Q1. Enlist different Smut of Sorghum with causal organism, cent 4.

cent 4. Destruction of weed host and other malvaceous hosts

Write about Grain mould of sorghum in terms of causal fungi, whenever possible should also be given importance viz .
symptoms and management. Hibiscus ablemoschus , H. tetraphyllus , Althaea rosea ) . 5 Use
i.Grainsmut Sphacelothicasorghi ii.Loosesmut Sphacelothica of resistant varieties like Arka Anamika , Arka Abhay , Varsha
cruenta iii.Headsmut Sphacelothica relianum iv.Longsmut Upahar and tol erant variety like Parbhani Kranti
Toliposporium ehrenbergii Q3. TOMATO
Grain mould of sorghum - Curvularialunata 1. Dampingoff Pythiumdebarianum 2.Wilt
SYMTOMS This smut is also called as covered , kernel , short Fusariumoxysporum 3. Earlyblight Alternariaalternata 4.
or grain smut . The individual grains are replaced by smut sori Lateblight Phytopthora infestans 5. Leafcurl Geminivirus
which can be localized at a particular part of the head or can EARLY BLIGHT Symptoms : On the leaves , spots of varying size
occur over the entire inforescence . The individual son are oval appear . The spots are small isolated pale brown to dark spots
to conical and are covered with a tough , white or creamy to , circular to angular in shape , mostly up to 3 to 4 mm in
light brown skin ( peridium ) which often persist unbroken upto diameter , and with concentric lines inside the spots . Often
threshing . The sori vary in size from those small enough to several spots coalesce to form large patches resulting in the
hidden by the glumes to those as long as 1.2 cm leaf blight . As a rule the lower leaves are affected first and the
Management ¾ Adjust the sowing time. 21 ¾ Grow resistant disease progresses upwards . In severe cases of infection the
varieties like GMRP 4, GMRP 9, GMRP 13 and tolerant varieties leaves dry up , shrivel and drop off . Fruits are infected in the
like CSV 15. ¾ Seed disinfestation with [email protected]% will green and ripe stage , the disease appears on fruits as dark
prevent seedling infection. ¾ Spray Mancozeb (0.25%) or brown , usually sunken spots , which may enlarge to the extent
captan (0.2%) or captan 2g + Aureofungin 200ppm per liter, in that they involve most of the fruits
case of intermittent rainfall during earhead emergence, a week MANAGEMENT: Plant debris from the previous crop should
later and during milky stage. be collected and burnt to avoid primary inoculum . Nursery
Anthracnose or red leaf spot - Colletotrichum graminicola spraying two weeks after sowing with copper oxychloride 50
Symptoms The fungus causes both leaf spot (anthracnose) and WP ( 0.25 % ) or Zineb ( 0.2 % ) or Mancozeb ( 0.2 % ) . Field
stalk rot (red rot) in sorghum. The disease appears as small red application - first spraying 2-3 weeks after transplanting
coloured spots on both surfaces of the leaf. The centre of the followed by second , third and fourth spraying at an interval of
spot is white in colour encircled by red, purple or brown 2 weeks . Copper oxychloride 0.3 per cent or Zineb 0.2 per cent
margin. Numerous small black dots are seen on the white or Mancozeb 0.25 per cent
surface of the lesions which are the fruiting bodies (acervuli) DAMPING OFF
of the fungus. Many lesions coalesce and kill large leaf SYMPTOMS - The disease occurs in two stages i ) Pre -
portions. In midrib region, elongate elliptical, red or purple emergence phase and it ) Post - emergence phase the pre -
regions with black acervuli are formed. Stalk and inflorescence emergence phase of disease , the young seedlings are killed
infection can be characterized externally by the development before they reach to the surface of the soil . The radicle and
of circular cankers. Infected stem when split open shows plumule undergo complete rotting . In the post - emergence
discoloration, which may be continuous over a large area or phase disease , infection usually occurs at or below the ground
more generally discontinuous giving the stem a marbled level and the infected tissue appear soft and water soaked . As
appearance. The stem lesion also shows acervuli. the disease advances the stem becomes constricted at the
Management 1. Destruction of infected plant debris and base and plant collapses . Such symptoms are very common in
collateral hosts 2. Crop rotation with non-host crops 3. Grow seed beds
resistant varieties like SPV 162, CSV 17, Texas Milo and Tift Management : Avoid water - logged and low lying land , Use
sudan etc. 18 4. Treat the seeds with Captan or Thiram @3 seed from disease free area . Seed treatment with suitable
g/kg. 5. Spray the crop with Mancozeb @0.25% or fungicide ( Thiram 75 WP at the rate of 2 to 4 gm per kg of seed
[email protected]% ) before sowing . Soil treatment with formaldehyde ( Formalin
Q2. OKRA 40 % ) diluted to 50 times with water or 1 % Bordeaux mixture
a) Yellow Vein Mosaic of Okra - DNAvirus 15 to 20 days before sowing Sow on raised seed beds and avoid
SYMPTOMS The infected plants are stunted , the leaves are over - crowding of seedlings ( thining )
reduced and often curled . All veins and venlets turn yellow Q4.BANANA
while entire lamina remains green . Most of the affected leaves 1. Panama wilt/Fusarium wilt Fusariumoxysporum
show thickening veins on the lower side of the leaves . The f.sp.cubense 2. Bactrialwilt Ralstonia solanasearum 3.
fruits produced on diseased plants are small in size , pale in Sigatokadisease Mycospharella musicola 4. Bunchytop
colour and often deformed . The internode distance get Bananabunchytop virus
reduced , leaf size , petiole length and ut length is also reduced Bunchy top of Banana
. Fruits on diseased plants are short , somewhat thick and are SYMPTOMS The affected leaf shows streaks on the secondary
brittle and poor in quality veins on the under side of lamina and on the midrib and
Management : 1. Eradication of infected plants 2. Rouging of petiole . The streaks are about 0.75 mm wide and vary in length
plants during early stage of growth 3. Spraying the crop every upto 2.5 cm . The powdery bloom covers the midrib and
10 days with Dimethoate 0.05 per cent or Endosulfan 0.06 per petiole . If this is rubbed off the dark green streaks can be
clearly seen . The streaks from a series of dark green dots at a Q6. PAPAYA
continuous dark green line with a ragged edge . The 1. Footrot Pythium aphanedermatum 2. Leafcurl
subsequent leaves , show the same symptoms and are Tobaccoleafcurl virus 3. Masaic Papayamosaicvirus 4. Ringspot
progressively dwarfed They also show marginal chlorosis and Papayaringspot virus
curling . The leaves are brittle in texture and petioles are Mosaic of Papaya
incompletely elongated . Pale , whitish streaks may be seen Symptoms: The disease produces typical mosaic symptoms
along the length of lamina In subsequent leaves unfurling showing chlorosis with dark green blisters on the leaves. The
process is premature but slow so that several leaves are lamina is reduced and malformed The stem, petiole and fruits
unrolling at the same time . The leaves become smaller and develop elongated water soaked areas showing concentric or
eventually the crown of the plant becomes composed of circular rings or lesions.
stunted leaves , the rosette or bunchy top . The opening Management: 1. Healthy materials should be used for
bunches are constricted or choked by the pseudostem and planting. 2. Periodical inspection and rouging and destruction
may split instead of emerging in the normal fashion . The of diseased plants reduce the spread of disease. 3. Weekly
bunches are itself reduced in size and the fruit loses its market spraying with groundnut oil 1.0 per cent helps in reducing the
value spread of the disease.
MANAGEMENT: Foot rot of Papaya:
1. selection of healthy sucker for planting 2. Removal of Symptoms: It is a severe disease of papaya. It is characterized
affected tree and sucker at periodical interval 3. Control of by the appearance of water-soaked patches on the stem near
aphid vector by suitable chemical method the ground level. These patches enlarge rapidly and girdle the
Panama wilt of Banana stem, causing rotting of the tissues, which then turn dark
Symptoms : The fungus blocks the vascular system and cause brown or black. Fruit if formed are shriveled and malformed.
wilting . The infected plants show char acteristic yellowing of Gradually the plant dies.
leaf blades developing as a band along the margin and Management - Application of Trichoderma viride (15 g/plant)
spreading towards midrib . The cutted stem emits fishy odour mixed in well-decomposed FYM The soil should be drenched
Management : Healthy planting material should be obtained with 2-3 litres of Copper Oxychloride (3 g per litre of water).
from disease free areas . Dipping of suckers in carbendazim 0.1 Mancozeb (2.5 g/litre of water) may also be applied.
per cent solution before planting *Leaf curl
Q5. Enlist causal organism, symptoms, survival & spread and Symptoms :The disease is characterized by severe curling,
Management of Bacterial blight of Pomegranate crinkling and distortion of the leaves accompanied by vein
1.Bacterial blight/oily spot/telya Xanthomonas clearing and reduction of leaf lamina. The leaf margins are
auxanopodispv. Punicae 2. Wiltcomplex Ceratocystis fimbriata rolled downward and inward in the form of inverted cap.
Rhizoctoniasolani Fusariumoxysporum Melodogynae Management:1. Infected plants should be destroyed even in
incognita(Rootknot nematode) the nursery. In the orchard the affected plants should be
BACTERIAL BLIGHT ( OILY SPOT ) rouged and destroyed.2. Spraying with monocrotophos 0.05
Symptoms : Small irregular , water - soaked spots appear on per cent or dimethoate 0.03 per cent controls the insect vector
the leaves . Spots vary from two to five mm diameter with and reduces the disease in the field. 3. Further the diseased
necrotic centre of pin - head size Spots are translucent , later plants in the crops of tomato and tobacco growing in the
furn light brown to ark brown and are surrounded by vicinity of papaya plantation helps to check the disease under
prominent water - soaked margins . Spots coalesce to form control.
large patches . Severely infected leaves fall off . The bacterium Q7. BRINJAL
attacks stems , branches and fruits also on the stem , the 1. Phomopsis blight/Fruitrot Phomopsisvexans 2. Sclerotinia
disease starts as brown to black spots around the nodes . It blight/rot Sclerotiumsclerotnia
leads to girdling and cracking of nodes . Finally the branches Phomopsis Blight and Fruit Rot Brinjal :
break down . Brown to black spots appear on the pericarp th L Symptoms: The disease appears as damping off, leaf blight or
and Y shaped cracks . The spots on fruits are raised and oily in fruit rot. However, the most destructive phase of the disease
appearance . is fruit rot. The damping off of seedlings results from the
Causal organism : Xanthomonas axonopodis pv punicae ( infection of the stem just above the soilLevel. The young
Hingorani and Singh ) Biology: It is a Gram - negative rod , seedlings fall down and dry up.
motile with single polar flagellum and 0.5 x 1.0 to 2.5 μm Is Management: 2. Soil should be given deep summer ploughing.
aerobic bacteria Perpetuation : The bacterium survives on the 3. Use of disease free seeds 3. Hot water seed treatment (at
tree . The pathogen survives for 120 days on the en leaves 50°C for 30 minutes). 4. Spraying with Zineb (0.2%) or
during off season . The primary infection is through infected Mancozeb (0.2 %) or Captan (0.2 %)
cuttings . The disease spreads through wind and rain splashes
Epidemiology : High temperature and low humidity favour the
disease . Management : Clean cultivation and strict sanitation
in the orchard help to reduce the dis ease incidence . Spraying
with Bordeaux mixture 1.0 per cent controls the disease
Q8. BAJRA Blast of Rice
1. Downeymildew Sclerospora graminicola 2. Ergot Claviceps Symptoms: The pathogen infects the crop at all stages of crop
fusiformis growth from seedlings in nursery toheading in main field. The
Ergot of bajra typical symptoms of the disease appear on leaves, leaf sheath,
Symptoms : The disease occurs only at the time of flowering. rachis, nodes including glumes.
Small droplets of pinkish or light honey coloured dew-like *Management:i)Phytosanitation by burning plant debris.
substance exudes from infected spikelets known as "Honey Remove and destroy the weed hosts on the field bunds (ii)
dew" stage. Later, these droplets become darker, coalesce and Growing resistant/tolerant varieties viz., Ratnagiri 4, Ratnagiri
cover larger areas of the inflorescence. In advanced stages, 5. Karjat-1. 1R-36, IR 64, Indrayani. Pavana. Aditya, Sriranga,
small, dark brown sclerotia can be seen projecting from Phalguna, Swamadhan, Swarnanukhi, Swathi, IR 6-4, IR, Jaya,
between the glumes. These sclerotia replace the ovary or grain Vijaya. Ratna, RP 4-14, IET 1444, IR20 etc.Transgenic Indica rice
and are hard and woody. These sclerotia contain several cultivars viz. IR-50 and Co-39 are resistant.(iii) Seed treatment
alkaloids responsible for ergot poisoning in animals known as for removal of sterile, light seeds, treatment with 3 brine water
“Ergotoxin” or “Ergotin” solution followed by washing thrice with clean water.(iv) Seed
Management : 1) Collect and destroy the affected ear heads. treatment with Thirum or captan 3 g/kg or Tricyclazole 2 g/kg.
2) Removal of grass weeds near the crop field. 3) Remove Seed treatment with biocontrol agent Trichoderma viride@
sclerotial bodies by immersing seed in 20% salt solution. Wash 4g/kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens a 10g/kg of seed.(v) Avoid
the seed thrice with water, dry in shed and then use for sowing. close spacing of seedlings in the main field.(vi) Split and
4) Spray the crop with Ziram or Captan 0.2%. Twice at weekly judicious application of nitrogenous fertilizers
interval from flowering for preventing primary and secondary BACTERIAL BLIGHT RICE
infections Symptoms: 1) Kresek phase: This is a vascular disease. i.
Downy mildew Results from early systemic infection ii. Leaf rolling, drooping,
Symptoms : 1) Chlorosis and downy phase i) Appearance of yellowing and withering of tillers iii. Death of the affected tiller
chlorosis in seedling stage ii) Corresponding lower surface is common in tropics iv. Confusion with stem borer affected
bears white downy growth of the fungus. iii) The downy tillers which are easily pulled out while that of" kresek" not. 2)
growth consists of sporangiophores and sporangia. Infected Margin blight: i. Small watersoaked translucent spots. A 5-10
leaves and inflorescences produce sporangia over a mm length are formed of leaf blade on margin and along with
considerable period of time under humid conditions. 2) midrib 2)Elongated streaks with wavy margin becoming white
Dwarfing and excessive tillering i) Dwarfing of the seedlings yellow or straw 3) Streaks coalesce filling vascular bundles with
due to shortening of internodes. ii) Induction of excessive bacteria 4). Milky or opaque bacterial exudations from leaf
tillering in early infections. 3) Green ear or Witches broom encrustations 5)Grain discolouration Streaks coalesce filling
stage i) The inflorescence of infected plants gets completely or vascular bundles with bacteria 6)Milky or opaque bacterial
partially transformed into leafy structures, giving the typical exudations from leaf
symptom of green ear or witches broom, ii) Transformation Management : 1)Primary: From seed borne inoculum carried
may be of following three types: a) Normal length of ear head externally or internally or from debris borne inoculum or weed
with complete transformation of ear head. b) Normal length of hosts 2)Secondary: Wind or water carried inoculum causing
ear head with partial transformation of lower half into leafy passive infection
structures c) Reduced length of inflorescence with complete Tungro disease of rice
transformation into leafy structures without bearing any Symptoms-1) Stunting, interveinal chlorosis 2) Leaf
grains. iii} Infection converts the various floral parts viz. discoloration: a) Yellow: In japonica b) Orange: In indica
glumes, palea, stamens and pistils into green, linear leafy varieties. 3) Mottling of young leaves with pale green to
structures of variable lengths. 4) Necrosis : Death of infected whitish interveinal stripes. 4) Reduction in number of tillers
tissue occurs. The dry necrotic tissues contain masses of with poor root system. 5) Small panicles with few spikelets are
oospores. * produced as compared to healthy. 6) Iodine Test for
Management :1) Seed treatment with Metalaxyl (Apron identification : Tungro + ve leaves show dark blue streaks.
35SD).@ 6g / kg seed .2) Spray Metalaxyl (0.08%) +Mancozeb Management : 1) Growing tolerant varieties viz., IR-50 and CO-
0.2% on 20th day after sowing. 3) Follow crop rotation 4) 45. 2) Destruction of weed hosts of virus and vector. 3) Vector
Growing resistant/tolerant varieties viz. PDKV Raja (BBH-3), i.e. leaf hopper control by spraying suitable insecticide twice
Shraddha, Saburi and ABPC 4-3. after transplanting at 15 and 30 days of transplanting. Suitable
Q9. RICE insecticides are like Phosphomidon or fenthion or
1.Blast Pyricularia oryzae 2. Brown spot Helminthosporium Monocrotophos or Neem oil (3%) at recommended
oryzae 3. Bacterial blight Xanthomonas compestrispv. Oryzae concentration.
4. Sheathblight Rhizoctoniasolani 5. False smut/Green smut
Ustilaginoideavirens 6. Khaira Mgdeficiency 7. Tungro
RicetungroBacillus/ RicetungroSpherical virus
Brown spot of rice a pale on the tree is progressiva dedine in vigour yield over a
symptoms-The disease appears first as minute brown dots, number of years.
later becoming cylindrical or oval to circular. The several spots Management:1. Spraying the bushes once before monsoon
coalesce and the leaf dries up. The disease causes seedling with Bordeaux mixture 0.5 per cent or copper oxychloride 0.25
blight. The seedlings die and affected nurseries can be often per cent and subsequently 2 to 3 times during monsoon is
recognized from a distance by their brownish scorched effective. 2. Triadimefon at 0.05 per cent a.i. is very effective
appearance. The grains also get infected and the black or dark because it can eradicate existing infections and thus allow
brown spots on glumes are covered with olivaceous growth. more flexibility with spraying schedules.
Neck of the panicle becomes brown to grayish brown, and Q13. PIGEN PEA
turns weak. 1. Phytopthora blight Phytopthora drechsleri 2. Wilt
Management-Treat the seeds with Thiram or Captan at 4 g/kg Fusarium oxysporum 3. Sterilitymosaic Strility mosaic virus
and with Mancozeb @0.3% Spray the crop in the main field Pigeon pea Wilt
twice with Mancozch @ 0.2%, once after flowering and second Symptoms - leaves initialy pale, loose their tungidity, drop
spray at milky stage. Spray the nursery with Edifenphos 40 ml down and finally result in large scale withering. Gradual of
or Mancozeb 80 g or Captafol 40 g for 8 cents nursery. Spraythe sudden wilting from bottom to top Observed. Entire plant wilts
crop in the main field with Edifenphos 500 mil or Mancozeb kg or dies within a few days. Dark streaks are seen
or Captafol 625 g/ha Management - 1. seed treatment with take formulation of T.
Q10. GROUNDNUT viride @4gm P fluorescens 10gm/kg 2. Thiram or carbendazim
1. Earlyleafspot (EarlyTikka) Cercospora arachidicola 2. @2gm/kg. 3. spot drenching with carbendazim @ 1gm/litre.
Lateleafspot Cercospora 3. Wilt Fusariumoxysporum Sterility Mosaic of pigeon pea
Leaf spot of Groundnut (Tikka disease) symptoms :- 1. The affected plants are stunted due shortening
Symptoms The disease occurs on above ground parts of plant, of internodes. 2.auxilary buds stimulated to grow , branches
more severely on leaves. leaf symptoms produced by two crowded top give bushy aperance 3.mainly three types of
pathogens can be easily distinguished by appearance,Spot symptoms are associated , severe mosaic in leaflets with
colour and shapes. Both fungi produce lesions also on petiole, complete sterility and mild mosaic. with partial sterility & Ring
stem and pegs. The Lesions caused by both species coalesce as sports. characterized by a green island Surrounded by a
infection develops and severely spotted leaves shed chlorotic halo
Prematurely. The quality and yield of nuts are drastically Manegment - 1. Roughing out infected plants up to 40 days
reduced in severe infections. after sowing. 2. spraying with Fenazaquin @ 1ml / Litre
Management Remove and destroy the infected plant debris. Q14. GUAVA
Eradicate the volunteer groundnut plants. Crop rotation with 1. Wilt Fusariumoxysporum f.sppsidii 2. Anthracnose
millets Treat the seeds with Captan or Thiram at 4g/kg or Gloeosporiumpsidi
[email protected]% Spray [email protected]% or Guava Wilt
[email protected]% or [email protected]% and if necessary, Symptoms - 1. The disease is characterbed by yellowing and
repeat browning of leaves. 2. Discoloration of stem and death of
Q11. MAIZE branches along one side. sometimes the infection girdles the
1. Bacterialstalk rot Erwiniachrysanthami 2. Downeymildew stem &whole plant may die Leaves die and twing bark split.
Perenosclerospora sorghi 3. Leafspot Cuvularialunata Manegment - 1 Dry branches be cut off and wilted plants
Downy Mildew of Maize:- uprooted Soil should be treated with lime or gypsum to make
Symptoms:- -most characteristic symptom is development of the soil PH 6.0 to 6.5. The soil of the pits should be treated with
chlorotic Streaks on leaves. -Plants exhibit stunted,bushy 37 to 40 % formaldehyde
appearance due to shorteningOf the internodes. -White Anthracnose
downy growth is seen on the lower surface of leaf. -Downy Symptoms : The disease attacks all plant parts except roots.
growth also occurs on bracts of green unopened male Flowers Severity of the disease may show die-back of main branches
in tassel. -Small to large leaves are noticed in the tassel. resulting in death of plants. The most characteristic symptoms
Management • Deep ploughing. • Crop rotation with pulses. • appear during the rainy season as small pin-head sized spots
Rogue out infected plants. • Treat the seeds with metalaxyl at on the unripe fruits. They gradually enlarge to form sunken and
6g/kg. • Spray the crop with Metalaxyl + Mancozeb @ 1kg on circular, dark brown to black spots. The infected area of the
20th day after sowing. • Grow resistant varieties and hybrids unripe fruits become harder and corky. Fall of premature fruits
viz. CO1, COH1and COH2. takes place. *
Q12. COFFEE Management : Spraying the trees with Bordeaux mixture 1.0
Rust – Hemilea vastatrix per cent or copper oxychloride 0.25 per cent before the onset
Symptoms The disease is restricted to the leaves but Some of monsoon reduces the disease incidence
times be tender leaves. seen on the berries and on 2. Rust
lesion with orange yellow usedosom? Develop on Underside of
the leaves. Each sorus emerge through a sepsate Stooma.
Infection becomes visible Gnitially Chlorotic spot. The effect as
Q15. CABBAGE from the lower region upwards and is followed by drooping,
1. Alternarialeaf spot Alternariabrassicola 2. Blackrot withering and drying of pseudo Stems. *
Xanthomonas compestrispv. compestris Management : 1. Collection and destruction of plant debris
Blackrot and weed hosts 2. Use healthy planting material 3. Provide
symptoms : 1. Ist appear near the leaf margins as chlorotic or proper drainage facilities. Avoid water logging. Use raised beds
yellow ( angular ) areas . 2. The yellow area extends to veins & d for planting. 4. Early planting during April. 5. Maran, Nadiya
mid rib forming characteristic ' v ' shaped chlorotic spots . 3 . and Narasapattom resistant to moderately resistant to the
Veins and veinlets turn brown and finally black . 4. The vascular disease. 6. Hot water treatment of rhizomes at 510C for 10
blackening extend beyond affected veins to midrib , petiole min. 7. Seed treatment of rhizomes with Trichoderma @
and stem . In advanced stages , infection may reach the roots 5g/kg. 8. Soil application of Trichoderma @ 2.5kg mixed with
system and blackening of 5 . vascular bundles occur . 6 . 50 kg FYM 10-15 days before planting. 9. Dip rhizomes in
Bacterial ooze can also be seen on affected parts . 7 . If the Ridomil 2g/lit or Mancozeb 2g/lit or Metalaxyl 2g/lit for 20
infection is early , the plants wilt and die . 8. If the infection is min. 10. Soil spraying with Bordeaux mixture (6:6:50) before
late , plant succumb to soft rot & die sowing. 11. When symptoms are noticed remove affected
Management : 1. Seed treatment with HgCl2 solution for 30 clumps and drench beds with 0.3% mancozeb.
min or Agrimycin or Aureomycin 0.01 % . 2. Hot water Q18.COCUNUT
treatment at 50 0c for 30min , for killing seed borne inoculum 1. Wilt MLO 2. Budrot Phytopthora palmivora
followed by a 30min dip in Streptocycline 100 ppm . 3. Spray Wilt (Root wilt) *Symptoms : The most conspicious and
Agrimycin - 100 or Streptocycline - 50 ppm at transplanting , diagnostic symptom of the disease is the characteristics
curd formation and pod formation . 4. Crop rotation for 2-3 yrs bending or ribbing of the leaflets in mid-whorl, termed as
with non cruciferous crop . 5. Drenching seed bed with 5 % flaccidity. The other associated symptoms are foliar yellowing
formalin or any antibiotic solution in nursery beds . 6. Resistant and marginal necrosis, rotting of root system, drying of spathe
varieties : Cabbage : Cabaret , Defender , Gladiator , Pusa and necrosis of spiklets are also observed in certain cases. The
Muktha . Cauliflower : Pusa ice , Pusa snow ball - K - 1 - F , Sel nuts from diseased palms have thinner husk and fibers are
– 12 weak and less firm. The kernel is thinner and remains soft and
Q16. BEANS flexible. The oil content is reduced and loses its quality as well.
1. Anthracnose Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 2. *Management : 1. Adoption of integrated management
Bacterialblight Xanthomonas compestris practices consisting of balanced fertilizers, addition of organic
Anthracnose of BEANS matter, raising and incorporation of green manure crops in
Symptoms : 1. All the above ground parts are affected at any basin, irrigation during summer months, leaf rot control and
stage of crop growth . 2. On cotyledons spots are sunken dark adoption of inter and mixed cropping.2. Removal and
brown or black with pink spore mass . 3. Spots on leaves destruction of diseased palms. Drainage facility 3. Spraying
appear on lower side and are black . Later these may also with tetracycline @ 250 ppm at regular intervals. 4. Spraying
appear on upper surface . ( 1 Mark ) 4. The centre of these of 2% neem oil emulsion to control vector
spots later turns grey or pink due to sporulation of the Bud rot
pathogen . The border of these spots appear raised . ** 5. *Symptoms : The first visible symptoms of bud rot is the
Seedling infection results in collapse of seedling . 6. When the withering of the spear leaf whichsubsequently turns brown
infection is severe , the affected plants wither off . 7. Black , and bends. In due course of time, the younger leaves, closer to
sunken , circular spots of varying sizes appear on pods with spindle also show similar symptoms. The internal tissue
bright red , yellow or orange margins develop discolouration assuming a pale pink colour with a
Management : 1. Use healthy seed for planting . 2. Seed brown border. The base of the spindle rots and can be
treatment with Carbendazim @ 2g / kg seed . 3 . Protect the detached with a gentle pull. It emits a foul smell.
crop by spraying 0.2 % Benlate or Bavistin or Zineb or Maneb . *Management : 1. Infected tissues of bud is to be scooped off
@ 2 Kg / ha at 7-10 days interval and treated with Bordeaux paste. 2. Removal and destruction
Q17. GINGER of dead palms and spraying corms of surrounding healthy
Softrot Pythium aphanidermatum palms with Bordeaux mixture 1.0 per cent help in reducing the
Symptoms : Soft rot is the most destructive disease of ginger disease incidence.
which results in total loss of affected clumps. Younger sprouts
are the most susceptible to the pathogen.The infection starts
at the collar region of the pseudo stem and progresses
upwards as well as downwards.Affected pseudo stem becomes
water soaked and the rotting spreads to the rhizome resulting
in soft rot. At a later stage root infection is also noticed.Foliar
symptoms appear as light yellowing of the tips of lower leaves
which gradually spreads to the leaf blades.In early stages, the
middle portion of the leaves remain green while the margins
become yellow.The yellowing spreads to all leaves of the plant
Q19. TOBACCO
1. Blackshank Phytopthora parasitica 2. Blackrootrot
Thielaviopsis brasicola 3. Mosaic Tobaccomosaic virus
Mosaic Virus: TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus),.
*Symptoms: The disease begins as light discoloration along
the veins of the youngest leaves. Soon the leaves develop a
characteristic light and dark green pattern, the dark green
areas associated more with the The early infected plants in the
season are usually stunted with small, chlorotic, mottled and
curled leaves. In severe infections, the leaves are narrowed,
puckered, thin and malformed beyond recognition, Later, dark
brown necrotic spots develop under hot weather and this
symptom is called "Mosaic burn" or "Mosaic scorching". Some
times a very irregular, twisted narrow blade is produced. The
leaves become unfit for curing and both quality and quantity
of cured leaves get deteriorated.
*Management:-spray the nursery and main field with
botanical leaf extracts of Bougainvillea or Basella alba at 1 litre
of extract in 150 litres of w , two to three times at weekly
intervals. Adopt crop rotation by growing non-host plants for
two seasons. Grow resistant varieties like TMV RR2, TMV RR 2a
and TMV RR3.