ONION HS CODE:- 07031010

 DESCRIPTION: -

An onion is a round vegetable with a brown skin that

grows underground. It has many white layers on its
inside which have a strong, sharp smell and taste.
The structure and mechanical properties of onions are
important factors affecting their textural quality. The
onion bulb consists of several layers of pigmented,
papery scales surrounding fleshy storage scales that
comprise an upper epidermis, an intermediate
parenchyma tissue, and a lower epidermis.
  What is the description of onion in cooking?

Onions can be roasted, grilled,

pickled, caramelized, battered and
deep-fried, sliced thinly or chopped
and served raw in salads,
sandwiches, dips, or as a garnish
for tacos, making them among the
most versatile and ubiquitous ingredients in the culinary arts.

 What is onion introduction?

The onion is a hardy cool-season biennial but usually grown
as annual crop. The onion has narrow, hollow leaves and a
base which enlarges to form a bulb. The bulb can be white,
yellow, or red and require 80 to 150 days to reach harvest.

India is the second largest onion growing country in the world.

Indian onions are famous for their pungency and are
available round the year. Indian onions has two crop cycles,
first harvesting starts in November to January and the second
harvesting from January to May.
The onion is a hardy cool-season biennial but usually grown
as annual crop. The onion has narrow, hollow leaves and a
base which enlarges to form a bulb. The bulb can be white,
yellow, or red and require 80 to 150 days to reach harvest.
The major Onion producing states are Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Bihar, Andhra
Pradesh, Haryana, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand and Telangana
in the country.
  Climate

Onion is a temperate crop but can be grown under a wide

range of climatic conditions such as temperate, tropical and
subtropical climate. The best performance can be obtained in
a mild weather without the extremes of cold and heat and
excessive rainfall. However, onion plant is hardy and in the
young stage can withstand freezing temperature also. In
India, short-day onion is grown in the plains and requires 10-
12 hours day length. The long-day onion is grown in hills
requiring 13-14 hours day length. For vegetative growth,
lower temperature combined with short photoperiod is
required whereas relatively higher temperature along with
longer photoperiod is required for bulb development and
maturity. The optimum temperature for vegetative phase and
bulb development is 13-24˚C and 16-25˚C, respectively. It
requires about 70% relative humidity for good growth. It can
grow well in places where the average annual rainfall is 650-
750 mm with good distribution during the monsoon period.
Areas with low (< 650 mm) or heavy rainfall (>750 mm) are
not particularly suitable for rain-fed crop.

 Soil

Onion can be grown in all types of soils such as sandy loam,

clay loam, silt loam and heavy soils. However, the best soil
for successful onion cultivation is deep, friable loam and
alluvial soils with good drainage, moisture holding capacity
and sufficient organic matter. In heavy soils, the bulbs
produced may be deformed. Onion crop can be grown
successfully on heavy soil with application of organic manure
prior to planting and preparation of the field for onion
cultivation should be very good. The optimum pH range,
regardless of soil type, is 6.0 - 7.5, but onion can also be
grown in mild alkaline soils. Onion crop is more sensitive to
highly acidic, alkali and saline soils and water logging
condition. Onions do not thrive in soils having pH below 6.0
because of trace element deficiencies, or occasionally, Al or
Mn toxicity. The threshold electrical conductivity of a
saturation extract (ECe) for onion crop is 4.0 dS/m. When the
ECe level exceeds this, crop yield starts declining.

 Varieties

Multiplier Onion - Co 1, Co 2, MDU 1, Agrifound Red

Small Common Onion - Agrifound Rose, Arka Bindu
White Onion - Bhima Shubra, Bhima Shweta, Bhima Safed,
Pusa White Round, Arka Yojith, Pusa White Flat, Udaipur -
102, Phule Safed, N25791, Agrifound White.
Spanish Brown - Bhima Light Red, Bhima Kiran, Phule
Suvarna, Arka Niketan, Arka Kirtman
Red onion - Bhima Super, Bhima Red, Bhima Raj, Bhima
Dark Red, Bhima Shakti, Punjab Selection, Pusan Red, N2-4-
1, Pusa Madhavi, Arka Kalyan, Arka Lalima.

 Harvesting

Onion is harvested depending upon the purpose for which the

crop is planted. 0nion crop is ready for harvesting in five
months for dry onion. However, for marketing as green onion,
the crop becomes ready in three months after transplanting.
When the bulbs developing from the leaf bases of onions are
fully formed, the leafy green tops begin to yellow and
eventually collapse at a point a little above the top of the bulb,
leaving an upright short neck. When the tops "go down" in
this way, the bulbs are ready for harvesting. Because all the
onions in a crop do not mature at the same time, large-scale
commercial growers harvest them when about half the tops
have gone down.
In kharif season, since tops do not fall, bulbs are harvested
soon after the colour of leaves changes to slightly yellow and
red pigmentation on bulbs develop. Best time to harvest rabi
onion is one week after 50% tops have fallen over. Onions for
sale as dried bulbs or for storage should be harvested
progressively after tops have started falling over.
Since onion bulbs are normally formed at the soil surface, it is
sometimes possible in sandy soils to pull the mature bulbs by
hand. Where conditions make hand pulling impossible, crop
is harvested by loosening the bulbs with a fork or hoe before
lifting them. The harvested crop is left in windrows in the field
for a few days until the tops are dry. The windrows should be
made so that the green tops cover the bulbs to protect them
from sunburn. The leaves are cut leaving about 2-2.5 cm tops
above the bulb after complete drying. This practice helps to
increase the dry matter content. If tops are cut too close, the
neck does not close well and provides entry for decay
organisms.
Early harvest results in sprouting of the bulbs and late harvest
results in formation of secondary roots during storage. In
kharif season, late harvesting results in doubles and bolting.

 HISTORY:-

"Onion" is somewhat a generic term that refers to several

pungent members of the genus Allium (Lilaceae family)
including common (bulbous) onion, garlic, leek and others.
The word was derived from the Middle English union which,
in turn, came from the Latin unio. The latter means "one" or
"unity" and refers to the onion's single bulb consisting of
concentric rings. The pungency of onions is due to volatile
sulfur compounds (thiosulfinates) which, in turn, are produced
from sulfur-containing flavor precursors released when onion
cells are ruptured or cut.
Onion is thought to have originated more than 5000 years
ago in Central Asia and is one of the most ancient of food
sources. Its consumption by humans can be traced back to
the Bronze Age. A staple in the diet of many early
civilizations, it was especially important in ancient Egypt. In
addition to being consumed as a food, Egyptians worshiped
onion thinking its concentric rings symbolized eternal life.
Indeed, it was often buried along with their dead. Ancient
Greek athletes consumed large quantities of them thinking it
would "balance" their blood and improve their athletic
prowess. Later, after conquering Greece, Romans ate onions
regularly and also rubbed it on their gladiators to tone their
muscles.

Throughout antiquity the medicinal properties of onion were

widely avowed. As a result, it was used by ancients to treat a
wide array of conditions ranging from irregularity to hair loss.
Early Americans used wild onions to treat colds, coughs,
asthma and breathing problems. Today, onion is still
considered a health food. Its consumption has been
associated with a reduced risk of cancer, heart disease and
diabetes because of its high level of phenolic and flavonoid
compounds with high antioxidant activity. In general, onions
with greater pungency have higher antioxidant activity than
milder types.
There are three basic groups of onions; all are used more to
flavor dishes then as a main course themselves. The
common onion (Allium cepa) is known only in cultivation and
is the most important of the three. This is the type of onion we
plant in our gardens in the spring. It produces a single, large
bulb that usually matures by mid-summer in our climate.
Green onions are simply plants of this species that are pulled
before the bulb is well-formed. The common onion is able to
produce seed which is its primary means of propagation.
The remaining two groups of onion do not produce seed and
normally are vegetatively propagated. The 'aggregate group'
includes onions (e.g. shallot and multiplier onion) that
produce a cluster of bulbs at the soil line. The less common
'proliferous group' produces small bulbs in the flower cluster
which, in turn, drop to the soil and take root. The latter often
are referred to as Egyptian onion, walking onion or winter
onion.
Common onion is spring-planted and may be grown from
sets, transplants or seeds. In all cases planting should be
done as soon as the soil can be worked in the spring. Onion
sets are the most common means of planting onions. 'Sets'
are small bulbs that develop quickly to produce green onions
or allowed to mature to produce (dry) bulbs. To produce
green onions plant the sets in a well-drained soil about an
inch apart. For larger dry bulbs, sets should be placed no
closer than two inches apart. Small sets are more desirable
than larger sets which tend to flower more easily. If flowering
occurs, the flower head should be removed as soon as it is
visible. Onions which flower form smaller bulbs which do not
store as well as bulbs harvested from non-flowering plants.
Onion transplants represent seedlings which have been
started (usually in the South) by a specialist propagator,
pulled at an early stage of growth and shipped north for sale
as propagules or "starts". Large, sweet types such as Sweet
Spanish and the Bermuda types frequently are grown from
transplants. They should be spaced four to five inches apart
within rows spaced 12 to 18 inches apart. As a rule, "sweet"
onions do not store as well as the more pungent types.
Onion is a cool season crop with a fairly long maturity (95+
days). Consequently those produced from seeds planted
directly outdoors normally do not perform well in Missouri
because of our hot summers. Instead, when are used, they
should be started indoors well in advance of outdoor planting
since onion seedlings grow slowly.

Onion also is a photoperiodic plant. Some onion varieties

exhibit a short day response and will form bulbs only when
the length of day is 12 hours or less. Other varieties are long
day in response and form bulbs when day length is at least
15 hours. Varieties grown in Missouri typically are of the latter
response group which is another reason why onions seeded
directly into the garden do not perform well in our state.
However they are started, onions grow best under cool
temperatures (55 to 75 degrees F) in a loose, friable soil.
Onions are sensitive to acid soils and soil pH should be kept
in the 6.2 to 6.8 range. As with most vegetables, fertilizers
should be applied according to soil test recommendations.
When called for, a fertilizer low in nitrogen but high in
phosphorus and potassium (e.g. 5-10-10) is recommended.
Weed control is important in onion production since they do
not compete well with weeds. Mulching (after onions are
established) will help to control weeds as well as conserve
moisture. Common production problems with onions include
insects such as thrips and onion maggots along with fungal
diseases such as downy mildew, neck rot, pink root and smut.

Although onions can be used any time during their

production, bulbs destined for storage should be harvested
when the "neck" dries and the tops have fallen over. After
digging, onions should be cured for several weeks by placing
them in a warm location with good air circulation and low
humidity. After curing is completed, onions are best stored in
relatively cool conditions, dry conditions.
Onion Trivia
 World onion production is estimated to be about 105
billion pounds each year.
 The United States produces more than 2 million
metric tons of onions annually.
 The largest onion every produced weighed 10
pounds and 14 ounces.
 The average American consumes over 20 pounds of
onions each year.
 Men eat 40 percent more onions than do women.
 During the Middle Ages onions were consider so
valuable they were used to pay rent.
 Most people tear-up when cutting onions because of
sulfur-containing compounds that are released;
chilling an onion before cutting it helps to curtail the
crying.
 END USES APPLICATION INDUSTRY OF ONION:-
Onion can be processed into a wide variety of products.
Minimally processed ready to use or ready to cook fresh
onions, onion paste, dehydrated onion flakes, onion
powder, onion oil, onion vinegar, onion sauce, pickled
onion, onion wine and beverage etc.
  What is the application of onion powder?

Onion powder may be used as a seasoning atop a variety of

foods and dishes, such as pasta, pizza, and grilled chicken. It
is also a primary ingredient in beau monde seasoning. It is
also sometimes used as a meat rub.

The Indian onion powder market size reached 14.0 Kilo Tons
in 2022. Looking forward, the publisher expects the market to
reach 19.7 Kilo Tons by 2028, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.86%
during 2022-2028.

Onion powder is prepared commercially using raw onions by

dehydrating, freeze-drying, vacuum-shelf drying and flow
drying. It comprises of many vital nutrients like carbohydrate,
fiber, protein, cholesterol, vitamin B-6 and C, manganese,
calcium, iron, folate, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium.
In addition to this, onion powder is less pungent in taste but
its concentrated disposition makes it last for a prolonged time
span. Onion powder is widely used in India for several
culinary purposes owing to its advantages such as long-shelf
life, easy transportation, wide availability and insignificant
calorie count.

On account of rapid urbanisation, hectic schedules and rising

working population, the demand for onion powder is
witnessing a tremendous growth, particularly in India. In order
to save time, consumers are not willing to indulge in difficult
cooking procedures such as chopping onions. Apart from this,
food processing represents one of the largest sectors in India
which is bolstering the demand for onion powder. Moreover,
onion powder is used in ready-to-eat food products, like
packaged soups, sauces, oats, noodles, pasta, frozen food
and instant mixes. Further, onion powder is used in
seasonings, dry rubs, marinades and condiments for
preparing appetisers, seafood and meat.

 What are the pharmaceutical uses of onion?

Onion has been known that possesses various medicinal
properties from ancient times. The plant is traditionally used
to treat different diseases such as cough due to bronchitis,
asthma, inflammatory disorders, dysentery, ulcer wounds,
scars, keloids, pain and swelling after bee or wasp stings.

Onion has been known that possesses various medicinal

properties from ancient times. The plant is traditionally used
to treat different diseases such as cough due to bronchitis,
asthma, inflammatory disorders, dysentery, ulcer wounds,
scars, keloids, pain and swelling after bee or wasp stings.
Experimental researches have also shown numerous
pharmacological effects for onion, including decreases blood
levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and thromboxanes
(substances involved in the development of cardiovascular
disease), inhibits platelet aggregation and platelet-mediated
thrombosis (a process resulting in heart attacks and strokes),
functions as a hypoglycemic, neuroprotective, anti-
convulsant, anti-hypertensive, anti-depressant and diuretic
agent, protective effect on the liver, prevents the processes of
oxidation and inflammation as well as the release of
histamine associated with asthma, stimulates the immune
system and decreases osteoporosis. Moreover, onion is one
of the strongest anti-carcinogenic components because it
suppresses the growth of carcinogenic cells.

This article reviews the pharmacological properties of onion

and its constituents along with possible mechanisms in
various fields.
  Chemical constituents

Numerous effects of onion may be due to a wide range of

constituents, including quercetin, thiosulphinates and
phenolic acids which have often been reported from this
plant. The preliminary phytochemical investigations have
showed that onion contains water, carbohydrates (e.g. inulin,
fructooligosaccharides, isorhamnetin-4-glucoside, galactose,
glucose and mannose), proteins, vegetal hormone
(glycoquinine), lectin, steroids, essential oils (e.g. catechol
protocatechnic acid, thiocyanate and thiopropiono aldehyde),
phytoestrogens (e.g. coumestrol, zearalenol, isoflavones and
humulone), vitamins (e.g. A, B complex, C and E), minerals
(e.g. selenium, phosphorus, iron, calcium and chromium),
flavonoids (e.g. quercetin, apigenin, rutin, myricetin,
kaempferol, catechin, resveratrol, epigallocatechol-3-gallate,
luteolin and genistein), organosulfuric compounds
(e.g. thiosulphinates, cepaenes, cysteine, S-methyl cysteine
sulfoxide, diallyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide, allyl propyl
disulfide, gamma-L-glutamyl-trans-S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine
sulfoxide, S-propenyl cysteine sulfoxide, S-alk(en)yl cysteine
sulfoxides and S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide) and allicin
(e.g. Diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide and ajoene), phenolic
compounds (e.g. phenolics, phenolic acids, anthocyanins and
hydroxycinnamic acid), lipophilic antioxidants (e.g. dialkyl
disulfides), aglycones, anthocyanin, saponins and fistulosin
(octadecyl 3-hydroxyindole).

There are different flavonoids in onion skin, including

quercetin aglycone, quercetin diglucoside, quercetin 4-
glucoside and isorhamnetin monoglycoside or kaempferol
monoglycoside. More than 80 percent of flavonoids exist in
the outer scales of the onion because of exposure to sunlight.
The plant also contains 1–5 percent dry weight of S-alk(en)yl
cysteine sulfoxides that are precursors of its aroma.
  Anti-cancer effects

Compelling evidence indicates that individuals who consume

copious amounts of onion, their susceptibility to cancer at
various organ sites is reduced. Polyphenolics such as
flavonoids found in onion are partially responsible for this
beneficial effect. In addition, organosulfur compounds
(e.g. cysteine, S-methyl cysteine, diallyl disulfide and diallyl
trisulfide) content of onion play an important role in cancer
chemoprevention as several studies are showing protective
effects of these compounds against liver, stomach, colorectal
and breast cancers (55-60). Moreover, onion, due to high-
selenium content, can prevent some cancer occurrence
without resulting in an excessive accumulation of tissue
selenium, a concern associated with standard selenium
compounds (61, 62).

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the

cancer-preventive effects of onion and related constituents.
For example, quercetin is able to prevent reactive oxygen
species (ROS)-induced DNA damage and mutational
changes, inhibit the activity of tyrosine kinases which are
oncogenic and increase the bioavailability of some anti-
cancer drugs (e.g. tamoxifen) by promoting their intestinal
absorption and decreasing their metabolism (63-65). In the
case of organosulfur compounds, it is suggested that they
induce phase II detoxifying enzymes, including quinone
reductase and glutathione S-transferase and increase the
activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase
(GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) leading to
carcinogen detoxification and elimination (66-68). These
compounds also affect sulfhydryl/disulfide exchange
reactions or induce apoptosis that are probably crucial for
controlling cell proliferation and tumour growth. Moreover,
organosulfur compounds stimulate glutathione (GSH)
synthesis, the enzyme necessary for conjugating GSH to
electrophiles and blocking DNA-adduct formation. Other
mechanisms that organosulfur compounds exert anti-cancer
effects include modulation of multidrug resistance enzymes
which are very useful for improving the response of cancers
to chemo-therapies, blockade of the formation of the cancer-
causing substance, inactivation of cancer-causing substances
and an increase of DNA repair.

 In-vitro studies

Some studies have demonstrated anti-cancer effects of onion

on different malignant cells in-vitro. For example, the
preventive effect of onion oil on skin tumor promotion through
an increase in GSH activity was reported (72). In the study
done by Wang et al., ethyl acetate extract of onion inhibited
fatty acid synthase and induced apoptosis in fatty acid
synthase over-expressing human breast cancer cells. Since
obesity is closely associated with breast cancer, the results of
this study suggested that onion might be valuable for
preventing obesity-related malignancy. The anti-proliferative
effect of onion on gastric and breast cancers in human cells
by inducing apoptosis was also demonstrated. In addition,
Shrivastava et al. investigated the protective effects of
aqueous extract of onion on Melanoma cells. This study
revealed significant activity of onion as a cytoprotective agent
of normal cells and cytotoxicity agent for tumour cells as a
considerable decrease in Melanoma cell population by crude
extract of the plant. Another in-vitro study evaluated the
effects of onion against telomerase activity of HL-60 cells and
exhibited both telomerase inhibitory effect and cancer cell
proliferation inhibitory effect with onion administration.
There is also substantial in-vitro research that has examined
the anti-cancer effects of different compounds of onion. For
example, one study indicated anti-cancer effects of
polyphenols in human leukemia cells by inducing caspase-
dependent apoptosis. The apoptosis was triggered through
the extrinsic pathway by up-regulating death receptor 5 as
well as by the intrinsic pathway by a down-regulating cellular
inhibitor of apoptosis 1 family member (79). Another study
approved the potency of quercetin against human breast
cancer by inhibiting cancer cell growth and induction of
apoptosis in cancer cells (80). Several studies on quercetin,
an important ingredient of onion, has shown that this agent
could be an anticarcinogen for numerous cancer types
including breast cancer, leukemia, colon, squamous cell,
ovary, endometrial, gastric and non-small-cell lung (81-90).
Quercetin was also found to down regulate the expression of
mutant p53 protein in human breast cancer cell lines resulting
in arresting cells in the G2-M phase of the cell cycle (91, 92).

Moreover, the investigators reported the anti-proliferative

effects of diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide on cultured
human neoplastic and non-neoplastic lung cells (93). In 2002,
it was shown a significant dose-dependent cytotoxic response
of diallyl disulfide on ascites tumor cells (94). It has also been
demonstrated that treatment of human tumor cells with diallyl
disulfide resulted in the complete cessation of growth through
a proportional increase in the percentage of cells arrested in
the G2-M phase of the cell cycle
 TOP EXPORTING COUNTRIES OF ONION: -

Netherlands 1,703,906

India 1,434,908

China 665,138

Mexico 471,703

United States of America 347,158

 Pakistan 457,191

Egypt 267,515

New Zealand 242,556

France 103,923

 INDIA’S TOTAL EXPORT LAST 12 MONTH

2020-2021 Values in Rs. Lacs 2021-2022 Values in Rs. Lacs

215,904,322.13 314,702,149.28

 GLOBAL EXPORTERS IN THE WORLD :-

 Countries EXPORTERS IN THE WORLD

Exporter of Bangladesh Pran Agro Limited.

Exporter of Bolivia ALIMENTOS LIOFILIZADOS

NATUR SRL

ALVIN INVESTMENTS PTY

Exporter of Botswana LTD

Exporter of Brazil Jbs Sa

Exporter of Colombia AROMASSENCE S.A.S.

ROSERO EDISSON
Exporter of Ecuador FERNANDO ESPINOSA

ROSERO EDISSON
Exporter of Ecuador FERNANDO ESPINOSA

MULUKEN AYALEW ASSEFA

Exporter of Ethiopia

MZ FOOD PRODUCTS PVT.

Exporter of India LTD.

Exporter of Ghana CONRAD CHARLES HESSE

  INDIAN EXPORTERS :-
Countries EXPORTERS
EXCELLENT EXPORTERS

SUVARNA EXPORTERS

BHAS INTERNATIONAL

PEPSICO INDIA HOLDINGS PVT.

LTD.

Exporter of India UFLEX LIMITED

JAIN FARM FRESH FOODS LTD.

VKL SEASONING PRIVATE

LIMITED

VISHWAS OVERSEAS EXIM

DEEPKIRAN FOODS PRIVATE LTD.,

SANGHAR EXPORTS
  LAST THREE-MONTH DATA FOR ONION: -

NOV 2022 DEC 2022 JAN 2023

COMMODITY
ONION
36,777.87 42,428.00 51,324.15

 IMPORTING COUNTRIES: -
COUNTRIES VALUE
666,517
United States of America
251,340
Germany
484,867
Malaysia

296,195
United Kingdom
248,426
Canada
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 Govt. regulation: -
 IMPORT EXPORT CODE FROM DGFT
 RCMC CERTIFICATE FORM EEPC BOARD

 TaRGeTInG COunTRIeS DuTy

CaLCuLaTIOn :-
RoDTEP UQC
RATE AS % CAP
COUNTRIES DRAWBACK AGE OF FOB IN
RATE KG.

BANGLADESH 0.15% 2.0% 1.2kg

BELGIUM 0.15% 2.0% 1.2kg
BRAZIL 0.15% 2.0% 1.2kg
CHINA 0.15% 2.0% 1.2kg
GERMANy 0.15% 2.0% 1.2kg

 Govt. benefits:-
 MEIS 3%*
 DUTy DRAW BACK 1.6%
 COMMUNICATION FORMAT
COMPANy INTRO MAIL FORMAT
Cold Email Introduction to a Sales Lead

Subject Line: Offering [prospect name] Value Through [product

or service offered]
service offered]
Hi (lead first name),
I saw on your website that you (something about the lead or
their business that makes them a good fit for your business
offerings], so I wanted to reach out personally. My name is
[your name], a [job position] at [company name].
We provide [product or service] to [specific niche you sell to]
businesses like yours. Our unique approach to product or
service) includes [differentiating product or service attributes],
giving you the benefits of [value of using your product or
service].
I'd love to schedule a call to learn more about 8ome of the
everyday pain points you might experience in (area or function
of business your solution solves]. Are you free this Tuesday at 2
p.mn. or Thursday at 1p.m.?
Talk soon,
[Your name], [title]
[Company]
[Email address]
[Phone number]
[Company website]
 Company Intro Mail Format
Event Follow-up Introduction

subject Line: Hi [connection name]! Great Meeting You at

[event name]

Hi (connection’s first name],

It was a pleasure. meeting you at [event]. I hope you enjoyed

the [specific activities of the event] as much as I did.

I’d love to continue our conversation about [previous

conversation from the event] and see if we might be able to
[objective of further connecting-either providing product/service
or developing a partnership].

Like I said when we talked, [something you discussed that

showed how you can add value to the recipient]. Let me know if
you're available for a call in the next week or 80 to discuss
further.

Talk soon,

[Your name], [title]

[Company]

[Email address]

[Phone number]

[Company website]
 Company Intro Mail Format
Online Lead Submission Email Introduction

Subject Line: Thank You for Your Inquiry!

Hi [lead name],

My name is [your name], a Job position] for [company name].

Thank you for expressing interest in our [product or service]-I
hope we can assist!

To get started, I'd love to schedule a time for a call to discuss

your [area or function your solution solves] needs. What's your
availability over the next few days?

Talk soon,

[Your name] [title]

[Company]

[Email address]

[Phone number]

[Company website]
 Company Intro Mail Format
Major Event or Development Introduction

Subject Line: Hi (lead name], Have You Heard About [major

event]?

Hi [lead name],

My name is [your name], a [job position] from [company name].

I wanted to reach out in regard to the recent [major event], as
the implications are entirely relevant to you and [their
organization name].

[(Brief description of event, study, or innovation].

With that being said, I’d love to schedule a call to discuss how
we can.
help you navigate the [industry or product/service] as a result of
the [major event].

What's your availability like over the next few days?

Talk soon,

[Your name] [title]

[Company]

[Email address]

[Phone number]

[Company website]
 Company Intro Mail Format
Introducing [new product or service]

Subject Line: Introducing [new product or service] to

[lead/customer name]

Hi [lead/customer name]

Hope all has been well since we last spoke. I wanted to reach
out about a new [product or service we are now offering that
might be of interest to you.

[Briefly describe the new product or service].

If this new offering is something you're interested in learning

more about, please let me know so we can geta call scheduled
to discuss details and answer any questions you may have.

Talk soon,

[Your name], [title]

[Company]

[Email address]

[Phone number]

[Company website]
 Company Intro Mail Format
Introducing a New Product or Service

Subject Line: Introducing [new product or service] to

lead/customer name].

Hi [lead/customer name],

Hope all has been well since we last spoke. I wanted to reach
out about a new [product or service] we are now offering that
might be of interest to you.

(Briefly describe the new product or service].

If this new offering is something you're interested in learning

more about,
please let me know so we can get a call scheduled to discuss
details and answer any questions you may have.

Talk soon,

[Your name], [title]

[Company]

[Email address]

[Phone number]

[Company website]
 International Buyer Mail Format

Subject: Quotation and product specifications

Dear MR/MS <NAME>,

Thank you for your interest in our <PRODUCT NAME>. As

requested by you, we, <COMPANY NAME>, have put together
relevant details of Our product, including the price. You will find
our price reasonable and our quality of the highest level. We
also assure you of the best service.

Product: <PRODUCT NAME (HS CODE)>

Price per unit: <$XX>
Total price: <$XX>
Price valid for: <XX days>
Payment terms: XX% advance, balance on delivery>
Delivery time: <XX days>
Port of origin: <NÀME>
Port of destination: <NAME>
Feel free to contact us for clarifications and/or queries, or if you
wish to receive a product sample. We would appreciate your
response by

<DATE/DAY>.

Thank you,

<YOUR NAME>
 International Buyer Mail Format
Invoice for sample

Subject: Sample shipped; invoice attached

Dear <SIR/MADAM>,

As requested, we are pleased to provide you with samples of

our<PRODUCT NAME>. We are confident that you will not be
disappointed with the quality.

The samples have been shipped to the address provided by

you and are scheduled to reach you within <XX days>. We
charge <$XX> per sample and have included the invoice for
this with this email. Some invoice details.
follow:

Invoice number: <XX

Invoice date: <DATE/MONTH/XEAR>
Product sample: <PRODUCT NAME>
Number of pieces: X>
Price per sample: <$XX>
Total sample price: <$XX>
Country of origin: <NAME OF YOUR COUNTRY>
Country of destination: <NAME OF BUYER'S COUNTRY>
Kindly acknowledge receipt of the samples once delivered. We
look forward. to your feedback and to taking this partnership
further.

Thank you,
<YOUR NAME>

International Buyer Mail Format

Negotiation

Dear MR/MS <NAME>,

Thank you for your interest in our <PRODUCT NAME>. You

have conveyed your requirement for <XX> pieces of our
product by <DATE/MONTH/YEAR>, We would be delighted to
fulfil this order and can guarantee that the required number of
goods will be delivered to you by your stated date. However,
the price per product you are willing to pay, which is <$XX>,
does not meet our manufacturing and shipping costs. We can
sell you the products for <$XX> a piece. You will not find more
competitive rate for the quality we are offering.
Therefore, we humbly urge you to reconsider your price.

We look forward to a deal that is favourable to both parties.

Feel free to contact us at any time for further discu88ions. You
can call us at <CONTACT NUMBER>.

Thank you,

<YOUR NAME>
 International Buyer Mail Format
Shipment advice

Dear MR/MS <NAME>,

We are pleased to inform you that your consignment of

<PRODUCT NAME> was dispatched by ship on
<DATE/MONTHXEAR> a8 per our contract < (CONTRACT
NUMBER)>. It is scheduled to reach the port of destination in
<XX> days. Please find below the shipment
details:

Consignee: <NAME, ADDRESS, CONTACT DETAILS>

B/L No: <XXX0
Carrier: <CARRIER NAME>
Price: <$XX>
Port of origin: <NAME>
Port of destination: <NAME>
Product: <PRODUCT NAME>
Quantity: XX PIECES/TONS>
Weight: <XX kg>
Invoice No: <XX>

Our team will send you regular status updates of your

shipment. You may also track it on the <CARRIER NAME>
website <(LINK>.
We are available for any further queries.

Thank you,
<YOUR NAME>
International Buyer Mail Format
Apology for shipment delay/transhipment delay

Dear MR/MS <NAME>,

We regret to inform you that your shipment of<XX

PIECES/TONS> of <PRODUCT NAME> has been delayed.
due to <CAUSE OF DELAY>, Your shipment will now
reach you by <DATE/MONTH/YEAR>.

We apologise for the delay and for any problem this.

might cause your business. In our sincere effort to
soften the blow, we have arranged <MENTION.
MITIGATION ACTION TAKEN BY YOUR COMPANY>.

Please accept our apologies once again. We hope we can.

look past this setback and continue doing business.
together.

Thank you,

<YOUR NAME>
 EXPORT CONTRACT TEMPLATE

An Export Contract is entered into between and exporter and

an importer belonging to two different countries for selling and
purchasing of goods. This contract is used for the international
sale of certain products (industrial supplies, raw materials,
manufactured goods) which are projected for resale, where the
buyer is a trader, importer, distributor, or wholesaler that will sell
the products to another company or merchant. The Export
Contract includes the requirements for a successful transaction.
Such as quantity order, price per unit, delivery conditions,
payment terms, documents, retention of title, etc.
EXPORT CONTRACT
DATE: ……………………………………………………………..
BETWEEN:

…………[company legal name] whose registered office is at ...

[address, city and country] and registration/fiscal number
is……., represented by……………. [name and surname,
position] (hereinafter referred to as "the Seller),
AND:
…….[company legal name] whose registered office is at….
[address, city and country] and registration/fiscal number is….
represented by……...[name and surname, position] (hereinafter
referred to as "the Buyer").
Both Parties declare an interest in the sale and purchase of
goods under the present Contract
and undertake to observe the following Contract:
1. GOODS SOLD
Description of the goods: type of products, features, quantities,
units,
ete.]……………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
1.1 It is agreed that any information relating to the goods and
their use, such as weights, dimension, volume, colour, price,
and other data contained in catalogues, leaflets,
2. circulars, newsletters, advertisement8, pricelists of the Seller,
shall not take effect as terms of the Contract unless expressly
referred to in the Contract.
1.2 Unless otherwise agreed, the Buyer does not acquire any
industrial or intellectual property.
rights in which may have been available to him. The Seller also
remains the exclusive owner. of any industrial or intellectual or
industrial property rights relating to the goods.

2. CONTRACT PRICE
The price of the products hereunder is:
CURRENCY
AMOUNT IN NUMBERS
AMOUNT INLETTERS

2.1 The price indicated under this clause (Contract price)

includes any costs which are.
borne
by the Seller according to this Contract. However, should the
Seller have borne any costs which, according to this Contract
are payable by the Buyer (e. g. for international
transportation or transportation insurance under EXW o FCA
delivery terms), such sums shall not be considered as having
been included in the price under this clause and shall
be reimbursed by the Buyer to the Seller.
2.2 Unless otherwise agreed in writing, the price does not
include VAT or other taxes, and
is not subject to price adjustment.

3. DELVERY TERMS

Delivery of goods shall be done according to Incoterms 2021

rules. The rule and delivery lace
agreed between the Parties is:
[Mark with X in the box the Incoterm chosen and insert the
name of the place o port.
designated
for delivery of products]
Incoterms for any mode or modes of transport (multimodal
transport)
EXW Ex Works Place:…………………………………………
FCA Free Carrier Place:……………………………………….
CPT Carriage Paid To Place:………………………………….
CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid to Place:……………….
DAT Delivered At Terminal Place:…………………………..
DAP Delivered At Place Place…………………………………
DDP Delivered Duty Paid Place:……………………………….

USER GUIDE
DATE
The date when the contract comes into force is the one that
appears in its header, as mentioned. in the final paragraph8 of
the contract before signatures (This Contract comes into force
on the date written above).
In 8ome contracts -for example in the Supply Contract- the date
of coming into force is also
mentioned in one of the clauses. In these cases, you have to
verify that the two dates inserted in
the contract (in the heading and in the corresponding clause)
are the sane, in order to avoid discrepancies.
PARTIES
Be sure to insert in the first page of the contract the full details
of the Parties:
When a Party is a company, you must insert the following
information: legal name, legal form(imited, incorporated, etc.),
full address, registration data and iscal identification number.
When a Party is an individual that works as independent
professional (for example a commercial agent) you must insert
the following information: full name, profession, full address and
fiscal identification number.
CLAUSES
Clauses with different alternatives: choose the most favorable
In the most important clauses of each contract (exclusivity,
payment terms, applicable law and competent jurisdiction, etc.)
several drafting alternatives are proposed so you can choose
the most appropriate to each situation. Therefore, the user
before submitting the contract to the other Party must choose
the alternatives that seem best suited to their interests, and
eliminate the rest.
Clauses with blank spaces to be completed.
In several clauses of the contract blank spaces appear with
dots (... ...) that the user has to complete inserting text.
Following the dots, between brackets, you will see the data and
When the text between brackets is in normal letters (the same
as the contract) and separated by "" or the word "o", the user
must insert one of the options suggested.
USER GUIDE
4
Example of blank space (..) with options to select between
brackets:
Orders handled before completion of the present Contract
which produce sales transactions within... [1,2, 3, 6] months
shall entitle the Agent to receive the corresponding
commission.
In this case the user must choose between options 1, 2, 3 or 6
months and insert one in the blank
When the text between brackets is in italics the user must insert
the data and information requested and eliminate the bracketed
text.
Exarmple of blank space - (...) to insert text:
Both parties, by mutual consent, resolve to refer any dispute to
the Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration of the International
Chamber of Commerce by one or more arbitrators appointed in
accordance with said Rules. The place of arbitration shall be ....
city and country]. In this case the uBer must insert in the blank
space (...) the city and country chosen to conduct thearbitration
and afterwards eliminate the bracketed text [city and country].
Notices Clause Sometimes it may happen that the official
address of the Parties which appear at the beginning.
of the contract is different from which is to be used for
communications between the Parties during the terms of the
contract. In this case the user should include at the end of the
contract
a Notices Clause.

Example of Notices Clause:

Notices. - To comply with their contractual obligations, the
Parties establish the
following address for the provision of notices related to this
contract:
- Party 1[insert full address].
- Party 2[insert full address].

ANNEXES
The contracts incorporate some Annexes, each of them,
referenced to the corresponding Clause.
Annexes are drafted in commonly used formats, although the
user must adapt these formats and the text inserted in them to
each particular situation.
SIGNATURES
People who sign
Persons signing the contract on behalf of the company must
have the authority to do so and
preferably, be entitled based on a power of attorney. Below the
signature, in addition to the full name of the person that signs
his/her position must be inserted. When one of the Parties
who signs is a natural person (for example a commercial agent
in a Agency Contract) obviously he or she is the person that
has to sign the contract.
The law of some countries requires that contracts, to be valid,
shall be signed in front of witnesses or a public notary.
Therefore, before signing a contract you should be informed
about the requirements that may exist in each country.
5
Place and date of signature
Usually contract8 are signed by both Parties on the same date
and place. Nevertheless, in international contracts, due to
physical distance, it is common that each of the Partie sign in
different dates and places. This contract provides for both
alternatives 8o it comes to choosing the most appropriate to
each situation.
Number of copies
Usually, the Parties sign two copies of the contract, each Party
retaining one of them, but cal also arise the need to sign more
copies. In this case all you have to do is mentioned explicitly
the number of copies to be signed in the paragraph that is
included at the end of the contract (Both Parties declare their
conformity to the present contract, which is signed in .... copies,
each of which shall be considered an original).

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
The Parties must Sign all pages of the contract, including
Annexes, so they are also valid. It is better to use ball point or
pen (not pencil) in a colour other than black (e.g.: blue); this
makes it easier to distinguish an original document from a
photocopy. It is preferable (although no mandatory) to express
sums of money and percentages in words and figures. Of
course, the words and figures for a given amount must match
exactly. You also must insert the currency in which the amounts
are expressed. It is advisable to use the rules establish by I80
that name each currency by three capital letters (EUR for euro,
USD for dollar, GBP for sterling pound, JPY for Japanese yen,
ete. - you can get the acronyms of every currency in the
website www.oanda.com).
Once you have chosen the best alternatives of each clause and
have completed the blank spaces you should revise the whole
contract to remove remaining paragraphs and correct any
errors.s