6.

20: Naming Binary Molecular Compounds

6.E: Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds (Exercises I)

picture_as_pdf

Downloads

Submit Adoption Report

Peer Review

Donate

Anonymous

LibreTexts

Table of contents

4.1: Covalent Bonds

Concept Review Exercises

How is a covalent bond formed between two atoms?

How does covalent bonding allow atoms in group 6A to satisfy the octet rule?

Answers

Covalent bonds are formed by two atoms sharing electrons.

The atoms in group 6A make two covalent bonds.

Exercises

Define covalent bond.

What is electron sharing?

Draw the Lewis diagram for the covalent bond in the H2 molecule.

Draw the Lewis diagram for the covalent bond in the Br2 molecule.

Draw the Lewis diagram for the covalent bond in the HCl molecule.

What is the difference between a molecule and a formula unit?

Why do hydrogen atoms not follow the octet rule when they form covalent bonds?

Draw the Lewis diagram for the covalent bonding in H2S. How many bonding electrons and nonbonding
electrons are in the molecule?

Draw the Lewis diagram for the covalent bonding in CF4. How many bonding electrons and nonbonding
electrons are in the molecule?

Draw the Lewis diagram for the covalent bonding in PCl3. How many bonding electrons and nonbonding
electrons are in the molecule?

How many covalent bonds does a hydrogen atom typically form? Why?

How many covalent bonds does an oxygen atom typically form? Why?

Tellurium atoms make covalent bonds. How many covalent bonds would a tellurium atom make? Predict
the formula of a compound between tellurium and hydrogen.
Tin atoms make covalent bonds. How many covalent bonds would a tin atom make? Predict the formula
of a compound between tin and hydrogen.

Astatine is a synthetic element, made one atom at a time in huge “atom-smasher” machines. It is in the
halogen group on the periodic table. How many covalent bonds would an atom of this element form?

There have been reports that atoms of element 116 (Lv) were made by smashing smaller atoms
together. Using the periodic table, determine what column element 116 would be in and suggest how
many covalent bonds an atom of this element would form.

Answers

1. A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share electrons.

2. Electron sharing joins two atoms in a covalent bond. This is a more stable arrangement than 2
individual atoms.

3. clipboard_e008252218a6269ce674e8598c8c45b76.png
clipboard_ed6c566be2219377b4bf3581daeb219ee.png

4. clipboard_eb9c59adf9c59c3611dcb4bb36e74bda0.png
clipboard_ebf435e2bb1d4ab33089847b44b24e3aa.png

5. clipboard_eac8aed392cf4840684480fe3699e09ca.png
clipboard_e2bc812a0ebd7b413e350365152efc394.png

6. A molecule is a discrete combination of atoms; a formula unit is the lowest ratio of ions in a crystal. 7.
Hydrogen atoms follow the duet rule (not the octet rule). This is because it has only one shell and this
shell can only hold 2 electrons.
8.

[Link]

bonding electrons: 4; nonbonding electrons: 4

9.

[Link]

bonding electrons: 8; nonbonding electrons: 24

10.

clipboard_e17030c2141b989f269868f6ced872ece.png

bonding electrons: 6; nonbonding electrons: 20

11. Hydrogen atoms form only one covalent bond because they have only one valence electron to pair.

12. Oxygen atoms form 2 covalent bonds because oxygen atoms have 6 valence electrons (2 lone pairs
plus 2 unpaired electrons that are shared to achieve octet).

13. two; H2Te

14. four: SnH4

15. one

16. two

4.2: Covalent Compounds - Formulas and Names

Concept Review Exercises

How do you recognize a covalent compound?

What are the rules for writing the molecular formula of a simple covalent compound?

What are the rules for naming a simple covalent compound?

Answers

A covalent compound is usually composed of two or more nonmetal elements.

It is just like an ionic compound except that the element further down and to the left on the periodic
table is listed first and is named with the element name.

Name the first element first and then the second element by using the stem of the element name plus
the suffix -ide. Use numerical prefixes if there is more than one atom of the first element; always use
numerical prefixes for the number of atoms of the second element.

Exercises

Identify whether each compound has covalent bonds.

NaI

Na2CO3

N2O

SiO2

Identify whether each compound has covalent bonds.

C2H6

C6H5Cl

KC2H3O2

Ca(OH)2

Identify whether each compound has ionic bonds, covalent bonds, or both.

Na3PO4
K2O

COCl2

CoCl2

Identify whether each compound has ionic bonds, covalent bonds, or both.

FeCl3

Fe(NO3)3

(NH2)2CO

SO3

Which is the correct molecular formula—H4Si or SiH4? Explain.

Which is the correct molecular formula—SF6 or F6S? Explain.

Write the name for each covalent compound.

SiF4

NO2

CS2

P2O5

Write the name for each covalent compound.

CO

S2O3

BF3

GeS2
Write the formula for each covalent compound.

iodine trichloride

disulfur dibromide

arsenic trioxide

xenon hexafluoride

Write the formula for each covalent compound.

boron trichloride

carbon dioxide

tetraphosphorus decoxide

germanium dichloride

Write two covalent compounds that have common rather than systematic names.

What is the name of the simplest organic compound? What would its name be if it followed the
nomenclature for binary covalent compounds?

Answers

no

yes

yes

yes

2.

yes

yes
yes

yes

both

ionic

covalent

ionic

4.

ionic

both

covalent

covalent

SiH4; except for water, hydrogen is almost never listed first in a covalent compound.

6. SF6; the less electronegative atom (S) is written first

silicon tetrafluoride

nitrogen dioxide

carbon disulfide

diphosphorus pentoxide

8.

carbon monoxide

disulfur trioxide

boron trifluoride
germanium disulfide

ICl3

S2Br2

AsO3

XeF6

10.

BCl3

CO2

P4O10

GeCl2

H2O and NH3 (water and ammonia) (answers will vary)

CH4; carbon tetrahydride

4.3: Drawing Lewis Structures

Exercises

What is one clue that a molecule has a multiple bond?

2. Draw the Lewis diagram for each of the following.

a. H2O

b. NH3

c. C2H6
d. CCl4

3. Each molecule contains double bonds. Draw the Lewis diagram for each. The first element is the
central atom.

CS2

C2F4

COCl2

4. Each molecule contains multiple bonds. Draw the Lewis diagram for each. Assume that the first
element is the central atom, unless otherwise noted.

N2

CO

HCN (The carbon atom is the central atom.)

POCl (The phosphorus atom is the central atom.)

5. Explain why hydrogen atoms do not form double bonds.

6. Why is it incorrect to draw a double bond in the Lewis diagram for MgO?

Answers

If single bonds between all atoms do not give all atoms (except hydrogen) an octet, multiple covalent
bonds may be present.

a.

clipboard_e6cb6b44aa054b0e8b1f34b01a0cbb6c5.png

b.
clipboard_e3374d3f295507dfaf81ba2ebf47323e8.png

c.

clipboard_ea5bb5701949385edbc09dd77d0808c54.png

d.

clipboard_e38e1f6bc36874c1aa86d7e0e68a0f53e.png

3. a.

[Link]

b.

[Link]

c.

[Link]

4. a. clipboard_e5140e3be566dc8ae53fa713d1a23a3dc.png

b. clipboard_e7a3ed60e086664fba0796c9e1688da22.png

c. clipboard_ece7acc6e4dee2fc87065c548827ea90a.png

d.

clipboard_e077dd4a07a9a36e76b80ea93c2ba82d6.png
5. Hydrogen can accept only one more electron; multiple bonds require more than one electron pair to
be shared.

6. MgO is an ionic compound (Mg transfers two electrons to O). The electrons are not shared hence it's
incorrect to draw a double bond.

This is the Lewis dot structure of MgO.

clipboard_ea861d2250094fedf7bc6eed4438d3509.png

4.4: Characteristics of Covalent Bonds

Concept Review Exercises

What is the name for the distance between two atoms in a covalent bond?

What does the electronegativity of an atom indicate?

What type of bond is formed between two atoms if the difference in electronegativities is small?
Medium? Large?

Answers

bond length

Electronegativity is a qualitative measure of how much an atom attracts electrons in a covalent bond.

nonpolar; polar; ionic

Exercises

Which is longer—a C–H bond or a C–O bond? (Refer to Table 6.21.1 .)

Which is shorter—an N–H bond or a C–H bond? (Refer to Table 6.21.1 .)

A nanometer is 10−9 m. Using the data in Table 6.21.1 and Table 6.21.2 , determine the length of each
bond in nanometers.

a C–O bond

a C=O bond

an H–N bond

a C≡N bond

An angstrom (Å) is defined as 10−10 m. Using Table 6.21.1 and Table 6.21.2 , determine the length of
each bond in angstroms.

a C–C bond

a C=C bond

an N≡N bond

an H–O bond

Refer to Exercise 3. Why is the nanometer unit useful as a unit for expressing bond lengths?

Refer to Exercise 4. Why is the angstrom unit useful as a unit for expressing bond lengths?

Using Figure 6.21.3 , determine which atom in each pair has the higher electronegativity.

H or C
O or Br

Na or Rb

I or Cl

Using Figure 6.21.3 , determine which atom in each pair has the lower electronegativity.

Mg or O

S or F

Al or Ga

O or I

Will the electrons be shared equally or unequally across each covalent bond? If unequally, to which
atom are the electrons more strongly drawn?

a C–O bond

an F–F bond

an S–N bond

an I–Cl bond

10. Will the electrons be shared equally or unequally across each covalent bond? If unequally, to which
atom are the electrons more strongly drawn?

a C–C bond

a S–Cl bond

an O–H bond

an H–H bond

11. Arrange the following bonds from least polar to most polar: H-F, H-N, H-O, H-C

12. Arrange the following bonds from least polar to most polar: C-F, C-N, C-O, C-C
Answers

A C–O bond is longer.

2. An H-N bond is shorter than an H-C bond.

0.143 nm

0.120 nm

0.100 nm

0.116 nm

4.

1.54 Å

1.34 Å

1.10 Å

0.97 Å

Actual bond lengths are very small, so the nanometer unit makes the expression of length easier to
understand.

6. Actual bond lengths are very small, so the angstrom unit makes the expression of length easier to
understand.

Na

Cl
8.

Mg

Al

9.

unequally toward the O

equally

unequally toward the N

unequally toward the Cl

10.

equally

unequally toward the Cl

unequally toward the O

equally

11. The electronegativity difference increases from 0.4; 0.9; 1.4; 1.9. Hence, the least to most polar: H-C,
H-N, H-O, H-F

12. The electronegativity difference increases from 0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5. Hence, the least to most polar: C-C,
C-N, C-O, C-F

4.5: Characteristics of Molecules

Concept Review Exercises

How do you determine the molecular mass of a covalent compound?

How do you determine the shape of a molecule?

How do you determine whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar?

Answers

The molecular mass is the sum of the masses of the atoms in the formula.

2. The shape of a molecule is determined by the position of the atoms, which in turn is determined by
the repulsion of the bonded and lone electron pairs around the central atom.

3. If all the bonds in a molecule are nonpolar, the molecule is nonpolar. If it contains identical polar
bonds that are oriented symmetrically opposite each other (linear, trigonal planar or tetrahedral) then
the molecule is nonpolar. If it contains polar bonds that don't cancel each other's effects, the molecule is
polar.

Exercises

What is the molecular mass of each compound?

H2S

N2O4

ICl3

HCl

What is the molecular mass of each compound?

O2F2

CCl4

C6H6

SO3
Aspirin (C9H8O4) is a covalent compound. What is its molecular mass?

Cholesterol (C27H46O) is a biologically important compound. What is its molecular mass?

What is the shape of each molecule? State whether it is polar or nonpolar.

H2S

COCl2

SO2

What is the shape of each molecule? State whether it is polar or nonpolar.

NBr3

SF2

SiH4

Predict the shape of nitrous oxide (N2O), which is used as an anesthetic. A nitrogen atom is in the center
of this three-atom molecule. Is this polar?

Predict the shape of acetylene (C2H2), which has the two carbon atoms in the middle of the molecule
with a triple bond. What generalization can you make about the shapes of molecules that have more
than one central atom?

Answers

34.08 amu

92.02 amu

233.25 amu

36.46 amu

2. What is the molecular mass of each compound?

70.00 amu

153.81 amu

78.12 amu

80.06 amu

180.17 amu

4. 386.73 amu

bent; polar

trigonal planar; nonpolar

bent; polar

6.

pyramidal; polar

bent; polar

tetrahedral; nonpolar

7. linear; polar

8. linear; in a molecule with more than one central atom, the geometry around each central atom needs
to be examined.

4.6: Organic Chemistry

Concept Review Exercises

What is organic chemistry?

What is a functional group? Give at least two examples of functional groups.

Answers

Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds.

A functional group is a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic
chemical reactivity to the molecule; alcohol group and carboxylic group (answers will vary).

Exercises

Give three reasons why carbon is the central element in organic chemistry.

Are organic compounds based more on ionic bonding or covalent bonding? Explain.

Identify the type of hydrocarbon in each structure.

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

Identify the type of hydrocarbon in each structure.

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule.

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
[Link]

Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule.

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

How many functional groups described in this section contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only? Name
them.

What is the difference in the ways the two oxygen atoms in the carboxyl group are bonded to the
carbon atom?

Answers

Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms. Carbon atoms bond reasonably
strongly with atoms of other elements. Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).

2. Organic compounds are based on covalent bonding or electron sharing. The atoms C, H, O, N that
make up organic compounds are all nonmetals.

3.

a. alkane

b. alkene

c. alkene

d. alkyne

4.
a. alkene

b. alkane

c. alkyne

d. alkene

5.

a. alcohol

b. carboxyl

c. alcohol

d. alkene and alkyne

6.

a carbon-carbon double bond and alcohol

carboxyl group

carbon-carbon double bond and alcohol

carbon-carbon double bond; alcohol and carboxyl group

7. two; carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds

8. There are two oxygen atoms in a carboxyl group: one is double-bonded while the other is OH, single
bonded to the same carbon atom.

Additional Exercises

Use the atomic masses found in Figure 2.7.1

An atomic mass unit equals 1.661 × 10−24 g. What is the mass in grams of each molecule of (a) H2S (b)
N2O4 (c) ICl3 (d) NCl3?

An atomic mass unit equals 1.661 × 10−24 g. What is the mass in grams of (a) O2F2 (b) CCl4 (c) C6H6 (d)
SO3?

An atomic mass unit equals 1.661 × 10−24 g. What is the mass in grams of 5.00 × 1022 molecules of
C9H8O4?

An atomic mass unit equals 1.661 × 10−24 g. What is the mass in grams of 1.885 × 1020 molecules of
C27H46O?

Acetic acid has the following structure:

[Link]

This molecule can lose a hydrogen ion (H+) and the resulting anion can combine with other cations, such
as Na+:

[Link]

Name this ionic compound.

Formic acid (HCOOH) loses a hydrogen ion to make the formate ion (HCOO−). Write the formula for each
ionic compound: potassium formate, calcium formate, and ferric formate.

Cyanogen has the formula C2N2. Propose a bonding scheme that gives each atom the correct number of
covalent bonds. (Hint: the two carbon atoms are in the center of a linear molecule.)

How many carbon–carbon single bonds, linked together, are needed to make a carbon chain that is
1.000 cm long?

How many carbon–carbon double bonds, linked together, are needed to make a carbon chain that is
1.000 cm long?

In addition to themselves, what other atoms can carbon atoms bond with and make covalent bonds that
are nonpolar (or as nonpolar as possible)?

What is the greatest possible electronegativity difference between any two atoms? Use Figure 4.4 to
find the answer.
Acetaminophen, a popular painkiller, has the following structure:

[Link]

Name the recognizable functional groups in this molecule. Do you think there are other groups of atoms
in this molecule that might qualify as functional groups?

Glutamic acid is the parent compound of monosodium glutamate (known as MSG), which is used as a
flavor enhancer. Glutamic acid has the following structure:

[Link]

Name the functional groups you recognize in this molecule. Do you think there are other groups of
atoms in this molecule that might qualify as functional groups?

Answers

1.

a: 5.661 × 10−23 g

b: 1.528 × 10−22 g

c: 3.874 × 10−22 g

d: 1.999 × 10−22 g

2.

a: 1.163 × 10−22 g
b: 2.555 × 10−22 g

c: 1.298 × 10−22 g

d: 1.330 × 10−22 g

3. 14.96 g

4. 0.1211 g

5. sodium acetate

6.

a. KHCOO

b. Ca(HCOO)2

c. Fe(HCOO)3

:N≡C–C≡N:

6.49 × 107 C-C bonds

7.46 × 107 C=C bonds

Hydrogen atoms make relatively nonpolar bonds with carbon atoms.

The greatest electronegativity difference is 3.2, between F and Rb.

alcohol; the ring with double bonds, and the O=C-NH are also likely functional groups.

carboxyl and -NH2 functional groups

Additional Questions

An atomic mass unit equals 1.661 × 10−24 g. What is the mass in grams of each molecule of (a) H2S (b)
N2O4 (c) ICl3 (d) NCl3?

An atomic mass unit equals 1.661 × 10−24 g. What is the mass in grams of (a) O2F2 (b) CCl4 (c) C6H6 (d)
SO3?

An atomic mass unit equals 1.661 × 10−24 g. What is the mass in grams of 5.00 × 1022 molecules of
C9H8O4?

An atomic mass unit equals 1.661 × 10−24 g. What is the mass in grams of 1.885 × 1020 molecules of
C27H46O?

Acetic acid has the following structure:

[Link]

This molecule can lose a hydrogen ion (H+) and the resulting anion can combine with other cations, such
as Na+:

[Link]

Name this ionic compound.

Formic acid (HCOOH) loses a hydrogen ion to make the formate ion (HCOO−). Write the formula for each
ionic compound: potassium formate, calcium formate, and ferric formate.

Cyanogen has the formula C2N2. Propose a bonding scheme that gives each atom the correct number of
covalent bonds. (Hint: the two carbon atoms are in the center of a linear molecule.)

The molecular formula C3H6 represents not only propene, a compound with a carbon–carbon double
bond, but also a molecule that has all single bonds. Draw the molecule with formula C3H6 that has all
single bonds.

How many carbon–carbon single bonds, linked together, are needed to make a carbon chain that is
1.000 cm long?

How many carbon–carbon double bonds, linked together, are needed to make a carbon chain that is
1.000 cm long?

In addition to themselves, what other atoms can carbon atoms bond with and make covalent bonds that
are nonpolar (or as nonpolar as possible)?

What is the greatest possible electronegativity difference between any two atoms? Use Figure 4.4 to
find the answer.

Acetaminophen, a popular painkiller, has the following structure:

[Link]

Name the recognizable functional groups in this molecule. Do you think there are other groups of atoms
in this molecule that might qualify as functional groups?
Glutamic acid is the parent compound of monosodium glutamate (known as MSG), which is used as a
flavor enhancer. Glutamic acid has the following structure:

[Link]

Name the functional groups you recognize in this molecule. Do you think there are other groups of
atoms in this molecule that might qualify as functional groups?

Answers

1a: 5.75 × 10−23 g; 1b: 1.53 × 10−22 g; 1c: 3.88 × 10−22 g; 1d: 6.06 × 10−23 g

14.96 g

sodium acetate

N≡C–C≡N

6.49 × 107 bonds

Hydrogen atoms make relatively nonpolar bonds with carbon atoms.

alcohol; the N–H group, the ring with double bonds, and the C=O are also likely functional groups.

This page titled 6.21: Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds (Exercises) is shared under a
CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Anonymous.

4.1: Covalent Bonds by Anonymous is licensed CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Original source:

[Link]

4.2: Covalent Compounds - Formulas and Names by Anonymous is licensed CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Original
source: [Link]
biological.

4.3: Drawing Lewis Structures by Anonymous is licensed CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Original source:
[Link]

4.4: Characteristics of Covalent Bonds by Anonymous is licensed CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Original source:
[Link]

4.5: Characteristics of Molecules by Anonymous is licensed CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Original source:

[Link]

4.6: Organic Chemistry by Anonymous is licensed CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Original source:

[Link]

4.E: Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds (Exercises) by Anonymous is licensed CC BY-
NC-SA 3.0. Original source: [Link]
organic-and-biological.

Toggle block-level attributions

Back to top

6.20: Naming Binary Molecular Compounds 6.E: Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds (Exercises I)

Was this article helpful?YesNo