Data Structures and Algorithms:

Question 1: Which data structure is based on the principle of "last in, first out"? a)
Queue b) Stack c) Linked List d) Tree Answer: b) Stack

Question 2: Which algorithm is used to find the shortest path in a weighted graph?
a) Depth-First Search (DFS) b) Breadth-First Search (BFS) c) Dijkstra's algorithm
d) Kruskal's algorithm Answer: c) Dijkstra's algorithm

Question 3: What is the time complexity of inserting an element into a binary

search tree with balanced height? a) O(1) b) O(log n) c) O(n) d) O(n log n)
Answer: b) O(log n)

Question 4: Which sorting algorithm has a worst-case time complexity of O(n^2)?

a) Quick Sort b) Merge Sort c) Bubble Sort d) Radix Sort Answer: c) Bubble Sort

Question 5: Which data structure is suitable for implementing a priority queue? a)

Array b) Linked List c) Heap d) Stack Answer: c) Heap

Question 6: In which type of traversal of a binary tree does the node get visited
after its left and before its right subtree? a) Preorder b) Inorder c) Postorder d)
Level-order Answer: a) Preorder

Question 7: Which search algorithm requires a sorted list for its operation? a)
Linear Search b) Binary Search c) Depth-First Search (DFS) d) Breadth-First
Search (BFS) Answer: b) Binary Search

Question 8: What data structure is typically used to implement a LIFO (Last-In-

First-Out) behavior? a) Queue b) Stack c) Linked List d) Tree Answer: b) Stack

Question 9: What is the main advantage of using a hash table for data storage?

a) Constant-time insertion and retrieval b) Constant-time deletion c) Automatic

sorting of data d) Efficient memory usage Answer: a) Constant-time insertion and
retrieval
Question 10: Which sorting algorithm works by repeatedly selecting the minimum
element from the unsorted portion and swapping it with the first element? a) Quick
Sort b) Merge Sort c) Selection Sort d) Insertion Sort Answer: c) Selection Sort

Question 11: Which data structure allows you to access its elements in constant
time regardless of the size of the collection? a) Linked List b) Stack c) Queue d)
Array Answer: d) Array

Question 12: What is the purpose of dynamic programming in algorithms?

a) To divide a problem into smaller subproblems and solve each subproblem only
once b) To perform arithmetic operations efficiently c) To sort data in linear time
d) To find shortest paths in a graph Answer: a) To divide a problem into smaller
subproblems and solve each subproblem only once

Question 13: Which algorithm is used to find the maximum flow in a flow
network? a) Depth-First Search (DFS) b) Breadth-First Search (BFS) c) Dijkstra's
algorithm d) Ford-Fulkerson algorithm Answer: d) Ford-Fulkerson algorithm

Question 14: What is the worst-case time complexity of the Quick Sort algorithm?
a) O(1) b) O(log n) c) O(n) d) O(n^2) Answer: d) O(n^2)

Question 15: Which data structure is used to implement a First-In-First-Out

(FIFO) behavior? a) Stack b) Queue c) Linked List d) Tree Answer: b) Queue

Database Systems:

Question 16: What is the primary purpose of a database management system

(DBMS)? a) Displaying data to users b) Managing hardware resources c)
Managing and organizing structured data d) Performing complex calculations
Answer: c) Managing and organizing structured data

Question 17: Which term is used to describe a collection of related data entries
that can be organized and accessed in various ways? a) Table b) Query c) Database
d) Schema Answer: c) Database

Question 18: What is a primary key in a relational database? a) A key used for
encryption b) A unique identifier for a table row c) A foreign key in another table
d) A key used for indexing purposes Answer: b) A unique identifier for a table
row
Question 19: Which database model represents data as a collection of documents
in a flexible, semi-structured format? a) Hierarchical model b) Relational model c)
NoSQL model d) Object-oriented model Answer: c) NoSQL model

Question 20: What is the purpose of an index in a database? a) To physically store

data on disk b) To provide a way to quickly access and retrieve data c) To create
relationships between tables d) To enforce data integrity constraints Answer: b)
To provide a way to quickly access and retrieve data

Question 21: In a relational database, what is the purpose of a foreign key? a) To

uniquely identify a record b) To enforce data integrity constraints c) To provide a
primary key for a table d) To store calculated values Answer: b) To enforce data
integrity constraints

Question 22: What is SQL used for in the context of database systems? a) Storing
images and multimedia files b) Defining the structure of a database c) Managing
hardware resources d) Manipulating and querying databases Answer: d)
Manipulating and querying databases

Question 23: Which type of database system is designed to handle massive

volumes of data distributed across multiple servers? a) Relational database b)
Object-oriented database c) Distributed database d) In-memory database Answer:
c) Distributed database

Question 24: Which term refers to the process of combining data from multiple
tables in a database to produce a result set? a) Query b) Indexing c) Normalization
d) Aggregation Answer: a) Query

Question 25: What is the main purpose of a database transaction? a) To retrieve

data from a database b) To update data in a database c) To delete records from a
database d) To optimize database performance Answer: b) To update data in a
database

Question 26: Which type of database management system is specifically designed

for analytical processing and complex queries? a) Online Transaction Processing
(OLTP) database b) In-memory database c) Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
database d) NoSQL database Answer: c) Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
database
Question 27: In a relational database, what is the purpose of a view? a) To store
frequently used data b) To enforce data integrity constraints c) To create
relationships between tables d) To provide a customized virtual table Answer: d)
To provide a customized virtual table

Question 28: What is the process of reorganizing the data in a database to

minimize redundancy and improve data integrity called? a) Normalization b)
Indexing c) Aggregation d) Query optimization Answer: a) Normalization

Question 29: Which term refers to the process of making sure that data in a
database remains consistent over time, even as it is updated? a) Data mining b)
Data integrity c) Data warehousing d) Data indexing Answer: b) Data integrity

Question 30: In a relational database, what is the role of a database schema? a) To

physically store data on disk b) To define the structure and relationships of tables
c) To create complex queries d) To manage data concurrency Answer: b) To
define the structure and relationships of tables

Operating Systems:

Question 31: What is the primary function of an operating system? a) To manage

hardware resources b) To manage software applications c) To provide security
against viruses d) To create web applications Answer: a) To manage hardware
resources

Question 32: Which component of an operating system is responsible for

managing the execution of processes? a) Kernel b) Shell c) Scheduler d) File
System Answer: c) Scheduler

Question 33: What is the main purpose of a file system in an operating system? a)
To manage hardware resources b) To provide security against viruses c) To
manage files and directories d) To run application software Answer: c) To manage
files and directories

Question 34: Which memory management technique allows processes to be

swapped in and out of main memory to maximize the use of available RAM? a)
Paging b) Segmentation c) Fragmentation d) Caching Answer: a) Paging

Question 35: What is the purpose of a device driver in an operating system? a) To

manage hardware resources b) To manage software applications c) To provide user
interfaces d) To enable communication with hardware devices Answer: d) To
enable communication with hardware devices

Question 36: In virtual memory management, what is a page fault? a) A security

breach in the system b) A hardware failure c) A request for a page that is not
currently in main memory d) A network error Answer: c) A request for a page that
is not currently in main memory

Question 37: Which type of operating system allows multiple users to access and
use the same system simultaneously? a) Single-user operating system b) Multi-user
operating system c) Real-time operating system d) Batch operating system
Answer: b) Multi-user operating system

Question 38: What is the purpose of an interrupt handler in an operating system?

a) To manage hardware resources b) To handle errors in software applications c)
To manage user interfaces d) To respond to hardware-generated interrupts
Answer: d) To respond to hardware-generated interrupts

Question 39: Which type of operating system is designed to provide rapid

response times and meet strict timing deadlines? a) Batch operating system b)
Multi-user operating system c) Real-time operating system d) Distributed operating
system Answer: c) Real-time operating system

Question 40: What is the primary purpose of a shell in an operating system? a) To

manage hardware resources b) To manage software applications c) To provide
security against viruses d) To provide a command-line interface Answer: d) To
provide a command-line interface

Question 41: Which type of scheduling algorithm selects the process with the
highest priority to execute next? a) Round Robin b) First-Come, First-Served
(FCFS) c) Priority Scheduling d) Shortest Job Next (SJN) Answer: c) Priority
Scheduling

Question 42: What is the purpose of an operating system's boot loader? a) To

manage hardware resources b) To provide a user interface c) To load the operating
system into memory d) To manage software applications Answer: c) To load the
operating system into memory

Question 43: In an operating system, what is the role of a supervisor mode (kernel
mode)? a) To provide a user-friendly interface b) To run user applications c) To
execute system-level tasks with unrestricted access to hardware resources d) To
manage files and directories Answer: c) To execute system-level tasks with
unrestricted access to hardware resources

Question 44: Which type of file system is commonly used in Unix-based

operating systems? a) FAT32 b) NTFS c) ext4 d) HFS+ Answer: c) ext4

Question 45: What is the main purpose of virtualization in operating systems? a)

To create virtual hardware devices b) To provide security against viruses c) To
manage files and directories d) To run multiple operating systems on a single
physical machine Answer: d) To run multiple operating systems on a single
physical machine

Question 46: Which algorithm is used to find the longest common subsequence
between two sequences? a) Dijkstra's algorithm b) Kruskal's algorithm c) Bellman-
Ford algorithm d) Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) algorithm Answer: d)
Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) algorithm

Question 47: What is the time complexity of the best case for the Quick Sort
algorithm? a) O(1) b) O(log n) c) O(n) d) O(n^2) Answer: c) O(n)

Question 48: In a binary search tree, which traversal visits the nodes in ascending
order? a) Preorder b) Inorder c) Postorder d) Level-order Answer: b) Inorder

Question 49: Which algorithm is used to find the shortest paths between all pairs
of vertices in a weighted graph? a) Depth-First Search (DFS) b) Breadth-First
Search (BFS) c) Dijkstra's algorithm d) Floyd-Warshall algorithm Answer: d)
Floyd-Warshall algorithm

Question 50: What data structure is typically used to implement a First-In-First-

Out (FIFO) behavior? a) Stack b) Queue c) Linked List d) Tree Answer: b) Queue

Database Systems:

Question 51: Which database model is designed for storing unstructured or semi-
structured data like documents, images, and videos? a) Relational model b) NoSQL
model c) Hierarchical model d) Object-oriented model Answer: b) NoSQL model

Question 52: What is the purpose of SQL's "GROUP BY" clause in a query? a) To
filter rows based on a condition b) To sort the result set c) To perform arithmetic
operations d) To group rows with similar values Answer: d) To group rows with
similar values

Question 53: In a relational database, what is the role of a foreign key? a) To

uniquely identify a record b) To enforce data integrity constraints c) To create
relationships between tables d) To store calculated values Answer: b) To enforce
data integrity constraints

Question 54: What is the process of transforming a relational database design into
a set of tables with normalized structures called? a) Indexing b) Denormalization c)
Data warehousing d) Normalization Answer: d) Normalization

Question 55: Which type of index organizes the index entries in the same order as
the data rows in the table? a) B-tree index b) Bitmap index c) Clustered index d)
Non-clustered index Answer: c) Clustered index

Operating Systems:

Question 56: What is the purpose of a context switch in an operating system? a)

To switch between user and supervisor mode b) To save and restore the state of a
process c) To switch between different operating systems d) To restart the
computer Answer: b) To save and restore the state of a process

Question 57: Which memory management technique allocates memory blocks of

varying sizes to processes to minimize memory wastage? a) Paging b)
Segmentation c) Fragmentation d) Caching Answer: b) Segmentation

Question 58: What is the purpose of a shell in an operating system? a) To manage

hardware resources b) To manage software applications c) To provide security
against viruses d) To provide a user interface Answer: d) To provide a user
interface

Question 59: In virtual memory management, what is the term for a block of data
that is transferred between main memory and secondary storage? a) Page b) Frame
c) Sector d) Cluster Answer: a) Page

Question 60: Which type of operating system is designed to manage and control
industrial processes and machinery? a) Batch operating system b) Real-time
operating system c) Multi-user operating system d) Distributed operating system
Answer: b) Real-time operating system
Data Structures and Algorithms:

Question 61: What is the main advantage of using a hash table for data storage? a)
Constant-time insertion and retrieval b) Constant-time deletion c) Automatic
sorting of data d) Efficient memory usage Answer: a) Constant-time insertion and
retrieval

Question 62: Which algorithm is used to find the minimum spanning tree of a
connected, undirected graph? a) Depth-First Search (DFS) b) Breadth-First Search
(BFS) c) Dijkstra's algorithm d) Kruskal's algorithm Answer: d) Kruskal's
algorithm

Question 63: What is the purpose of memoization in dynamic programming? a)

To eliminate recursion b) To store previously computed results c) To ensure
correct syntax d) To perform arithmetic calculations Answer: b) To store
previously computed results

Question 64: Which sorting algorithm works by repeatedly selecting the

maximum element from the unsorted portion and moving it to the end? a) Bubble
Sort b) Insertion Sort c) Selection Sort d) Merge Sort Answer: c) Selection Sort

Question 65: In a binary search tree, what is the maximum number of nodes at
level k? a) 2^k b) k c) 2^(k-1) d) 2^(k+1) - 1 Answer: a) 2^k

Database Systems:

Question 66: What is the purpose of an index in a database? a) To physically store

data on disk b) To provide a way to quickly access and retrieve data c) To create
relationships between tables d) To enforce data integrity constraints Answer: b)
To provide a way to quickly access and retrieve data

Question 67: In a relational database, what is the purpose of a view? a) To store

frequently used data b) To enforce data integrity constraints c) To create
relationships between tables d) To provide a customized virtual table Answer: d)
To provide a customized virtual table

Question 68: Which type of database system is designed to handle large volumes
of data with complex relationships and transactions? a) Relational database b)
Object-oriented database c) Distributed database d) In-memory database Answer:
a) Relational database
Question 69: What is the process of transforming unstructured data into a
structured format suitable for analysis and reporting? a) Denormalization b)
Normalization c) Data mining d) ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) Answer: d) ETL
(Extract, Transform, Load)

Question 70: Which type of database model represents data as a collection of key-
value pairs and is suitable for high-speed, low-latency operations? a) Relational
model b) Document model c) Graph model d) Key-Value model Answer: d) Key-
Value model

Operating Systems:

Question 71: In an operating system, what is the purpose of a page table? a) To

manage hardware resources b) To manage software applications c) To translate
virtual addresses to physical addresses d) To manage file systems Answer: c) To
translate virtual addresses to physical addresses

Question 72: What is the purpose of a device driver in an operating system? a) To

manage hardware resources b) To manage software applications c) To provide user
interfaces d) To enable communication with hardware devices Answer: d) To
enable communication with hardware devices

Question 73: Which memory management technique allows processes to be

loaded into memory as needed and released when they are no longer needed? a)
Paging b) Segmentation c) Swapping d) Demand Paging Answer: d) Demand
Paging

Question 74: What is the role of the "spooler" in an operating system? a) To

manage hardware resources b) To manage print jobs c) To manage memory
allocation d) To manage user interfaces Answer: b) To manage print jobs

Question 75: Which type of operating system is designed to manage the execution
of real-time applications that have strict timing requirements? a) Batch operating
system b) Multi-user operating system c) Real-time operating system d)
Distributed operating system Answer: c) Real-time operating system

Data Structures and Algorithms:

Question 76: Which data structure is used to implement a First-In-First-Out

(FIFO) behavior? a) Stack b) Queue c) Linked List d) Tree Answer: b) Queue
Question 77: What is the main advantage of using a balanced binary search tree
over an unbalanced one? a) Faster search operations b) Easier insertion of elements
c) Smaller memory footprint d) Fewer nodes to manage Answer: a) Faster search
operations

Question 78: What is the time complexity of searching for an element in a hash
table with a good hash function? a) O(1) b) O(log n) c) O(n) d) O(n^2) Answer: a)
O(1)

Question 79: Which algorithm is used to find the longest increasing subsequence
in an array? a) Dijkstra's algorithm b) Kruskal's algorithm c) Longest Common
Subsequence (LCS) algorithm d) Longest Increasing Subsequence (LIS) algorithm
Answer: d) Longest Increasing Subsequence (LIS) algorithm

Question 80: In a graph, what is the number of edges required for a complete
graph with n vertices? a) n b) n - 1 c) n*(n-1)/2 d) n*(n+1)/2 Answer: c) n*(n-1)/2

Database Systems:

Question 81: In a relational database, what is a candidate key? a) A key used for
encryption b) A key used for indexing purposes c) A unique identifier for a table
row d) A potential primary key for a table Answer: d) A potential primary key for
a table

Question 82: Which database model is designed to store and query graph-like
structures? a) Relational model b) Document model c) Graph model d) Key-Value
model Answer: c) Graph model

Question 83: In a relational database, what is the purpose of the "SELECT"

statement? a) To insert new records into a table b) To update existing records in a
table c) To retrieve data from one or more tables d) To delete records from a table
Answer: c) To retrieve data from one or more tables

Question 84: What is the process of organizing data into a series of related tables
to minimize data redundancy and improve data integrity? a) Normalization b)
Denormalization c) Indexing d) Aggregation Answer: a) Normalization

Question 85: Which type of database system is designed for handling complex
queries and high-speed read operations? a) Relational database b) Document
database c) Columnar database d) Key-Value database Answer: c) Columnar
database

Operating Systems:

Question 86: What is the purpose of an interrupt handler in an operating system?

a) To manage hardware resources b) To handle errors in software applications c)
To manage user interfaces d) To respond to hardware-generated interrupts
Answer: d) To respond to hardware-generated interrupts

Question 87: In an operating system, what is the role of a scheduler? a) To

translate virtual addresses to physical addresses b) To manage hardware resources
c) To manage software applications d) To manage file systems Answer: b) To
manage hardware resources

Question 88: What is the purpose of the "fork" system call in Unix-like operating
systems? a) To execute a new process b) To create a new file c) To allocate
memory for a process d) To delete a process Answer: a) To execute a new process

Question 89: What is the purpose of a file descriptor in an operating system? a) To

store the file's content b) To provide a user interface for file operations c) To
manage hardware resources d) To represent an open file or input/output stream
Answer: d) To represent an open file or input/output stream

Question 90: Which type of operating system is designed to manage and control
the execution of tasks and processes in real time? a) Batch operating system b)
Multi-user operating system c) Real-time operating system d) Distributed operating
system Answer: c) Real-time operating system

Data Structures and Algorithms:

Question 91: What is the main purpose of a hash function in hash tables? a) To
store data sequentially b) To provide sorting capabilities c) To distribute data
evenly across buckets d) To eliminate duplicates Answer: c) To distribute data
evenly across buckets

Question 92: Which data structure is used to implement a breadth-first search

(BFS) algorithm? a) Stack b) Queue c) Linked List d) Tree Answer: b) Queue
Question 93: What is the time complexity of the worst case for the Merge Sort
algorithm? a) O(1) b) O(log n) c) O(n) d) O(n log n) Answer: d) O(n log n)

Question 94: In graph theory, what is a cycle? a) A path that visits all vertices
once b) A path that visits no vertices more than once c) A closed path that visits
vertices more than once d) A path that includes only odd-numbered vertices
Answer: c) A closed path that visits vertices more than once

Question 95: What is the purpose of dynamic programming in algorithms? a) To

eliminate recursion b) To store previously computed results c) To perform
arithmetic calculations d) To ensure data integrity Answer: b) To store previously
computed results

Database Systems:

Question 96: In a relational database, what is the purpose of a primary key? a) To

enforce data integrity constraints b) To create relationships between tables c) To
uniquely identify a record in a table d) To provide a virtual table for querying
Answer: c) To uniquely identify a record in a table

Question 97: Which type of database model is designed to store and query semi-
structured or hierarchical data? a) Relational model b) Document model c) Graph
model d) Key-Value model Answer: b) Document model

Question 98: In a relational database, what is the purpose of the "JOIN"

operation? a) To insert new records into a table b) To retrieve data from one or
more tables c) To update existing records in a table d) To delete records from a
table Answer: b) To retrieve data from one or more tables

Question 99: What is the process of combining data from multiple tables to create
a result set in a relational database? a) Indexing b) Normalization c) Aggregation
d) Querying Answer: d) Querying

Question 100: Which type of database system is optimized for high-speed write
operations and supports append-only storage? a) Relational database b) Columnar
database c) Document database d) Key-Value database Answer: b) Columnar
database

Operating Systems:
Question 101: What is the main purpose of the operating system's kernel? a) To
manage hardware resources b) To manage software applications c) To provide user
interfaces d) To perform arithmetic calculations Answer: a) To manage hardware
resources

Question 102: In an operating system, what is a deadlock? a) A hardware failure

b) A process that cannot be terminated c) A situation where two or more processes
are unable to proceed due to circular dependencies d) A situation where a process
becomes unresponsive Answer: c) A situation where two or more processes are
unable to proceed due to circular dependencies

Question 103: What is the purpose of the "chmod" command in Unix-like

operating systems? a) To change the computer's hostname b) To change the current
user's password c) To change the permissions of a file or directory d) To change
the time zone of the system Answer: c) To change the permissions of a file or
directory

Question 104: Which type of memory management technique combines multiple

small memory partitions into a single large partition? a) Swapping b) Paging c)
Fragmentation d) Compaction Answer: d) Compaction

Question 105: Which type of operating system allows multiple users to access the
same file or resource simultaneously without conflicts? a) Single-user operating
system b) Multi-user operating system c) Real-time operating system d) Batch
operating system Answer: b) Multi-user operating system