International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 8 Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2024 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Artificial Intelligence in Space Exploration

Matthew N. O. Sadiku1, Paul A. Adekunte2, Janet O. Sadiku3
1
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
2
International Institute of Professional Security, Lagos, Nigeria
3
Juliana King University, Houston, TX, USA

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Matthew N. O.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O.
intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans Sadiku "Artificial Intelligence in Space
and mimic their actions. It has been making waves in recent years, Exploration" Published in International
Journal of Trend in
enabling us to solve problems faster than traditional computing
Scientific Research
could ever allow. AI is transforming numerous industries, and and Development
space exploration is no exception. In space exploration, AI (ijtsrd), ISSN:
becomes critical in overcoming the challenges of long 2456-6470,
communication lags, handling massive datasets, and enabling Volume-8 | Issue-6,
autonomous robotic planetary exploration systems. AI has December 2024, IJTSRD71619
revolutionized space exploration, transforming the way we pp.464-473, URL:
navigate and understand the cosmos. AI silently pioneers www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd71619.pdf
uncharted territories in space exploration. This paper examines the
use of artificial intelligence in space exploration and research. Copyright © 2024 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
KEYWORDS: space industry, exploration, artificial intelligence, Scientific Research and Development
robotics, machine learning Journal. This is an
Open Access article
distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

INTRODUCTION
Space exploration, a realm of boundless potential, has allowing humans to better understand what we have
captured human imagination for generations. Space found out in the cosmos. With the beginning of the
exploration has always been a primary goal for 21st century, AI has made a steady progress in Mars
humanity, pushing the boundaries of our exploration. The ambitions for humans to reach Mars
understanding and opening up new frontiers. In recent and travel beyond into our Solar System will only be
years, data science has emerged as a pivotal tool, made possible with the development and use of AI for
transforming the way we approach space technology. Space Exploration. AI empowers our spacecraft,
Data analytics is important in contemporary space telescopes, and instruments to unveil cosmic secrets.
missions, encompassing data collection, processing, As AI advances, it expands our cosmic understanding
analysis, and interpretation. and inspires innovation on earth.
Space exploration generates vast amounts of data — WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLENCE?
astronomy, earth science, space weather — spacecraft The term “artificial intelligence” (AI) is an umbrella
now generate terabytes of information weekly. The term John McCarthy, a computer scientist, coined in
large datasets from satellites and space vehicles are 1955 and defined as “the science and engineering of
often too massive to be processed manually by intelligent machines.” It refers to the ability of a
humans. This is where artificial intelligence comes in; computer system to perform human tasks (such as
deep learning algorithms, data analytics, and image thinking and learning) that usually can only be
processing techniques can quickly analyze this data. accomplished using human intelligence [1].
The importance of artificial intelligence in space Typically, AI systems demonstrate at least some of
exploration is significant, just like in other aspects of the following human behaviors: planning, learning,
life. Artificial intelligence, which makes our lives reasoning, problem solving, knowledge
easier in every field, also provides great support while representation, perception, speech recognition,
exploring space. It has emerged as a critical feature in

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decision-making, language translation, motion, These computer-based tools or technologies have
manipulation, intelligence, and creativity. been used to achieve AI’s goals. Each AI tool has its
own advantages. Using a combination of these
The 10 U.S. Code § 2358 define artificial intelligence
as [2]: models, rather than a single model, is recommended.
1. “Any artificial system that performs tasks under Figure 1 shows a typical expert system, while Figure
2 illustrates the AI tools. These tools are gaining
varying and unpredictable circumstances without
significant human oversight, or that can learn momentum across every industry. Analytics can be
considered a core AI capability.
from experience and improve performance when
exposed to data sets. SPACE EXPLORATION
2. An artificial system developed in computer Space exploration has always been of interest to
software, physical hardware, or other context that scientists and governments across the globe as it
solves tasks requiring human-like perception, holds the key to the origin of mankind and many
cognition, planning, learning, communication, or marvelous wonders of the universe including the
physical action. possibility of alien lives. Scientists and engineers
have explored roughly only 4% of the visible
3. An artificial system designed to think or act like a universe, which represents the parts of space that we
human, including cognitive architectures and can see using telescopes. The visible universe is made
neural networks. up of planets, stars, galaxies, and other astronomical
4. A set of techniques, including machine learning, objects.
that is designed to approximate a cognitive task.
Space exploration began within human minds, long
5. An artificial system designed to act rationally, before we actually went into space, we did so in our
including an intelligent software agent or imagination. Space is an expression of humanity's
embodied robot that achieves goals using endless curiosity and exploration. Every day, various
perception, planning, reasoning, learning, space vehicles and observation systems are used to
communicating, decision making, and acting.” gather information about new planets, stars, and
AI provides tools creating intelligent machines which galaxies. The commercialization of space is entering
can behave like humans, think like humans, and make an exciting new phase with AI technology integration.
decisions like humans. The main goals of artificial One of the main aims of NASA at the moment is to
intelligence are [3]: increase the exploration of space.
1. Replicate human intelligence
NASA extensively utilizes artificial intelligence and
2. Solve knowledge-intensive tasks machine learning in space exploration, primarily for
3. Make an intelligent connection of perception and autonomous navigation of spacecraft, analyzing large
action datasets from missions, identifying patterns in
4. Build a machine which can perform tasks that planetary surfaces, and making real-time decisions on
requires human intelligence rovers (robots). NASA has been safely using artificial
intelligence for decades to plan and schedule missions
5. Create some system which can exhibit intelligent
for planetary rovers. NASA has previously used AI in
behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate,
human spaceflight, scientific analysis, and
explain, and can advise to its user.
autonomous systems. Currently, NASA is in the
AI is not a single technology but a range of development phase of an assistant that would provide
computational models and algorithms. The concept help with the process of engineering future missions.
of AI is an umbrella term that encompasses many NASA has also previously developed an AI assistant
different technologies. AI is not a single technology named Daphne. This assistant focuses on providing
but a collection of techniques that enables computer instant feedback on questions and queries related to
systems to perform tasks that would otherwise require the earth. NASA’s mission of exploration requires
human intelligence. The major disciplines in AI leveraging new ways to utilize and learn from the
include [4]: unprecedented amount of data that space-based
 Expert systems observation platforms generate [5].
 Fuzzy logic
ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE IN SPACE
 Neural networks
EXPLORATION
 Machine learning (ML)
The exponential rise in space data captured from
 Deep learning
satellites, telescopes, and interplanetary probes
 Natural Language Processors (NLP)
requires AI's analytical capabilities. Modern space
 Robots

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instruments generate terabytes of data daily - far more of machinery or debris left by humans in space. It
than scientists can examine manually. Artificial can refer to big objects such as dead satellites that
Intelligence represents a pivotal breakthrough in have failed or been left in the orbit at the end of
scientific advancement, redefining the boundaries of their mission. The problem with space debris has
research and exploration. AI has the potential to reached a critical point as scientists and
revolutionize space exploration in many ways. Figure researchers continue to send satellites into space,
3 illustrates AI in space exploration [6]. Some AI which is never brought back. The major concern
applications in space exploration are shown in Figure with these space debris is that can cause space
4 [7]. Here are some of the ways that AI is being used accidents. Figure 6 shows the image released in
in space exploration today [8-10]: 2013 by NASA which showed the amount of
 Astronaut Assistants: Scientists and researchers space debris we had back in 2013 [8].
are working towards creating intelligent assistants
 Data Analysis: Space exploration generates
to help astronauts in their mission to Moon, Mars,
immense amounts of data across various
and beyond. AI has become a focal point for
disciplines, including astronomy, earth science,
scientists developing intelligent assistants to
and space weather. The capability of AI to
support astronauts in real space missions. These
process and analyze data efficiently onboard
AI-supported assistants aim to enhance the safety
spacecraft represents a major advancement in
and efficiency of space missions by addressing
space research. AI can be used to analyze large
various challenges that astronauts may encounter.
amounts of data from space missions, such as
They are designed to understand and predict the
images and sensor readings. This can help
requirements of the crew and comprehend
scientists to better understand the planets and
astronauts’ emotions and their mental health and
moons that we are exploring, and to identify
take necessary actions in the case of an
potential hazards. This may involve sorting
emergency. AI also assists with entry, descent,
through massive amounts of scientific data to find
and landing (EDL) - the riskiest phase facing
interesting or unusual discoveries that require
probes sent to Mars. They can detect hazardous
further investigation. Since space exploration
situations such as increased carbon dioxide levels
involves huge distances, it is crucial to be able to
in spacecraft and provide astronauts with alerts. A
process and analyze data quickly on the spot. AI’s
typical AI-based assistant is shown in Figure 5
ability to do this helps with making timely
[11].
decisions, especially during critical parts of a
 Astronaut Health Monitoring: The mental and mission. AI’s ability to process vast volumes of
physical toll during missions creates a need for data enables split-second threat detection and
enhanced astronaut medical care. AI shows emergency responses, essential for addressing
promise for improving future crew support hurdles in space exploration and empowering
systems. By integrating multi-modal data streams autonomous robotic planetary systems.
- from sensors tracking heart rate and skin
 Mission Planning: AI can be used to plan space
temperature to recording exercise and sleep
missions, such as determining the best trajectory
patterns - predictive health analytics powered by
for a spacecraft or the best way to land on a
AI can enable customized interventions tailored to
planet. This can help to reduce the risk of
each astronaut. AI-based medical care can also be
accidents and to ensure that missions are
applied to space exploration. As humans ready
successful. AI can help us to explore new worlds,
themselves to leave LEO, new medical care
to learn more about the universe, and to ensure
systems that make astronauts more autonomous
that our missions are safe and successful. For
for delivering their own care, are highly
example, NASA is using AI to help plan future
important. Monitoring and assessing the health of
missions to Mars. Figure 7 shows the space
astronauts on long-duration missions is a crucial
exploration mission architecture [7].
challenge for space actors currently. Health is a
huge barrier to overcome on deep space  Robotics: Robotic systems have proven to be well
exploration missions to Mars. AI can be used to suited for repeated tasks in harsh and hazardous
identify and classify health data in real-time to environments. Robots are used for a variety of
support the efforts of on the ground medical different space applications, and their function
officers. can be divided into four main categories: Rover,
 Space Debris: The increasing amount of space Arm, Sampler, or Drill. AI can be used to control
debris poses a serious threat to future space robots that are exploring space, allowing them to
missions. Space debris or space junk is any piece perform tasks that would be too dangerous or

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difficult for humans, such as exploring the surface recognition and speech recognition. Other benefits of
of Mars. For example, the European Space AI in space exploration include [12,13]:
Agency (ESA) is using AI to control a robot that  Automation: Autonomous navigation is a key
is exploring the surface of Mars. The robot, called application of AI that would help us navigate
ExoMars, is equipped with a camera that is around earth and other planets. Spacecraft
controlled by AI. AI-powered robotic rovers and equipped with AI capabilities can navigate space
landers such as NASA AI projects Curiosity and autonomously. AI automation assists with
Perseverance navigate celestial terrains classifying and processing streams of images,
independently, gathering samples, running sensor readings, and spectral data. AI holds
experiments, and snapping detailed pictures. immense promise for automating spectral data
Robots have been used for space missions for analysis from future missions to places like
decades due to their ability to work in harsh and Saturn's moon Enceladus. Satellites orbiting earth
hazardous environments that would be unsafe for also require more autonomy, as they need to make
humans. Curiosity rover (robot), such as shown in more frequent collision avoidance maneuvers to
Figure 8, can be sent to explore distant worlds evade increasing amounts of space debris.
such as Jupiter, where the lag between earth and
 Decision Making: AI’s ability to make decisions
spacecraft communications is too great to allow
comes into play during critical mission phases. AI
for a manual human operated landing [7]. The
can help make decisions in space missions, such
rovers are currently roaming the surface of Mars
as when to abort a mission or when to change
and making decisions without specific commands
course. Onboard AI can evaluate potential actions
from the mission control.
based on mission goals and choose the best
 Satellite Navigation: Another area where artificial response. This autonomous decision-making
intelligence comes in handy is optimizing satellite reduces the need for control from earth, which is
operations, paying close attention to collision crucial for deep space exploration where signal
avoidance and telemetry analysis. AI is also being delays can be significant.
used to help identify rogue drones in sensitive
 Anomaly Detection: This is another area where AI
airspace. AI’s role extends to optimizing satellite
proves extremely useful, helping with identifying
operations, focusing on collision avoidance and
unusual readings from instruments. By providing
telemetry analysis. AI for data processing can also
early warnings for potential issues, AI enhances
be used for the satellites themselves. AI offers
the safety and reliability of missions.
huge potential to augment in-space navigation,
primarily probes exploring the extremities of our  Smart Space Driving: AI helps robots and rovers
solar system. Satellites observe various regions of drive themselves on other planets. It is like having
the planet and then submit the data to ground a really smart driver who can avoid rocks and find
offices. the best paths.
 Earth Observation: This is one area where AI is  Robot Buddies: On space stations, AI-powered
already being used more extensively. Earth robots help astronauts with daily tasks. They are
observation satellites generate tremendous like helpful assistants who never get tired.
amounts of data. This is received by ground  Saving Money: Space trips are super expensive.
stations in chunks over a large period of time, and But AI can help cut costs by doing jobs that
has to be pieced together before it can be would need lots of people or fancy equipment.
analyzed. Figure 9 shows a typical earth
observation [12].  Some of these benefits of AI in space exploration
are depicted in Figure 10 [6].
BENEFITS
AI’s strong points lie in its ability to handle large CHALLENGES
amounts of data quickly, identify complex patterns Space exploration involves numerous risks and
easily, and deal with repetitive tasks without getting challenges, such as long-duration missions, harsh
tired. AI in space exploration plays a major role in environments, and communication delays. Some
enhancing efficiency, advancing scientific discovery, promise that AI will transform society for the better,
and ensuring the success of space missions. AI can others claim it is dangerous. How are we ensuring
help manage communication between space and earth that it is used effectively and safely in space? One
by selecting the best frequencies and power levels for obstacle is making AI algorithms compatible with
sending signals. AI can help establish a conversation harsh space environments. Other challenges of AI in
with scientists by applying deep learning to facial space exploration include [12]:

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 Unpredictable Space Environments: The extreme guarantee to satisfy project executives-for all
conditions of outer space can create unique remote applications the software simply cannot
situations that pre-programmed AI may not have fail.
been trained to handle. This could potentially lead  Risks of Cybersecurity: Space-based AI systems
to malfunctions or failures in the system. are also prone to cyber threats and data privacy
 Dependence Risks: Relying too heavily on breaches. The risk of such incidents is greater
autonomous systems could result in a decline of with the increasing integration of artificial
human expertise over time, as skills weaken intelligence into space systems. The complex
without regular practice. nature of AI algorithms and the
 Safety: As AI continues to advance, it is interconnectedness of various networks within
important to constantly improve its capabilities space create vulnerabilities that hackers can
alongside ensuring the safety and innovation of exploit, leading to the compromise of mission-
space exploration. Due to microgravity and critical operations.
special radiation environment, health issues may  Space Weather Forecasting: Space weather, such
arise and could eventually peak in the inability to as solar flares and cosmic rays, poses significant
manage the spacecraft. AI contributes to the challenges to space exploration. AI algorithms
safety and well-being of astronauts during can analyze space weather data and provide
interstellar travel. accurate forecasts, allowing spacecraft operators
 Sustainability: If humanity wants to get the most to prepare for conditions that might affect
out of AI-driven technologies, they need to be performance and astronauts can be alerted to take
developed and used in an ethical and sustainable preventive measures.
way. CONCLUSION
 Transparency: Space agencies and tech AI's role in space exploration is transformative,
companies should document and communicate processing vast data from celestial bodies and
the decision-making processes of AI systems. predicting risks like solar storms and space debris.
This transparency is vital not only for maintaining The story of space exploration is being continuously
public trust but also for facilitating collaboration rewritten by the influence of AI. AI is regarded as a
between different entities in the space sector. game changer in the quest for knowledge and
understanding of space. Concerted efforts persist in
 Accountability: There should be clear guidelines employing AI’s capabilities to benefit space
on liability and accountability when it comes to exploration. Space colonization and terraforming may
AI-driven decisions in space missions. Identifying have a bright future thanks to AI-driven innovations.
responsible parties for AI actions can be complex,
but it is crucial for addressing any unintended In the future, space agencies and private companies
consequences or malfunctions. will continue to explore Mars and other planets in the
solar system. AI offers huge potential to augment
 Fairness: The design of AI technologies must current and future space exploration. The future of
prevent biases that could lead to unfair outcomes. space exploration depends on human beings working
Although machine learning algorithms are as closely together with various AI capabilities. The
objective as the data they are trained on, ensuring collaboration between human ingenuity and AI
fairness requires constant vigilance against capabilities promises to drive future discoveries and
skewed datasets or prejudiced assumptions. push the boundaries. AI is ready to fuel a new dawn
 Reliability: AI is unproven in many aspects and of space exploration. More information on artificial
lacks sufficient testing and proofing to be reliable. intelligence in the space industry is available from the
Interest in using AI in space exploration has been books in [15-26] and the following related journals:
fueled by its increased reliability on missions and  Energy and AI
its potential cost savings. Relying on AI for  The AI Journal
critical activities during missions creates single  Progress in Aerospace Sciences
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Figure 1 A typical expert system.

Figure 2 AI tools.

Figure 3 AI in space exploration [6].

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Figure 4 Some AI applications in space exploration [7].

Figure 5 A typical AI-based assistant [11].

Figure 6 The amount of space debris we had back in 2013 [8].

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Figure 7 Space exploration mission architecture [7].

Figure 8 Curiosity rover (robot) designed by NASA [7].

Figure 9 A typical earth observation [12].

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Figure 10 Some of these benefits of AI in space exploration [6].

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