Community Development

• Community development is a process where people come together to take

action on what's important to them.
• As its heart, community development is rooted in the belief that all people
should have access to health, well-being, wealth, justice and opportunity
• Community development is fundamentally based on the values of human
rights, social justice, equality and respect for diversity.

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT is also understood as a professional discipline, and

is defined by the International Association for Community Development as "a
practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes participative
democracy, sustainable development, rights, economic opportunity, equality and
social justice, through the organization, education and empowerment of people
within their communities, whether these be of locality, identity or interest, in urban
and rural settings”

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT seeks to empower individuals and groups of people

with the skills they need to effect change within their communities. These skills are
often created through the formation of social groups working for a common agenda.
Community developers must understand both how to work with individuals and how
to affect communities' positions within the context of larger social institutions.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT?

To build communities based on justice, equality and mutual respect. It involves

changing the relationships between ordinary people and people in positions of
power, so that everyone can take part in the issues that affect their lives.

WHAT IS THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT APPROACH?

• The community development approach is a way of working with communities

and people to set agendas and organize.
• Community development is a long-term value-based process which aims to
address imbalances in power and bring out change founded on social justice,
equality and inclusion.

WELFARE APPROACH

• The immediate and spontaneous response to ameliorated the manifestation

of poverty, especially on the personal level.
• Assumes that poverty is God given; destined, hence the poor should accept
their condition since they receive their just reward in heaven
• Believes that poverty is caused by bad luck, natural disasters circumstances
which are beyond the control or people
MODERNIZATION APPROACH

• Also referred to as the PROJECT DEVELOPMENT APPRACH

• Introduces whatever resources are lacking in given community
• Also considered as a national strategy which adopts the western mode of
technological development.
• Assumes that development consist of abandoning the traditional methods of
doing things and must adopt the technology of industrial countries.
• Believes that poverty is due lack or education. lack of resources such as
capital and technology.

TRANSFORMATORY APPROACH

• Also refer to as the PARTICIPATORY APPROACH.

• The process of empowering transforming the poor and the oppressed sectors
of society so that they can pursue a more just and humane society.
• Assumes that poverty is not Given, rather it is rooted in the historical past
and is maintained oy the oppressive structures in society.
• Believes that poverty is caused by prevalence of exploitation, oppression
domination and other unjust structures.

Community Organizing Participatory Action Research (COPAR)

• A social development approach that aims to transform the apathetic,

individualistic and voiceless poor into dynamic, participatory and politically
responsive community.
• A collective, participatory, transformative, liberative, sustained and
systematic process of building people's organization by mobilizing and
enhancing the capabilities and resources of the people for the resolution of
their issues and concerns towards effective change in their existing
oppressive and exploitative conditions.

Importance of COPAR

• COPAR is an important tool for community development and people

empowerment as this helps the community workers to generate community
participation in development activities.
• COPAR prepares people/ clients to eventually take over the management of a
development programs in the future.
• COPAR maximize community participation and involvement; community
resources are mobilized for community services.

Principles of COPAR

1. People, especially the most oppressed, exploited, and deprived sectors are
open to change, have the capacity to change and are able to bring about
change
2. COPAR should be based on the interest of the poorest sectors of the society
 3. COPAR should lead to a self-reliant community and society.

Process or Methods Used

• A Progressive cycle of ARAS which begins with small, local and concrete
issues identified by the people and the evaluation and reflection of and on
the action taken.
• CONSCIOUSNESS RAISING through experiential learning is central to the
COPAR process because it places emphasis on learning that emerges from
concrete action and which enriches succeeding action.
• COPAR is PARTICIPATORY and MASS BASED because it is primarily
directed towards and unbiased in favor of the poor, the powerless and the
oppressed.
• COPAR is GROUPED CENTERED and NOT LEADER ORIENTED. Leaders
are identified and are tested through action rather than the appointed or
selected by some force or entry.

Phases of COPAR Process

PRE-ENTRY PHASE

• Initial/simplest phase of the organizing process where the

community/organizer looks for community to serve/help.
• It is considered the simplest phase in terms of actual outputs, activities and
strategies and time spent for it.

Activities includes:

1. Designing a plan for community development including all its activities and
strategies for care/development.
2. Designing criteria for the site selection:
2.1 Community should be depressed
2.2 No Duplication of services rendered
2.3 No Peace and order problem
2.4 No strong resistance from the community people
2.5 With increase rate of morbidity and mortality rate
3. Actual selection the site for community care: Prioritization
4. Identification of potential leaders.

Preparation of the Institution

• Train faculty and students in COPAR

• Formulate plans for institutionalizing COPAR
• Revise/enrich curriculum and immersion program
• Coordinate participants of other departments
Site Selection

• Initial networking with local government

• Conduct preliminary special investigation
• Make long/short list of potential communities
• Do ocular survey of listed communities

ENTRY PHASE

• Sometimes called the social preparation phase as it the activities done here
includes the sensitization of the people on the critical events in their life,
motivating them to share their dreams and ideas on how to manage their
concerns and eventually mobilizing them to take collective actions.
• This phase signals the actual entry of the community workers/organizers into
the community. They must be guided by the following guidelines:

1. Recognize the role of local authorities by paying them visits to inform them of
their presence and activities.
2. Their appearance, speech, behavior and lifestyle should be in keeping with
those of the community resident without disregard of their being role models.
3. Avoid raising the consciousness of the community residents; adopt a ow-key
profile

Sustenance and Strengthening Phase

• Occurs when the community organization has already had been established
and the community members are already actively participating in community
wide undertakings.
• At this point, the different committees set up in the organization building
phase are already expected to be functioning by way of planning,
implementing and evaluating their own programs, with the overall guidance
from the community wide organization

Organizational Building Phase

• Entails the formation of more formal structure and the inclusion of more
formal procedures of planning, implementing and evaluating community wide
activities.
• It is at this phase where the organized leaders or groups are being given
training to develop their AKS in managing their own concerns or programs.

Strategies used may include:

1. Education and Trainings

2. Networking and Linkaging
3. Conduct of mobilization on health and development concerns;
4. Implementing of livelihood projects, and developing secondary leaders
Phase Out Phase

• Considered as the turn over phase of the process

• Emphasize the monitoring and evaluation of the process done

Evaluation

• Is an essential component of planning and should be built in as the plan of

services if considered
• Is a process that is designed to show the relationship between services
rendered and the objective or purpose of the service/unit/care provider.
• Not a record nor count of what was done but of what DIFFERENCE the doing
made.
• Is mainly used to help in the selection and design of the future plans/
programs/projects
• Is assessment of whether or not the planned project strategy actually worked
for the community.

TYPES OF EVALUATION:

• IMPACT EVALUATION. Estimates the impact of the project or program on

the community by comparing the conditions of the affected groups after it
has taken place with what would have been
• COST EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS. Is done to compare alternative projects in
terms of the cost of producing a given output.

Monitoring

• Is an internal projects/intervention activity concerned to assess whether

resources are being used as intended and whether they are producing the
intended outputs.

Both Monitoring and Evaluation:

• Vital elements of project management

• Interrelated process
• Requires baseline information and documentation during implementation of
the process.

Critical steps (activities) in Buildings people's organization

INTEGRATION. A CO becoming one with the people in order to

1.1 Immerse themselves in the poor community

1.2 Understand deeply the culture, economy, leaders, history, rhythms and lifestyle
in the community
METHODS of Integration:

1. Participation in direct production activities of the people

2. Conduct of house-to-house visit
3. Participation in community activities such as birthdays, fiestas, wakes, etc.
4. Conversing where people where they usually gather such as in stores, water
wells, washing streams or in church yard.
5. Helping out in household chores like cooking, washing the dishes, etc.

Critical steps (activities) in Buildings people's organization

SOCIAL INVESTIGATION. A systematic process of collecting, collating, analyzing

data to draw a clear picture of the community.

• Also known as the community study.

• Pointers for the conduct of social investigation:

- Use survey questionnaire is discouraged

- Community leaders can be trained
- Data can be more effectively and efficiently collected through informal
methods
- Secondary data should be thoroughly examined
- Social Investigation is facilitated if the CO/Community worker is properly
integrated
- Confirmation and validation of community data should be done regularly

Critical steps (activities) in Buildings people's organization

• TENTATIVE PROGRAM PLANNING. CO to choose one issue to work on in

order to begin organizing the people.
• GROUNDWORKING. Going around and motivating the people on a one-on-
one basis to do something on the issue that has been chosen.
• THE MEETING. People collectively ratifying what they have already decided
individually.
• ROLE PLAY. Means to act out the meeting that will take place between the
leaders of the people and the government representatives.
• MOBILIZATION OR ACTION. Actual experience of the people in
confronting the powerful and the actual exercises of people power.
• EVALUATION. The people reviewing the steps 1-7 so as to determine
whether they were successful or not on their objectives
• REFLECTION. Dealing with deeper, ongoing concerns to look at the positive
values CO is trying to build in the organization.
• ORGANIZATION. The people's organization is the result of many successive
and similar actions of the people.
ROLES and ACTIVITIES in COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE DEVELOPMENT

As a RECORDER/ DOCUMENTOR/REPORTER

• Community worker keeps a written account of services rendered,

observation, conditions, needs, problems, and attitudes of the clientele in
community development activities, accomplishment made.
• Community worker takes responsibility to disseminate pertinent information
to appropriate authorities, agencies, and most especially to the client/
community.
• At the same time, the community worker develops the peoples capabilities to
keep maintain their own recording and reporting system

PURPOSE

1. Measure service or programs directed to the clients

2. Provide basis for future planning
3. Interpret the work to the public and other agencies
4. Aid in studying the conditions of the community;
5. Contribute to client care

Effective and useful reports depend upon certain basic principles such as:

1. All items should be carefully selected in order to give significant information

2. Reports are of the most interest value when they are arranged so that
comparison may be made between successive periods of time.
3. Reports are of value only when the items included carry a common meaning
to all who makes use of them.
4. Reports are more readily receive when presented in an interesting manner.

CHAPTER 1: HEALTH AN EVOLVING CONCEPT, THE GOAL OF NURSING IN

THE COMMUNITY

WHAT IS HEALTH?

"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity." -WHO

Saylor pointed out that the WHO definition considers several dimensions of health.

These include physical (structure/function), social, role, mental (emotional and

intellectual), and general perceptions of health status. It also conceptualizes health
from a macro perspective, as a resource to be used rather than a goal in and of
itself.
OTHER DEFINITION OF HEALTH

DEFINED BY MURRAY, ZENTNER, "a state of well-being in which the

AND YAKIMO person is able to use purposeful,
adaptive responses and processes
physically, mentally, emotionally,
spiritually, and socially"

DEFINED BY PENDER, MURDAUGH, "Realization of human potential through

AND PARSONS goal-directed behavior, competent self-
care and satisfying relationships with
others”

DEFINED BY OREM a state of a person that is characterized

by soundness or wholeness of
developed human structures and of
bodily and mental functioning

Models of Health

Clinical Model

This model is the traditional lens of how medical science deals with patients

Role Performance Models

The individual's ability to perform societal roles defines what health is in this model

Adaptive Model

Health is a dynamic state. An individual is considered to be healthy if he/she was

able to adjust positively to social, mental, and physiological changes.

Eudaimonistic Model

An elevated level of wellness suggests optimal health and illness is reflected by a

lack of vitality. This model highlights the interactions between physical, social,
psychological, and spiritual facets of life and the environment that leads to gal
attainment that creates meaning and purpose in life

WHAT IS COMMUNITY?

DEFINED BY Allender, Rector, and “collection of people who interact with

Warner one another and whose common
interests or characteristics form the
basis for a sense of unity or belonging"

DEFINE by Lundy and James "a group of people who share

something in common and interact with
 one another, who may exhibit a
commitment with one another and may
share a geographic boundary"

DEFINED SHUSTER "a locality-based entity, composed of

systems of formal organizations
reflecting society's institutions, informal
groups and aggregates"

• Maurer and Smith further addressed the concept of community and

identified three defining attributes: people, place, and social interaction or
common characteristics, interests, or goals.
• They also noted that there are two main types of communities:
Geopolitical Communities and Phenomenological Communities

TWO MAIN TYPES OF COMMUNITY

GEOPOLITICAL COMMUNITY

• those most traditionally recognized or imagined when the term community is

considered.
• defined or formed by natural and/or manmade boundaries and include cities,
counties, states, and nations. Other commonly recognized geopolitical
communities are school districts, census tracts, zip codes, and
neighborhoods

PHENOMENOLOGICAL COMMUNITY

• refer to relational, interactive groups. In phenomenological communities, the

place or setting is more abstract, and people share a group perspective or
identity based on culture, values, history, interests, and goals.
• Examples of phenomenological communities + are schools, colleges, and
universities; churches, synagogues, and mosques; and various
groups and organizations, such as social networks.

OTHER DEFINITION TERMS

• SOCIAL - means "of or relating to living together in organized groups or

similar close aggregates" (American Heritage College Dictionary)
• SOCIAL HEALTH - connotes community vitality and is a result of positive
interaction among groups within the community with an emphasis on health
promotion and illness prevention.
• Community of Solution - is a collection of people who form a group
specifically to address a common need or concern
• Population - is typically used to denote a group of people having common
personal or environmental characteristics.
 • Aggregates - are subgroups or subpopulations that have some common
characteristics or concerns (Harkness, 2012).

DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

• Physical Environment - It is what experienced by senses

• Individual Behavior - Individual's responses to internal stimuli and external
conditions
• Social Environment - Includes interaction and relationships with family,
friends, colleagues, and others in the community
• Biology and Genetics - Individual's genetic makeup, family history, and any
physical and mental health problems developed in the course of life.
• Policies and Interventions - Can have profound effect on the health of
individuals, groups, and communities.

SOCIAL DETERMINANT OF HEALTH

• "Are conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age; might
also be circumstantial elements as such housing, work conditions and access
to recreational activities; circumstance that influence how an individual will
develop sickness, what risk factors + they are exposed to, how they access
services, and how they utilize the appropriate services; and is shaped by the
distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local."
(CSDH, 2008)
• It may also include the occupation, circumstances affecting the way in which
people work, income, culture, religion, education, racial and gender
discrimination (Forget and Lebel, 2001)

One Health Concept: A framework for Community and Public Health

Nursing

• Emerging Infectious Disease - are a matter of importance to great extent

if there is rapid increase of cases and high incidences of deaths caused by
these diseases. (Petrosillo, 2019)
• The most effective way to act in response to the threats of EIDs is the One
Health Approach- recognizing the connection between human, animal, and
environmental. (Johnson et. Al., 2019)
• The One Health Concept calls for a consolidated interaction between human
health, veterinary medicine, and public and environmental health
professionals, clinicians, researchers, and agencies functioning hand in hand
for a worthwhile and sustainable health interventions in addressing worldwide
and environmental health challenges
• In the Philippines, some of the One Health Approach Activities are the
National Rabies Prevention and Control Program (NRPCP), Avian Influenza
Protection Program (AIPP), and the Philippine Inter-agency Committee on
Zoonoses.
• These sectors are essential in making any programs geared towards control
and eventual elimination of emerging and reemerging diseases a success