a.
The relative roughness ratio of the pipe is defined as the ratio of the height of surface irregularities (ε)
to the pipe diameter (D). The relative roughness ratio can be calculated using the formula:
Relative roughness ratio = ε/D
where ε is the average height of surface irregularities and D is the pipe diameter. The relative
roughness ratio is used in the calculation of the pipe friction factor, which is then used in the Darcy-
Weisbach equation to calculate the friction loss in a pipe for a flowing fluid¹².
b. The average velocity in the pipe can be calculated using the formula:
Velocity = Flow rate / Cross-sectional area
where Flow rate = Volume flow rate = Q = 𝜌AV
where 𝜌 is the density of water, A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe, and V is the average velocity.
The cross-sectional area of a circular pipe can be calculated using the formula:
A = πD²/4
where D is the diameter of the pipe.
Therefore, Velocity = Q / A = (𝜌AV) / (πD²/4) = 4Q / πD²𝜌
Substituting values, Velocity = 0.23 m/s².
c. The Reynolds number can be used to determine whether the flow through the pipe is laminar or
turbulent. The Reynolds number can be calculated using the formula:
Re = 𝜌VD/𝜇
where 𝜌 is the density of water, V is the average velocity, D is the diameter of the pipe, and 𝜇 is the
dynamic viscosity of water.
If Re < 2300, then flow through the pipe is laminar. If Re > 4000, then flow through the pipe is
turbulent. If 2300 < Re < 4000, then flow through the pipe may be laminar or turbulent depending on
other factors¹.
Substituting values, Re = (998 kg/m³)(0.23 m/s)(0.16 m) / (1.0 x 10^-3 N.s/m²) = 44,740.
Therefore, flow through the pipe is turbulent².
d. The flow energy equation in head form can be written as:
Δh = h₂ - h₁ + (P₂ - P₁)/𝜌g + V₂²/2g - V₁²/2g + z₂ - z₁
points 2 and 1 respectively, P₂ and P₁ are pressures at points 2 and 1 respectively, 𝜌 is density of fluid, g
where Δh is change in head between two points in a fluid system, h₂ and h₁ are specific enthalpies at
is acceleration due to gravity, V₂ and V₁ are velocities at points 2 and 1 respectively, z₂ and z₁ are
elevations at points 2 and 1 respectively.
Negligible terms are those that are small compared to other terms in an equation or those that have
little effect on overall accuracy or precision of an answer.
e. i) Pump head can be calculated using Bernoulli's equation:
ΔPump head = Δh + Δz + ΔP/𝜌g
where ΔPump head is pump head required by pump to deliver water from lower tank to upper tank
against gravity and frictional losses in pipes; Δh is change in head between two tanks; Δz is change in
elevation between two tanks; ΔP/𝜌g is pressure difference between two tanks divided by density of
water times acceleration due to gravity.
Substituting values,
Δh = H₂ - H₁
where H₂ and H₁ are heights of water levels in upper tank and lower tank respectively.
Δz = z₂ - z₁
where z₂ and z₁ are elevations at points 2 and 1 respectively.
ΔP/𝜌g = fL/D * V²/2g
where f is friction factor obtained from Moody chart; L/D is length-to-diameter ratio; V is average
velocity; g is acceleration due to gravity.
Substituting values,
L/D = length of pipe / diameter of pipe
L/D =
Source: Conversation with Bing, 6/19/2023
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roughness.
(2) . https://bing.com/search?q=determine+relative+roughness+ratio+of+pipe.
(3) Roughness & Surface Coefficients - The Engineering ToolBox.
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/surface-roughness-ventilation-ducts-d_209.html.
(4) Pipe Roughness - Engineersfield. https://engineersfield.com/pipe-roughness-for-various-types-of-
pipe/.
(5) What is Relative Roughness of Pipe - Definition - Thermal Engineering. https://www.thermal-
engineering.org/what-is-relative-roughness-of-pipe-definition/.
(6) Pipe Roughness: A Complete Guide - EngineerExcel. https://engineerexcel.com/pipe-roughness/.
