ONLINE PREP – SEP

MODULE 10

INTEGRATIVE PROJECT

THE ORIGINS AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF

M10C3G17-069

FACILITATOR: MARIO GABRIEL GALICIA

Modernity is a historical period that appears, especially, in northern Europe, at the end of the 17th
century and crystallizes at the end of the 18th century. It carries all the connotations of the era.

Modern societies, distinguishing them from traditional ones, are those societies that are constituted
and built, essentially from theoretical knowledge or expert knowledge.

Knowledge of the contemporary world may seem obvious at first glance, as human beings are part of
an everyday context in which they develop from their earliest years and with which they progressively
interact and connect, incorporating this vital scenario as a natural backdrop for their life.

But what might be a minor issue for many generations in the history of civilization, is not so for certain
generations, those who live in times of change.
History shows that societies live in a state of continuity for most of their lives, but there are times when
they change and transform, they stop being what they were and become something else.

The economic depression that began in 1929 destroyed the weak international harmony built up in the
previous years and facilitated the rise of Nazism and Japanese militarism to power.

From 1931 onwards, the world witnessed a series of international crises that paved the way for a
general conflict.

Germany, Japan and Italy formed a military bloc, the Axis, determined to end the international order
established after the First World War.

The democratic European powers, the United Kingdom and France, pursued a weak and hesitant
policy towards Hitler.

British Prime Minister Chamberlain personified what became known as the “policy of appeasement.”
Chamberlain attempted to negotiate with Hitler and grant some of his demands in the hope that the
Nazi leader would eventually “relent.” This policy only served to embolden Nazi Germany.

At the end of World War II, after the division of Germany, Berlin was also divided.
in four sectors of occupation) Soviet, American, French and English.

The bad relations between the communists and the allies grew to the point where two currencies, two
political ideals and, finally, two Germanys emerged.

In 1949, the three western sectors (American, French and British) were renamed the Federal Republic
of Germany (FRG) and the eastern (Soviet) sector became the German Democratic Republic (GDR).
Berlin (was divided and 81 crossing points were created between the two areas of the city.

DEVELOPMENT
When defining the contents of this subject, the question of what is meant by contemporaneity arises.
There is a broad consensus that its temporal scope is the 19th and 20th centuries, also that this period
begins with the revolutions of the late 18th century and its limit is the history that we are living in our
present.

This period is characterized by a revolutionary origin and by the existence of processes of varying
duration against a general background of undoubted human progress which, at the same time, has
been questioned by episodes of extreme violence and enormous social inequalities. The broadest
historical process with the most profound consequences has been the triumph of industrial-based
capitalism, which imposed a production process based on the confluence of capital, labor, and the
exhaustive exploitation of natural resources.

In this process, scientific and technological advances have been decisive and have triggered new
processes of change encompassed in a digital-based revolution. In parallel, a profound change
occurred in the conception of the state based on the formation of a new bourgeois society founded on
the division into classes whose interests often collide.

This process of building nation states has been linked to the creation of power systems based on the
representation of citizens, rulers with a revocable mandate and a system of laws that guarantees
freedoms and rights.

The creation of nation states has also led to a reorganization of powers, to new international relations
marked by alliances and conflicts, by diplomatic solutions and by wars that in the 20th century reached
a global and terrible dimension such as had never been seen before.

A decisive basis for these conflicts is the rivalries arising from imperialist expansion, in which political
and economic rivalries are intertwined.

These conflicts have persisted in the second half of the 20th century in the form of a confrontation
between the so-called capitalist and communist blocs and have marked international relations,
including the processes of decolonization and independence. The emergence of new mentalities will
also mark contemporary times and affect individual and collective behavior.

The science and political ideologies that emerged in the aforementioned revolutionary processes will
shape various ways of understanding the world that are not free of paradoxes. Thus the development
of individualism, the basis of the ideas of the Enlightenment and liberalism, leads to respect for
individual rights and from there to universalism with its Eurocentric bias.

The ideal of universalizing human rights will be a factor that inspires emancipatory struggles from the
abolition of slavery to gender and class equality, the outcome of which is still open.

Finally, contemporaneity established the hegemony of Europe and North America, which projects a
Western and Eurocentric vision. However, current geopolitical changes are causing the centre of
power to shift towards the Pacific regions. Globalization, the new world order and the emergence of
new political actors worldwide are transforming this idea of contemporaneity.
The first steps on the road to a new world conflagration were taken in Asia. In 1931, the Japanese
government invaded the Chinese region of Manchuria. Four years later, in 1937, Japan attacked
China. The Sino-Japanese war began and would not end until 1945 with the end of the world war.

The decisive crises that led to the war took place in Europe. The key moment was 1933, with Hitler's
rise to power in Germany. From the beginning, the German dictator showed his desire to end the
order created by the Treaty of Versailles. In just over three years, Hitler left the League of Nations
(1933), established compulsory military service (1935), remilitarized the Rhineland (1936) and
intervened alongside Mussolini in the Spanish Civil War, supporting the rebel side led by General
Franco.

The Franco-British condemnation of this invasion and the common struggle with Germany in the
Spanish Civil War brought Hitler and Mussolini closer together, giving rise to the birth of the Rome-
Berlin Axis in 1936, a pact that aligned the two fascist powers that proclaimed a common vision of
international politics. Shortly afterwards, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan,
directed against the USSR and international communism. Italy and Franco's Spain immediately joined
this pact.

All estimates of the human cost of the war have yielded chilling results: at least 16 million soldiers and
26 million civilians died as a result of the conflict.

The bill was increased by the high number of wounded and permanently disabled; the Nazi
extermination camps where Jews, gypsies and other social groups died marked a before and after in
human barbarity.

The massive aerial bombings of cities (including atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki) and
industrial centres were tragic developments that substantially increased the mortality of the non-
combatant population.

The forced displacement of millions of people, mainly in Europe, added drama to the bleak outlook
faced by survivors of the Second World War. Unlike what happened after the First World War, there
was no general change of borders in 1945.

In Europe, the Soviet Union was the great beneficiary, annexing important territories. Germany was
the big loser. In addition to being divided into four occupation zones (Soviet, American, British and
French), it ceded more than one hundred thousand square kilometers to Poland and the USSR.

The other Axis power, Italy, lost its colonies and the Austrian peninsula, which was annexed by
Yugoslavia. Japan lost all its Asian possessions.
Unlike World War I, World War II did not end with the signing of a peace treaty. The Allied countries,
having totally opposing ideologies, were unable to collaborate for the unification of Germany. Thus,
two blocks were formed: • the capitalist block, in which the United States is the greatest power, and
the socialist block, led by the USSR.

Germany was divided into two territories: the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), with a capitalist
ideology and influence from the United States, Great Britain and France, and the German Democratic
Republic (GDR), with a socialist approach and influence from the USSR. Similarly, each bloc exerted
influence in different countries.

The United States influenced the Western European countries and most of Latin America, Asia and
Africa, while the USSR primarily influenced the Eastern European countries. The rivalry between the
United States and the USSR was reflected in competition for the creation of weapons, scientific,
technological and economic development, as well as armed conflicts in territories over which they did
not yet exercise control. This rivalry lasted from 1945 to 1991 and is known as the Cold War.

The ailing Soviet economy and a booming West Berlin meant that by 1961 almost 3 million people had
left East Germany to enter the capitalist system. The GDR began to realise the loss of its population,
which it was suffering from particularly high-profile populations, and on the night of 2 August 1961 it
decided to erect a temporary wall and close 69 checkpoints, leaving only 12 open.

By the next morning, a 155-kilometer-long temporary barbed wire fence had been put in place
separating the two parts of Berlin. Transportation was disrupted and no one could cross from one
place to the other.

The fall of the Wall was prompted by the opening of the borders between Austria and Hungary in May
1989, as more and more Germans travelled to Hungary to seek asylum at the various embassies of
the Federal Republic of Germany. This event led to huge demonstrations, which led the GDR
government to declare on 9 November 1989 that passage to the West was permitted.

That same day, thousands of people crowded at the checkpoints to cross to the other side and no one
could stop them, so a mass exodus took place. The next day the first breaches in the wall were
opened and the regression began for the end of their days. Once released, families and friends were
able to see each other again after 28 years of forced separation.

The causes that led to its construction

The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union during 1941-1991 led to the separation
of Germany and the creation of the eastern and western GDR and FRG, as a result Berlin was divided
and the Berlin Wall was built.

Encouraged by Gorbachev's reforms, protest movements against the communist regime of Erich
Honecker proliferated in East Germany from October 1989 onwards. Thousands of citizens chose to
leave the country via the recently opened borders of Hungary and Austria, while thousands more
continued their resistance through strikes and demonstrations that culminated in November with a
huge gathering of two million people who approached the Berlin Wall and began to tear it down. On
November 9, the government allowed free movement between the two Germanys.

The fall of the Berlin Wall, inaugurated in August 1961 to prevent the exodus of the population of East
Berlin to the West, was a symbol of the collapse of the communist bloc.

The cruel and bloody civil war that was fought years ago in Vietnam to decide whether or not the
region would fall into the sphere of communist socialism. With millions of combatants and innocent
civilians dead, the inevitable negotiation finally brought peace. As for the initial ideological
confrontation, the official name of the country, once again unified, remained the Socialist Republic of
Vietnam.

Another issue this week that affects and harms world peace was the formal inauguration of the
American embassy in Jerusalem, which, by its name, could be called “the city of peace.” The
inauguration of the United States representation does not contribute to the pacification of the region,
but rather, given the temperaments of both parties, only further agitates the irresolvable conflict born
of the Balfour Declaration of 1917. Mexico, being a friend of both, should not take sides.

Faced with the reality of a world in tension, we must not allow this environment overloaded with
frustrations to affect the lives of Mexicans. We do not need to create conflicts like the one the
irresponsible President Trump wants to provoke. Before calling Central American immigrants crossing
Mexico on their way to their country “animals,” Trump and his electoral ally, the National Rifle
Association (NRA), should apply that adjective to their fellow citizens who, with easy access to
weapons, continue, even yesterday, to bring mourning to schools, movie theaters, shopping centers
and stadiums by sacrificing innocents.

The migration problem is profound in terms of respect for human dignity and very difficult to solve.
Europeans know it and suffer from it. The United States is a nation of immigrants, but its President
insists, with deception, accusations, laws, walls and all means, on turning it into a conflict. But what we
need the least in the entire American Continent is for that country to saddle us with its internal
problems, which become permanently entrenched, as happened in the cases we described above in
this article. Trump's thoughtless impertinences exhibit the clumsiness and racial hatred that he
prescribes to such complex and sensitive situations.

As far as Mexico is concerned, the most difficult aspects of migration problems will be resolved if the
public and private sectors accelerate the pace of economic and social development programs.

The increased coverage of computer media and instant communication, as well as the flooding of
information from all over the globe, have made globalization a world interconnected not only
electronically or by cybernetic means, but culturally, leading
information to the most remote corner where there is a computer. The phase of
the electrification that required the supply of electric power for the operation of television, radio and
computers, now via satellite any computer can be linked to the global network. Anyone, whether they
own a computer or use an Internet café, can have access to such a large amount of information that it
can be used for learning and provide them with important knowledge, depending on the veracity of the
source, true and usable in daily life, professionally, culturally, commercially, scientifically and even
technologically. It is in this sense that we can speak
of the Knowledge Society, which can be superficial or deep, depending on who is looking at it.
build.

The knowledge society is a social transformation loaded with revolutionary potential of the
mechanisms used until now to reproduce and transmit the knowledge accumulated by global society
throughout its history: school education, face-to-face teachers, direct communication, books,
notebooks, dictations, blackboards, chalks, in short, all the instruments used until then to carry out the
educational process of the adult generations on the younger generations; material infrastructure,
buildings, facilities, equipment.

A virtual education that replaces face-to-face or school education, but can also be with different
schedules, which breaks the obligation for all participants to be present at the same time.
time and place. Availability of readings on information platforms or via E-mail,
so that each participant can consult them at any time, from any place, as many times as they want,
maintaining a virtual dialogue, in real time or deferred with the teacher, or through forums
virtual with their classmates, through chat, blogs or by using teleconferences and/or videoconferences.
Then, the modifications of educational practices lead to changes in the
social relations, not only productive ones, but also commercial, cultural and political ones.

Access to information will depend on the readers' capacity for discernment, the ability to navigate in
cyberspace, the curiosity of the knowing subject and the scientific and technological training.
reader's cultural background, as well as appropriate guidance from the remote advisor.

CONCLUSION.
The contemporary world - our present time, presents similarities as long as political interests are
above true democracy, societies will be oppressed, I believe and consider it important to know our
scope as people, always go with values and with the firm conviction of making a better world, in which
respect for rights and the law is reciprocal, I consider it important to leave a good place to live for the
new generations, reading about these historical issues leads me to really think, is it all over? Russia,
the Middle East, Trump, and North Korea still show signs of aggression, China and the trade war with
the United States, the United States and the conditioning of the FTA with Mexico and migration.
It is also important for me to know how the conflicts that took place during the Second World War and
the Berlin Wall led the world to live in chaos and to the beginning of dividing the world into blocks and
axes.
I think it is important to be more human and have the ability to accept people as they are, not to make
distinctions based on race, color, sex, age, nationality, political ideologies, religious beliefs, the more
united we are the better society there will be, I also think that citizen participation always makes us
part of that society which perhaps we will not change, but we can create a healthier environment, and
leave a better place for the new generations.
Knowing my rights helps me to know my individual guarantees, my obligations and to ensure that
there are no abuses. My rights are always fundamental in my daily life and in order for them to be
respected, they must be exercised responsibly, with a lot of ethics and, above all, respecting the rights
of others.
REFERENCES
Clio project, 36, Mexico, http://clio.rediris.es/n36/oposicones/tema70.pdf (accessed October 11, 2018). Bernan, José, World History since 1939, 1973, Salvat
Library of Major Themes, t. 2, Salvat Editores, Barcelona. Deutsche Welle, Division of Germany during the Cold War, Deutsche Welle [online], January 13, 2007,
https://www.dw.com/en/division-of-germany-during-the-cold-war-1945-1989/ a-2309746 (accessed October 11, 2018).

Website of the Anáhuac University Network 20 February 2019 - https://www.anahuac.mx/generacion-anahuac/la-influencia-de-la-tecnologia-en-nuestra-vida-

West-Berlin, in Wjs, Wikipedia [online], January 1, 2006, https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynd:Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1949.png (accessed October 12, 2018).

25 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the divisions that persist in Germany, in Thomas Sparrow, Animal Político [online], November 9, 2014,
https://www.animalpolitico.com/2014/11/25-anos-de-la-caida-del-muro-de-berlin-las-divisiones-que-persisten-en-alemania/ (accessed October 12, 2018).
Support material PREPA EN LINEA SEP – Current Technological Advances Section PDF document, http://148.247.220.133/mod/resource/view.php?id=4259