~~ a Whole Numbers Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter, you will be able to: = pertorm operations on whole numtx inderstand order of operations. 1» explore the number patterns. ers like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, NATURAL NUMBERS ‘The counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, are known as natural numbers. Natural Number Line Natural numbers can be represented on a straight line called number line. | <—+—+—+—+-——> et ; ; ‘ahead ‘The arrows put at the two ends indicate that the line extends infinitely in both Rai fra directions. Any point on the line is picked up to represent number 1. Then, the equally spaced points to the right of this point represent numbers 2, 3, 4, etc. WHOLE NUMBERS he If we include 0, then the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, ... are called whole numbers. oughinaue Shred Whole number line Representation of Whole Number on a Line IMark a point on a line which represents the whole number 0. Then, mark equally spaced points to the right lof this point to represent 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., which are as shown on the number line given above. ‘TIONS ON WHOLE NUMBERS four basic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. numbers, say 4 and 3, then the sum is 7. The two numbers which are ‘the number that we obtain by adding is called the sum. ‘Addends 44+3=7<— Sum1. Closure Property ’ When you add two whole numbers, the sum will always be a whole number, ‘This is called e Property and is one of the special properties of addition, slow 2 Commutative Property ‘When you add a pair of numbers, you get the same number no ‘matter what order you use in them. j Thus, 4+3=Pand3¢4= 3% Binary Operation Binary means something composed of two parts. As you know, the addition operation can be dong only with two numbers at a time. So, itis a binary operation, | Borexample, if you have to add 3, 4 and 5, you might add this way: Bete and? +S= 128034445 2. 7 This property is known as the commutative Property of addition “Associate means to connect or combine? Suppose you have to add three numbers, , 13 and 17, then which two numbers will you add first? Study the following: (9 +13) +17 9+(13 +17) =22+17 = 9+30 =39 =39 Wouste that the addends may be used in any order. This is called the associative. Property of addition, &. Additive Identity _ Adding 9 t0 2 number or a numbe r to 0 does not change the value of the number. salled the identity number of addition or additive identity. blanks to make each of the following a true statement. State the Property __ +73 (b) 5738+0= —_) +132(b) 13 + 38+ 87 = 35 413 4 97 3 +87 Commutative property = 35 + (13 + 87) a Associative property = 35 + 100 = 135 jaluate: 14 + 6 + 16 4 44 BED ist isi as Look for sums that are multiples of 10, = 14416 +6444 Commutative property (6 + 16 = 16 + 6) = (14 + 16) + (6 + 44) (ARBEtatve property to groip two conipalble WiaibER = 30+ 50 6 = 80 Note! It is easier to find the sum if we make groups of compatible numbers, ie., those numbers which are easy to add mentally. |g Here, we group those numbers whose sum is a multiple of 10. Wel SUBTRACTION Subtraction is the opposite (or inverse) of addition. An operation that undoes what another operation does is called the inverse of the original operation. For example, inflating a tyre and then letting the air out of it are inverse operations. Filling a cup with water and then emptying it are also inverse operations. Let us study the following example. 15+ 19=34 Here, subtracting 19 undoes what adding 19 does. That is why subtraction is called the inverse of addition. Properties of Subtraction 1. Closure Property Let us see what happens when we subtract a whole number from a whole number. Not a whole Number wholetiomber: Whole Number ou bus er tee eugug ee 4-19 = 15 Nota whale Number 5 and 3 are whole numbers but in 4-7)3. Associative Property Let us investigate whether subtraction Study the following example (12-6)-4=6 4=2 # 10, therefore, subtraction is not associative. is associative or not 12- (6-4) © 12 Since, 2 4. Property of Zero A number remains unc said to be the identity number of subtraction 2910 hanged when 0 is subtracted from it, eg, 9-0 = 9, 899 ~ 0 = 899, § 9, s (( Pr de aie Ly 1. Bvaluate the expression. Then, name the property illustrated. (a 5+9=[fy] (b) 495-0 () 74449) r 945 fa (744) 49 2. Name the property shown. G) 19+ 25=25+19 (b) 856 + 0 = 856 e) (23 + 15) +17 = (23 + 17) + 15 (d) 0+ 15730 = 15730 +0 ia Mapas + = 125 + 375 (b) 0+ 307 {e) 19000+__ = 19000 (d) 33 + (307 + 58) = (33 + _ 4. Write an example of each property using whole numbers. (b) Commutative property {a) Identity property 5. State true (T) or false (F). (b) 7 +86 =86+7 (e) 587-0 (h) 78 - 80 is a whole number -~5=24-(7-5) expression. Identify the property used. 2 (b) 1742943 (c) 20+ (63 + 80) itable re-arrangements. (b) 916 + 425 + 584 + 315 repeated addition. It is a short +r again and again. x5=20and5+5+5+5is nt to 5 x 4 (or ‘5 groups of 4’), Fill in the blanks to make each of the following statements true. Name the property used. 58 (c) Associative property (0) (25+7)+9=(25+9)47 (1) 95-0=0-95 (c) 16447414 (f) 8+13+7+12 (c) 1756 + 683 + 1244 +517 4+4+4+4t4 5 fours 5x4in the multiplication sentence § x 4 20, the number 4. $—=Multpicand —§ x 4 = 20-¢-— Prodan js called the muttip It is the number by which you fs Mukipiier t multiply. The number 5 which tells how many are in each 20-4 Product a jot iscalled the multipticand, It is the number you multiply The numbers 5 and 4, which are multipli the product hich are multiplied, are called factors. The number obtained on multiplying is called properties of Multiplication 1. Closure Property In the equation 5 x 4 0, the numbers 5, 4 and 20 are all whole number s, Since the product is always a whole mber in m hole num| any multiplication of two whole numbers, closure applies in multiplication as in dition Whole numbers are said to be closed under multiplication. Commuti 5+54+545= 2% 4+44+44+4+4=20 5 fours 4x5 5x4 So, we have 4 x 5=5 x 4 = 20. This shows that if we multiply a pair of whole numbers, we get the same product irrespective of the order of multiplication. We say that multiplication is commutative 3. Associative Property shown below. Suppose you wish to multiply 25 by 12 and thén multiply this product by (25% 12) x4 12 x (25 x 4) 300 x4 12 x 100 1200 = 1200 ‘As you can see, we can indicate this operation by writing either (25 x 12) x 4 or 12 x (25x 4). Which way do you think is easier? In either case, the final product is the same, i¢ 1200, When three numbers are to be multiplied, the product is the same, regardless of the way in which the factors are grouped. We say that multiplication possesses the associative property. The associative property can be used to rearrange the factors, so that the product may be found easily and mentally. Evaluate: 5 x 12 x 2 5x 12«2 =12x5x2 12 x (5 x 2) 120ZEERED kind the product. 4 x 8976 x 25 Rearranging the factors, we have, 4 x 8976 x 25 = 8976 x (4 x 25) = 8976 x 100 = 897600 ETE D Find the product of 625, 275, 8 and 5. oo Product of given numbers = 625 x 8x5 4 = (625 x 8) x (275 x 5) Grove the cor fe me ld 5000 x 1375 = 6875000 We have, "9x 1=9and1x9=9 This shows that when we multiply a number by 1 or when we multiply 1 by a number, the Valyey the number remains unchanged. So, 1 is said to be the identity number o 5. Zero Property ‘Consider, when 0 is one of the factors, the product is always 0. 0x4=0and4x0=0 6. Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition Suppose, you have to multiply 38 by 4. You can do it by two ways. First way: Multiply directly 38 by 4. Second way: Write 38 as 30 + 8 and then multiply by 4 38 4x38 =4 x (30 +8)=4x30+4x8 x4 = 120 +32 = 152 4xBones—> 32 Step 1. The factor 38 is first broken up into 30 + 8, the sum of tens andi 4x3tens—> 120 Step 2. ‘Then, the factor 4 is distributed over the addends, i.e. 4 i ‘multiplier in both multiplications, 4 x 30 and 4 x 8. et obtained by working out in both ways is the same, i.e., 152. ‘illustrates a property, linking addition and multiplication and is called the distributive n over addition or just distributive property. f multiplication or multiplicative identity. ‘12 = 36 or 3x(7+5)=3x74+3x5=21 +. how the distributive property can be used to find the product easily umbers into a sum, ] property to find each product. b) 258 x 63 (c) 3197 x 34 +5) =9xB0+9x5=720 +45 =7 (60 + 3) = 258 x 60 + 258 x 3 = 1. x (30 + 4) = 3197 x 30 + 31GEO sina ihe Ge Stel van vic ED aan, 68 + 8329 32 = 8329 x (68 4 32) Distributive Property over addition = 8329 x 109 = 832900 ication over Subtraction Let us examine whether the distributive Property holds true for subtraction or not. We have, $x (9-3)=5x 6239 Alo, 5X9 =3)e5x9 5,5 SX O-3) S595. 3, ‘Thus, multiplication is distributiy, ‘The following example shows how the distributive multiplying two numbers, easily and mentally. Cairo Multiply: 78 x 999 ra 3 45-15 = 39 ‘© over subtraction, Property for subtraction, similar to adltion, helps in = 78 x (1000 — 1) = 78 x 1000 - 78 x 1 = 78000 - 78 = 77922. h whole number to make each of the following a true statement. (b) 64937 x= (a) (7x4)x3=7x(__x3) (f) 89x 302=89x300+89x +57x4 (h) 12(8-5)=(12x__)-(__ x5) of the following statements. (b) 0x 958=0 (d) 2x 19x5=19x2x5 (£) (724 x 16) x 25 = 724 x (16Look at the expression below 4*5e20 x oSe4 f tama olf dan Factor Divwor Sl % “ lagram shows that division undoes what multiplication does. So, division is the inverse operatig Multiplication is repeated addition Division is repeated subtraction “of the same number of the same number. dtdedel? 12-4-4-420 wm 3xde > 124483 Sfours are 12, 4 subtracted 3 times from 12 = 0 Properties of Division ‘Let us investigate whether the following properties are true for division or not. ‘We have, ca 84851 0+9=0 25475 74 Pe perty ot 1 15 + 1 = 15, this shows that dividing any whole number by 1 does not change the number. Therefore, 1 is the identity number in division. Also, if any number is divided by itself, the quotient is always 1. For example 5, Property of Zero If 0 is divided by any whole number, the quotient is 0. For example 0 + 4 = 0. However, dividing a whole number by 0, as i.e., 5 + 0, is not define Self Practice 2C 1. Find the value of (a) 5973 +1 (y+ 675 (©) 9087 + 9087 (a) 100 ~ (593 + 593) (©) 500 + (98 ~ 48) (8) 0+ (880 + 880) (g) 2345 + (2345 (h) 786 + 786 () 859 + 859 ) (790 - 790) + (790 +1 2. State true (T) or false (F). (a) 26 + 26 =26 (b) 9084 + 1 = 9084 (c) 8 +3 isa whole number (a) 7039 + 7039 =1 (e) Ifais any whole number, then 5 =0. 3. Replace the letter by a suitable numeral to make a true statement. (a) 0+a=0 (b) 62+62=n (©) a+19=0 (4) m+876=0 (©) 0 + 2058 = x (f) (85-34) +n=3 (g) (81+9)xn=9 (h) 2958 + 2958 +0 +2958 =n 4, Evaluate the following. (a) 98x 12-78 12 (b) 10000 + 100 + 100 RDER OF OPERATIONS llustration: Order is important. When you get ready for school, you put on your socks before you put on four shoes. You can't put on the shoes first and then the socks. In Mathematics also, some tasks need to be lone in a suitable order. lumerical expression is a mathematical phrase that includes only numbers and operation symbols r example: 5 + 9 + 3 x 7,59 - 41 + 17, 3005 x 13 are all numerical expressions. aluating a numerical expression means finding its value.wer the following quickly Which whole numbers are neither prise ner compueite nurmbers? Which is the sinallest composite odd number? Which is the sraallest odd number which is alee « prime number? 1 (4) The LOM af Mand 7 (6) The HOP af @ anid 14 ne factors of OO ch of the following is 4 prime number? {b) 20 (c) 2 (a) ‘of the following is not a prime number? 21 (b) 23 (c) 9 (a) % sum of all prime numbers between 54 and 64 is ) 179 (b) 178 (c) 187 (d) 183 fy which number pairs are not co-prime? 22, 35 (b) 45, 108 (c) 30,77 (d) 55, 68 tests of divisibility, tell which of the following numbers is not divisible by all of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9 (b) 7344 (c) 5184 (d) 1068 Jeast value must be assigned to @, so that the number 6357622 is divisible by 47 (b) 2 (c) 3 (a) 4 Vhich expression shows the prime factorisation of 50" 2xF » (bo) 2x5” () 10° (d) 5x 10 ‘square number divided by 10, 16 and 24 is (b) 1600 (c) 2500 (d) 3600 (wo numbers are 18 and 378 respectively. If one of the numbers is 54, the other eg ere (0) ‘ (c) 198 (@) 238 yat is their LCM? (c) 13 (d) 39 1 6135n2 becomes divisible by 9? (@ 4 (@) 21 (©) 90 (d) 120 ICF is 10. Find the LCM. (©) 15000 @ 15 by 3, 5, 8, 12 have 2 as remainder. () 99960 (a) 99962