discusses various mathematical concepts related to continuity, open and closed functions, and topology. It includes definitions and examples to illustrate these concepts, such as the continuity of functions and the properties of open and closed subsets. Additionally, it touches on metric spaces and the relationship between different types of functions in topology.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
67 views21 pagesCamScanner 01-25-2025 11.29
The document discusses various mathematical concepts related to continuity, open and closed functions, and topology. It includes definitions and examples to illustrate these concepts, such as the continuity of functions and the properties of open and closed subsets. Additionally, it touches on metric spaces and the relationship between different types of functions in topology.
Uploaded by
mfurqankhattakCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
fipilental © poace A
‘ YU _ontinuow relative to 7 and J*
£g* eae a i!
it si di
the —_inwete image f"(H) of try T'= open subset
i J- open si . -
: {lw = fbex : flo] ¢ Hy 3 © ecg
@ if ues
u= UBe
whee B= B
= Hon oe
A__fundiion fi XY "fs wontinvous iff. the _invewe
—tmage__of each _membor_of 9 base 6 for Y is” an
spun subset of X _
whe i eB -
f= f (uBi) = Us (Be) —
as £7l6:) is open nad uinien. if —tpen__sel fh yy
TS Pyi- fa)
we WR. Of Tafa eke eet gee es Gnade. mage of. wth dosed subset of.
Yi a chosed _eubset of 5
xX.
4 let Hb A ete
A=
<
£
€
Ec
©
e
<
bean _open subset of VY. Then i= Y-H
fsa tfesed _cubcot of _V. Thus f"(y- H) bs” a chose.
Subset of XX. But ; : :
filyen) = £"ly)- FH) s
= X- f£"(H) is. closed e
that is re ae toon —cubitl of _1._____
f
«
a
q
(
1
Question 4
Suppore Stow Hoot functon fle g)—> (YZ) is not:
J-J2 continuous . Show that ike “1. a tnpalogy. ow
XK, -watioy? tan 7. ond if 7% bn _topolo
mY fnew than Qi fhe 'U amd 1,6 GP en
f i afso_ not If- J" wntinuows,
4 Ge 0, for which $4) 4G. ES
Now FFoI and? Bed" snen- Ge 7. but
fg) ¢ G so, $4) ¢ 97. : - aa lunes Inforsection of all closed superset.
Question Il :-
B__cubset of X12 (A) S FTA)
A
"y _ Solutions -
“= Suprise fi onlin and A subsot of ¥
> Now. f(a) fay then
; aoe Act" (tla) ¢ f"(Fa))
ia closed subset of
Se ae of
> Thus Ace ps
ae => pale Fw a
perso
yaw thar fl) © Fl) for wey subset A f
yA wt = show thot fis tontinwow that fs unease
—tmage of a claed subset. a ina chase ol
a. clad subot of Y. let a= (e)cx
2 from suppestion (E(A)
oa a f(A) < fF). 4 a (eta) ¢ Fla)
te Eee fee as
Bit ACA Colwuys) ae = Definitions _ (Closed function)
% =o oi 9. Yoyo bs adie fled:
function he image . of. LUCA). Ose &
__olosed.
ler-
Xefabred = [xi fat
y—t,
»
*
»
~
~~.
»
jane
ees [
|
o£. 9-4 x, ei
~~ Uae op fyuzhins, fetpo
‘od Qmages of T°: ;
° fix) = ‘. {bd)= fz} ; ie
= fl) = .
2 a a one closed iw :
= go, f — is closed but ¢ mot wntinuous
a becouse f'bd = fbi -i, not open tn KK
re ;
go —fundlien vay to _clowed but mot Used and ice
2 lonstruct am example Af__whith
@ ny cloid but not open : ‘
® >) Open, aot dosed : : x
2 : : . : Definition. : ;
4 felon f:X—y_ hk homeo morp hymn
if it _is bijective and ___biventinuous _¢ that in _«
f and fase _tendtinuous) «
‘at 3 a B ;
net f it_rolled _Sivontinwows if ffs Oe
Spe ord _wontinuoy “Thus fic homomorphism, iff e
&
S|
A/V AINA,
+ is bi@antinucus amd bijection
Continuity at. a int 2
A Sinebion fy» Y. is “wntinwous. of mee a
ae : 3 cat : [rie epes 4
vs Ree Hd 1: fi i ee Mia f a ae rs
5 sar ee ee
3
Si
aCe se
a
SME ta lel tetdod iain Soe ORES Me bate eee woe og
er us 3 a Me Oot 8h Gee Oe ae 8
les agi: ad ~
PODS SSM
tat
rE: aS era) Open and “Cored
Definition: (open function)
4 function __f: X= Y__is called - an "open
fuoition if the imag.c_of _cseay opm. cet [stop ery
k Aaibie fs Se ie jal
Y= ape Ls {Nigh inf Syd Pris b
>
is
¢ z
Thi funiffen _i,__mot — contitiuaus because |
flit) = thud whith is mot eben “m ‘
Bul fy is _open _funcion because
Pixde fairy?
sisig ee zilalaias
d)-¢
function may ‘be unttnuow but not opin 4 vice _ywema, eo SE Samples a
x 3 >
j=
guly|=¥%__, =e a & alist Labi
e = = ft x
g__is a merene ‘
nam ples ne
let be ierdle to etal
\,9") be tepolo
rm ate the day = Dek ie
on e an
ee of. _Y¥ a aaa of .X dnd weg
a
ee ee ee
let_ (GZ) “be 4 Shoda space amd (Y¥ 77)
be an _inoliserele space. - ue ces
Webs pe oy Vo be an on. Then i
xX
P.. : Domain» divrefe pale
i then fundin ig cantina
mple:- + GPondar—> indiiuele topoloc
[Sa et 0D) and {y,9*) 7 any the function iy also
* “Ontinuous-
oloi DAK am XY
+ i
i ae ge ee
Then _f \__continiows becouse _f “tle X__i cet 5 jen,
ee if e¢H COP Spaces
lel_y be a pn-emply set. A teal valued function
d__ defined on XX tat is: :
od, Xvy¥—y RR
ig amelie on x oy ditfame fandlan en __™ iff
it _safisfies._the fellaving —axiome
My) dab) >o. s
Ma) dias o- iff a=b.
Ma) Symmetric dlasby = albsa)
Mu). Taiengular ineguality
diac) 2 diab) + dlbc).¥ Gbic Cy
Sf ds ag angivics on _Xthen LX) ty called -
melvic__ space. :
‘ample
Pe ce te a lala emala
let ¥2R. Define oly RxR—7R_ by dlarb) lab
Ma) Te lazbl = \b- a eal
My) dlarc) = [arel'= = lo-beb-cl | Ja-blt [b-cl >
= _dlab) +d (byc). ae Ye ae ee
“2 ee (yay) >
2 Ma any so. aod 4 pet
=
Y &> fe > (ayy) = (40>!
Aa = AL oe (ci
es Tieutiivcal
a er
Ma) tla toss mona
ee Vong ba- ti) 7 Hyp t yo)
—
eM) e
Z Sacer pleats yl?
= dlueyajt dle sw). : = dlab > b arb) > Oo
It dla b)
M,) ab) > a z
It dla
_< dlab)=0
2. a=b
My) e(ab)~ dab) - dlbsa) = elb,a)
Iedlarb) lid(b +4) Seni
My i : Potos
dlad 2 dlabyt dlbre) becuse dla) is metic
tidlarc) 2 led(ayp) + dlbcJ. . —_
! z= U $$ $_$______—_
Ledlac- ltdla)edlbic
— I Zz -
ledlac) Ht dlablidlbc
eee 3d Costsahix |
Iedlac) A diab)tdlbe) ~ :
4 dlarc) + < Kdlabt+dlb<)
i ldlarc) ld (ab) t dlbic) 7
dind—4 £ d (ab) + dbo
_ttdlad Ie dla b)tdlbc) Hed larb)+ dlbrd)
ela,e) & ea “ot dnc}
Tata) Wh) = ee
e(arc) | 2 elabjt el bre ot a : on :
oe: Co
alae 4 ‘fF ANB=0
me otf ANBFO
Solution: -
dpa) = if fd pals acay
o a :
yoenerie
Py IDNs : :
A__ond - B _non-emply subset fof oY
DB innd lot PE. Then, *
By dlp, A) , dt) and dla) ave won. negative
» veal. members, 3 7
eth pe a then dip,a) = 0
3 AB fy non-empt then _dla,B)=
pf then (A) SnHte *
@ ae
o aa
al Spheres
let be hic son qe ; 1
point pe X and _any veal number, § > Oy
we shall let Su (pig) or _sfraply gp sp) denofe
the _se{__of _peints within q__di(davxe_pf_S fia Dp.
puja faci d lea eet
is called open __ sphere with center _P cal
—— radish
hac Seth
«contre 4; open here” alwas i h
Taample:- lee Rx R—oR depined by dab) = \b-a
tet peR and $90: os
BOREL SST T AT MeeeeOeneS
sR tA “ai ie
" bp-$s pss). SoD inmnetpegs ih eit hee kan oh age
«et d be a mote on set_X. The dictane
—hlw 4 pont peXx and men eenply suet A of ¥
‘ ancl Yi by
inf $7 d lav b
The dis ney t+ A >
is dented amd defined dy we:
e ayb es A
es “ =
may dislante thads Why sup
423 td Mr alath>eo
o -1,2,3 hold Mia
inttssehion } q int -
‘non empl 9 ui
i ted if pea
illite wt TdT A) oe AG tue We Web gee phe
dlad=l ¢)+l= dlab) +a (b,c)
Coe Wy at b
_ Solved. Problem __
Qa. let dd po a metric om aw non empty set. x
Shew thet the function _¢ lefined by:
= mtn
Qe
where ab eX 4 oh? metui on _X .
miata a nemial' ea 2@
My) ela) = min § by —Alarcf= | __if
9. ( boc
a = o ela +
Cue Ts - = :
9 bith lord) and elbic) av not ene. then,
e(arb) + Elbe) = id (able dlbic) > diac) ® eae)
Bs Hence ela oy ot eles i a
Ay. let d be motric ey. a _ ”0n- omply set _X_
Show that —_Jhe f de fr :
elasb) = a fox abe Xb. @ho
td(ab) a metric: on xX, b
t Now (£ta))"’ is * the Union 04 ¢ bpeyn sets.
whith ave contain in fla) that ts 2s l ani be ory spheres am, lol: , |
pé $08, , 4 an open sphere: $_with conten p '
ie. CSAS.
faa
Proofs i
et br te GE «4 $) and S> , i ede
aud peé $i N$2. 4
Toke t= min Go - Apix) S2- d (p, A i ;
owe’ doim that ;
gs S(prr) € SING .
et ge SS. :
ge. Slprry vs : :
Tren, dlayp) ey. !
Moy Sits ak fe Se ce Oh ER NS ae
dlan)c dla D +d por) 2nd pox) : :
LG - Alp) + dl psx) | ;
2 while Si
Hie? a ae toe ae SOS Hwy SCING:
Loy) dap) d [pay < r+ dlpiy) = fy
>. %é $y $) = ) se X= USly.x bn
> dif R'—> by (isu). asa) 2 Veoatgyy?
» Solutions. .
> fet__pz (0.0) and ak
= d(lo,o). (1
