KIBABII UNIVERSITY
KUC1120: FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING
SUMMARY NOTES
1: Introduction to Computers
1. Section 1: Introduction to Computers
o A computer is an electronic device that processes data according to
instructions from software, enabling automated tasks, data processing,
calculations, and communication. Computers are essential in modern
life, supporting functions in almost every field, from education and
healthcare to industry and commerce. Key characteristics like
processing speed, accuracy, storage capacity, and versatility have
allowed computers to become indispensable.
2. Section 2: Definition of Terms
o Hardware: Physical components of the computer, including the CPU,
memory, input/output devices, and storage.
o Software: Programs and instructions that guide the hardware to
perform tasks.
o CPU (Central Processing Unit): The core processing unit, executing
instructions and performing calculations.
o Memory: Temporary (RAM) or permanent (ROM, hard drive) storage
where data and instructions reside for quick access.
o Input Devices: Tools like the keyboard, mouse, and scanner that
allow users to input data into the computer.
o Output Devices: Tools like monitors and printers that display or
output the results of processed data.
o Network: A system of interconnected computers sharing data and
resources.
o Operating System (OS): Software managing hardware resources,
providing a user interface, and enabling application software to run.
3. Section 3: Evolution of Computers
o First Generation (1940s-1950s): Vacuum tubes were used for
circuitry, making computers large, hot, and power-hungry.
o Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistors replaced vacuum
tubes, improving speed and reducing size.
o Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated Circuits (ICs) reduced
the computer’s physical size while increasing processing power.
o Fourth Generation (1970s-present): Microprocessors were
introduced, allowing the creation of personal computers (PCs) and
ushering in the age of software-driven systems.
o Fifth Generation (Present): This phase focuses on artificial
intelligence, natural language processing, and quantum computing,
enhancing how computers “think” and process complex data.
4. Section 4: Classification of Computers
o Supercomputers: High-speed computers handling complex
computations, often used in scientific research, weather forecasting,
and nuclear simulations.
o Mainframe Computers: Large, powerful systems used in banking
and finance for bulk data processing and transaction management.
o Minicomputers: Medium-sized systems used in small businesses and
departmental applications, bridging the gap between PCs and
mainframes.
o Personal Computers (PCs): Used by individuals for personal, office,
and entertainment purposes, adaptable to many functions due to
software flexibility.
5. Section 5: Characteristics of Computers
o Speed: Computers perform calculations and tasks in milliseconds or
less, greatly outpacing human capabilities.
o Accuracy: They execute instructions precisely, minimizing errors in
calculations and data processing.
o Storage: Computers can store vast amounts of data, both temporarily
(RAM) and permanently (hard drives, cloud storage).
o Automation: With pre-set programs, computers perform repetitive
tasks without continuous input.
o Versatility: Computers can run diverse applications, making them
valuable in various industries and for different functions.
6. Section 6: Applications of Computers
o Education: Computers facilitate online learning, virtual classrooms,
educational games, and research.
o Business: Used for data management, financial analysis, inventory
control, and customer relationship management.
o Healthcare: Supports medical imaging, electronic health records,
patient monitoring, and drug discovery.
o Research: Computers allow researchers to analyze complex datasets
and run simulations.
o Communication: Email, social media, video conferencing, and
messaging rely on computers for global connectivity.
Topic 2: The Basic Computer Hardware
1. Section 1: The Basic Computer Organization
o CPU: Executes instructions and processes data.
o Memory: Temporarily stores data and instructions for quick access.
o Input/Output (I/O) Devices: Enable interaction with the computer,
either by inputting data or displaying processed information.
o Buses: Pathways for data transfer within the computer, connecting
different components.
2. Section 2: Introduction to Computer Hardware
o Hardware consists of the tangible components, including the CPU,
motherboard, RAM, storage devices, and peripheral devices
(keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.). Hardware types are often categorized
as internal (e.g., motherboard, RAM) or external (e.g., keyboard,
monitor).
3. Section 3: Input Devices and Criteria for Selection
o Input Devices: Devices for data entry, such as keyboards, mice,
scanners, and voice recognition tools.
o Selection Criteria: Accuracy, speed, compatibility, ergonomics, and
intended usage are critical factors. For instance, a graphic designer
might require a high-resolution tablet, while general users may only
need a standard mouse and keyboard.
4. Section 4: Output Devices
o Monitors: Display visual output in high resolution.
o Printers: Produce physical copies of digital content; options include
inkjet, laser, and 3D printers.
o Speakers: Output sound; used for multimedia applications.
o Criteria: Resolution, refresh rate, color accuracy, and compatibility
for monitors; cost, print quality, and speed for printers.
5. Section 5: Processing Devices, CPU Functions, and Components
o CPU Components:
▪ Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs calculations and
logical operations.
▪ Control Unit (CU): Directs operations, instructing different
parts of the computer.
▪ Registers: Temporary data storage within the CPU for quick
access.
o Function: The CPU interprets instructions from programs and
executes them in a logical sequence.
6. Section 6: Primary Memory and Types
o RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory for temporarily
storing data and program instructions.
o ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory with permanent
instructions (e.g., BIOS).
o Primary memory is critical for fast data access, facilitating efficient
program execution.
7. Section 7: Secondary Memory
o Long-term storage, including hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs),
and optical discs (CDs/DVDs), used to store data permanently.
Unlike RAM, it retains information even when the computer is off.
8. Section 8: Storage Devices
o Storage devices vary in speed, size, cost, and durability:
▪ Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): Affordable, with large storage
capacity but slower.
▪ Solid-State Drives (SSDs): Faster, more durable, but pricier
per GB.
▪ USB Drives and Memory Cards: Portable options for
transferring data between devices.
9. Section 9: Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers
o Advantages: Speed, multitasking, data storage, accuracy, automation.
o Disadvantages: Security vulnerabilities, maintenance, potential job
loss due to automation.
Topic 3: Basic Computer Software
1. Section 1: Introduction to Computer Software
o Software enables hardware to function and perform tasks, with two
primary types:
▪ System Software: Manages hardware resources.
▪ Application Software: Performs specific tasks (e.g.,
productivity, entertainment).
2. Section 2: Software Systems, Operating Systems, Utility Software, and
Device Drivers
o Operating Systems (OS): Manage hardware, provide a user interface,
and support applications (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux).
o Utility Software: Maintains system efficiency (e.g., antivirus, disk
cleanup).
o Device Drivers: Enable the OS to interface with hardware devices
like printers and graphics cards.
3. Section 3: Application Software
o Productivity Tools: Word processors (Microsoft Word), spreadsheets
(Excel), databases (MySQL), and presentations (PowerPoint) are
essential for business and education.
o Specialized Software: Tools for specific fields (e.g., AutoCAD for
engineering, Photoshop for graphic design).
4. Section 4: Programming Languages
o High-Level Languages: User-friendly, closer to natural language
(e.g., Python, Java).
o Low-Level Languages: Closer to machine language, used for specific
hardware control (e.g., Assembly).
Topic 4: Data Processing Modes
1. Section 1: Introduction to Data Processing
o Data processing is the manipulation of data to convert it into
meaningful information. It’s essential for tasks such as reporting and
analysis.
2. Section 2: Data Processing Modes
o Batch Processing: Processes large volumes of data at scheduled
intervals (e.g., payroll).
o Real-Time Processing: Data is processed immediately, used in ATMs
and airline reservation systems.
o Online Processing: Data is processed interactively as entered, typical
in e-commerce.
Topic 5: Data Communication and Networks
1. Section 1: Introduction to Data Communication
o The transfer of data between devices, foundational for networking and
the internet.
2. Section 2: Data Communication Elements
o Components include sender, receiver, medium (wired or wireless),
protocols (rules for data transfer like TCP/IP).
3. Section 3: Introduction to Networks
o Networks connect computers to share data, applications, and
resources. LANs connect local devices, WANs connect broader areas.
4. Section 4: Types of Networks and Network Topologies
o Bus: Single shared communication line.
o Star: Devices connect to a central hub.
o Ring: Devices form a closed-loop.
o Mesh: Every device connects to all others.
Topic 6: Data Representation
1. Section 1: Introduction to Data Representation
o Refers to how computers represent data using binary, since computers
operate on electrical signals, distinguishing 1s and 0s.
2. Section 2: Number Systems
o Binary: Base-2 system (0s and 1s).
o Octal: Base-8 system, simplifying binary.
o Decimal: Base-10, common in daily life.
o Hexadecimal: Base-16, often used in programming.
3. Section 3: Character Encoding Standards
o ASCII: Encodes English characters.
o EBCDIC: Used by older mainframe computers.
o Unicode: Encodes characters from many global languages, including
emojis.
