REVIEWER GEN 010
Death is an event or phenomenon. This provides justifications for providing
treatments or medical services to a critically ill person; when a person is
considered dead, by virtue of these approaches, medical practitioners and
families of the patient could make necessary decisions regarding the
situation of the patient such as engaging in physician-assisted death.
1. Cardiopulmonary. A person is considered dead when the heart and lungs
have ceased to function.
2. Whole-Brain. A human person is considered dead when their entire brain
has irreversibly ceased to function. They are no longer conscious and no
longer breathing on their own. A person whose brain has ceased to function
but is still breathing through life-support if referred to as brain-dead.
3. Higher-Brain. A human person is considered dead when their upper brain
(cerebrum and cerebellum) has irreversibly ceased to function even if their
lower brain (brainstem) continues to function like persons in a persistent
vegetative state and permanent coma. The upper brain controls voluntary
muscle movements while the lower brain controls life processes like
respiration.
− Death is Certain. Death is a possibility that will surely happen whether one
likes it or not.
− Death is Indefinite. Death is indefinite as to when it will come. It is
something that can happen at any moment.
− Death is One’s Own Most. A person cannot relegate his/her death to
anybody. A person cannot have proxies or representatives. Death is
non-transferable.
− Death is Not to be Outstripped. Death cannot be taken away from a
person. He/she cannot choose not to die.
− Death is Nonrelational. In meeting death, a person cannot be with
somebody else. A person has no choice but to face death alone. This makes a
person aware of individuality and independence from the world.
BIOETHICS
− Refers to the ethical implications and applications of the health-related life
sciences. Dilemmas arise in the
development, study, and practice of these sciences. It involves the analysis of
ethical issues raised by life-
sciences, the application of technology and medicine and health policies.
− Common Bioethical Dilemmas.
(1) End of Life Treatment,
(2) Organ Trafficking,
(3) Genetic Modification,
(4) Access to Medicine and Health Services,
(5) Assisted Procreation,
(6) Human Cloning, and
(7) Biotechnology.
RIGHTS
− Entitlements or interests one is allowed or permitted to pursue.
Contractual Rights.
Rights a person acquires when one enters into a contract of agreement
with another party or person.
Example: A business enters into a vendor agreement with a supplier
for the regular delivery of goods.
− Legal Rights.
Rights that a person possesses by virtue of one’s citizenship, acquired
either by birth or by choice. These are temporary rights for a person
may change his/her citizenship.
Example: An individual is accused of a crime and is arrested. They
have the legal right to a fair trial.
− Human/Moral Rights.
Rights all human persons possess by virtue of being human or a
moral entity with freedom, rationality, and sentience (e.g., Right
to life, liberty, and personal security).
Example: A political dissident is subjected to torture and abuse while
in police custody, violating their right to be free from torture and
inhuman treatment.
10 EXAMPLE OF HUMAN RIGHTS
#1. The right to life
#2. The right to freedom from torture and inhumane treatment
#3. The right to equal treatment before the law
#4. The right to privacy
#5. The right to asylum
#6. The right to marry and have family
#7. The right to freedom of thought, religion, opinion, and
expression
#8. The right to work
#9. The right to education
#10. The right to social services
JUSTICE
− The state to show equal treatment towards others.
- the concept that individuals are to be treated in a manner that is equitable
and fair.
1. Redistributive Justice.
Concerns the justice in imposing punishments and penalties (e.g., You
will receive a failing grade for cheating).
EXAMPLE: KILLING SOMEONE CAN LEAD TO YOUR IMPRISONMENT.
2. Compensatory Justice.
Concerns the justice in compensating or paying people for what they
have lost because of being the recipient of wrongful acts (e.g., In a car
accident, the victim is given medical care which is paid by the driver).
The extent to which people are fairly compensated for their injuries by
those who have injured them.
3. Distributive Justice.
Concerns the justice in the distribution of benefits and burdens.
The distribution is dependent on the contribution of the members of
the group. The
greater the contribution to the success of the goal, the greater share in
the distribution, or the lesser the contribution to the same, the lesser
should be the share in the distribution.
INEQUALITIES
− It is the phenomenon of difference in size, degree, circumstance,
among others.
1. Natural Inequality. Inequality in our initial endowments in life which
includes inheritance, genes, and social status. These are inequalities brought
by biological differences (e.g., Height).
2. Social Inequality. Occurs when resources are unevenly distributed in
society. Uneven distribution of access and opportunity brought by power,
religion, kinship, prestige, race, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, and
class. These are inequalities brough by social factors (e.g., Education).
DUTIES/DUTY
− An obligation or task that someone is required to perform.
TYPE OF EXAM
Multiple Choice
Matching Type (quiz)
