CHAPTER ONE

EFFECT OF POOR ORAL HYGIENE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Oral hygiene or health means more than it is integral to

general health is essential for wellbeing and is a determined
of quality of life (Peterson 2003). It allows us to speak, smile,
kiss, touch, taste, chew, swallow and cry.

Conversely oral disease and lead to significant time lost

from school, work and other activities. This wider definition
of oral health should not detract from the importance of the
two most important oral disease dental carries and disease.
Both can be effectively prevented and treated, but have to
be considered in the context of their strong relationship with
socio-economic factors. The incidence of oral disease is
higher in people from deprived areas (Sweeney etal, 199).

Oral health has a long history. According to the

American Dental Association, records suggested the
presence or oral health specialist in Egypt in approximately
2600BC between 500BC and 300BC in Greece, philosopher
Aristotle and physician Hippocrates wrote about various
aspects of oral health, including tooth decay, gum disease
and tooth extraction.

Other notable important dates in the history of oral

health in approximately 700 AD, a Chinese medical text note
 the use of silver paste as an amalgam to maintain oral
health.

In 1723, Pierre Fauchard, a French surgeon published a

book called the Surgeon Dentist. A Treatise Teeth. The book
includes many aspects of oral health that are considered the
foundation of modern dentistry, including oral anatomy, oral
surgery techniques and the construction of dentures.

According to the American Dental Association, several

items that make oral health care easier originated in the
1700s: 1746: French Claude Mouton recommended white
enamel for gold tooth crowns and described a good crown
and post to embed in the root canal.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and
teeth and supporting structure clean to prevent dental
problems, most commonly, dental cavities gingivitis,
periodontal (gum) disease and bad breath. Therefore are
also oral pathology condition which good oral hygiene is
required for healing and regeneration of the oral tissue.
These conditions include gingivitis, periodontics and dental
trauma such as subluxation, oral cysts and following
impacted tooth (wisdom tooth) extraction.
Oral hygiene includes a group of processes used for the
removal of dental microbial plaque from our teeth and
maintains a healthy environmental that prevents the
development of dental health problems affecting teeth,
gums or other tissues of the oral cavity. Good oral hygiene,
proper diet and regular visits to a dentist are the key factors
for good oral health.
Oral health is essential to general health and quality of
life. It is a state of being free mouth and facial pain, oral and
throat cancer, oral infection and sores, periodontal (gum)
diseases tooth decay and other diseases and disorder that
limit an individual’s capacity in biting, chewing, smiling,
speaking and psychological wellbeing.
Oral hygiene is a basic factor for oral health, poor oral
health leads to dental plaque collections which in turn can
cause gingivitis eventually leading to periodontal disease.
That is why many clinical students have been carried out
focusing on the role disease.
Dental plaque is defined as the soft adherent structured
deposits, which forms on the tooth surface. It consists of a
mixed bacterial flora, sometimes with epithelial cells and
migrated polymorph nuclear leukocytes it not and should not
be confused with food debris.
A numbers of plaque indices has been develop for
assessing individual levels of plaque control and are also
been used in several epidemiological studies. Some of the
most well-known indies, which have been used in numerous
studies are listed below.
 The oral hygiene index is composed of combined debris
index and “calculus index” each of these indexes is in turn
based on 12 numerical determinations representing the
amount of debris or calculus found on the buccal and ligual
surfaces of each of three segments of each dental arch,
namely;
1. The segment distal to their cuspid.
2. The segment distal to the left cuspid.
3. The segment mesial to the right and left fist bicuspic.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. Lack of oral care personnel in the study area.

2. Development of an instrument to measure oral health
library
3. High cost and unavailability of Health facility is dental
clinic the treatment in the study area.
4. The lower priority given to oral health care due to the
presence of several general health problems in the
study area.
5. Behavioural problem of the adult and economic
determinants.
6. Low priority for prevention programs and dental clinic
in the study area.
7. Poor oral health knowledge in the study area.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 1. To identify way toward encouraging peoples to develop
habit of practicing personal oral hygiene’s.
2. To explore ways of improving health in the study area.
3. To the behavior of the people toward the effect of poor
oral hygiene.
4. To assess and evaluate the level of poor oral hygiene
among the people in order to reduce the incidence and
prevalence among children in the study area.
5. To identify ways towards encouraging people to
develop habit to practicing good oral hygiene.
6. To determine strategies plan to improve oral literacy in
the study area.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. Why do the people have poor oral hygiene?

2. What is the behavior and culture of the people
towards the effect of poor oral hygiene in study area?
3. How do the people take care of their oral cavity in the
study area?

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1. To create awareness of the effect of poor oral hygiene

in the study area.
2. To development to measure oral health in the study
area.
3. To provide the encouragement of government in
provision of dental clinic in the study area.
 4. It helps to improve the standard of oral hygiene among
the people and other people in general in the study
area.
5. To provide enlightenment on oral health program in
study area.
6. For further research by the students.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This focuses on enlightenment and educates the

people on effect of poor oral hygiene in the study area, the
strategies for improving and finding ways toward
encouraging people to develop habit of practicing personal
oral hygiene. Fighting impact of personal oral hygiene on
controlling dental disease and general health.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. APHTOUS ULCER:- is a small lesion that develop on the

soft tissue in the mouth.
2. AETIOLOGY:- is the study of the cause and history of
disease.
3. BUCCAL SURFACE:- is the surface of the tooth
adjacent to the cheek.
4. BITTING:- cutting use the teeth to cut into
(something).
5. CALCULUS:- or tartar is a form of hardened dental
plaque. It is caused by precipitation of minerals from
 saliva and Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in plaque on
the teeth.
6. CUSPID/CANINE:- is the teeth next to the incisors, one
tooth per quadrant, primarily use in tearing/rapping
foods.
7. DENTINE:- is a hard tissue that form the bulk of a
tooth.
8. DENTIST:- a specialized doctor for mouth/oral disease
9. DENTAL CARIES:- is a demineralization of the tooth
surface caused by bacteria or tooth decay, also known
as dental caries, cavities or caries is a breakdown of
teeth due to activities of bacteria. The cavities may be
a number of different colors from yellow to black.
10. DENTAL FLOSS:- is a thread like material, it is used for
removing bacteria plaque and food debris in between
areas of the tooth.
11. DENTAL PLAQUE:- is a film of micro-organism which
develop on the teeth plaque is always present on
teeth, except immediately after the teeth have been
brushed clean, the layer or salivary pellicles is laid
down and this is colonized by oral micro-organisms.
12. DENTAL STAIN:- it is the discoloration of the teeth due
to intake of pigmented substance that can stain the
teeth.
13. FOOD DEBRIS:- it is part of the food that is retained
(remain) in the mouth after eating, self-cleansing
 activity of the tongue and saliva and vigorous rising
will remove food debris.
14. GINIGIVITIS: This is the inflammation of the gum
(gingival).
15. GUM:- It is a pinkish coloured soft tissue which
covered the teeth in the oral cavity. It is made up of
stratified squamous epithelium and it epithelium, it is
also wet due to presence of numerous stand e.g.
salivary and mucus gland.
16. HEALTH: is a state of complete physical, mental,
spiritual and social wellbeing of an individual and not
merely the absence of diseases or infirmity (WHO
1991).
17. MATERIAL ALBA:- it is found over dental plaque, it
consist of lossely sticky white mass of oral debris and
bacteria, vigorous rinsing and water irrigation can
remove material alba.
18. OCCULSAL SURFACE:- the biting surface of the
posterior teeth.
19. PERIODENTAL DISEASES:- it is a disease that affect
virtually every individual through at different degree
throughout the individual life.
20. TARTAR:- an absolute name for calculus, the hard
deposit that forms on the teeth.
21. TEETH:- is one of the hard mineral structure in the
mouth, it is used for cutting and chewing foods.
22. TOOTH BRUSH:- is an instrument, it is used to scrub
and clean the teeth.
23. TOOTH PASTE:- is a paste or gel dentifrice used to
clean and improve the aesthetic appearance and
health of the teeth.
24. TOOTH POWER:- (or toothpaste powder) is an
alternative to tooth paste, it may be recommended for
people with sensitive teeth.
25. TONGUE CLEANER:- (also called a tongue scraper or
tongue brush) is an oral hygiene device designed to
clean the bacterial build up, food debris and dead cells
from the surface of the tongue. The bacteria and fungi
that grow on the tongue are related to many common
oral cares and general health’s problem.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Poor dental hygiene a significant risk to your overall

health for many of us our mouth are the overlooked part of
our body when it comes to wellbeing yet dental hygiene can
be vital to our overall health. Beyond regular brushing and
occasional visit to the dentist, few of us take much notice of
our dental health, yet what takes places within our mouth
that crucial bacterial intake point of our nourishment and our
supply can indicate serious underlying complaints. The teeth
and the entire mouth give us importance dues as to what
may be happening in a person body; say Sydney base
holistic dentist may see dental erosion being strongly linked
to acid reflex or mineral or chronic sinus resulting from a
poor tooth to jaw relationship.

In addition to destroying the aesthetics of your smile

and teeth having poor oral hygiene can affect your body
negatively. Our bodies are connected through our nerves
and blood streams and if you are oral anatomy is decayed
and infectious, it will spread through your body and cause
you to become very ill. There have been many disease that
have been attributed to poor oral condition and in many
cases, having oral disease will your already present disease
or illness. Dr. Calat would like to express awareness to his
patients about the importance of maintaining oral hygiene to
 prevent infectious bacteria from compromising their dental
implants.

HEALTH CONDITION AFFECTING THE HUMAN MOUTH

Dental health conditions affecting the human mouth.

1) Bad breath (halitosis)

2) Bruxism (teeth grinding, clenching)
3) Burning mouth, tongue syndrome
4) Canker sores
5) Cleft lip/palate
6) Cold sore
7) Cracked tooth syndrome
8) Dental calculus
9) Dental plaque
10) Dry mouth/Xerostomia
11) Dry socket (alveolar)
12) Meth mouth (is sever tooth decay and tooth loss)
13) Mouth cancer
14) Oral leukoplakia, Hairy leukoplakia
15) Oral thrush – stomatitis
16) Orthodontic problems
17) Periodontal disease
18) Recending gums (gingival recession)
19) Sensitivity teeth
20) TMJ disorders
21) Toothaches
 22) Tooth abscess
23) Tooth decay
24) Tooth erosion or abrasion
25) Tooth injuries/fractured or broken teeth
26) Trench mouth (ANUG)
27) Trigeminal neuralgia
28) Yellow teeth, tooth discoloration
29) Wisdom teeth problems

Dental Problem affecting Children

1) Baby bottle tooth decay

2) Fluorosis
3) Teething
4) Thumb sucking (nail disease)

The Most common oral Disease are:-

1) Dental cavities
2) Periodontal disease
3) Bad breath/halitosis
4) Toothaches
5) Tooth loses

2.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW

The patient has many signs of poor oral hygiene and

dental neglect, including heavy plaque, enamel
demineralization, strained teeth, large cavities (caries) and
 eventually panodontal disease and tooth loss. These
conditions, which are often accompanied by pain, infection
and Halitosis and which may cause general health problems
are completely preventable and account for significant
expense and discomfort.

2.2 CONSEQUENCES OF POOR ORAL HYGIENE

All those recommendation play very vital role in the

overall health of one’s gums teeth and mouth. Poor oral
hygiene can result to cavities or tooth decay. Both children
and adult can have dental carries and other gum teeth and
mouth disease especially when proper oral hygiene is
ignored. The enamel is known as the hard outer coating of
the teeth which covers it. Dental plaque accumulates on the
teeth everyday due to the different foods and drinks people
consume daily and unhealthy habits such as smoking can
also cause this. The dental plaque to the bacteria which can
eat a hole in the enamel if it is not cleared away.

While brushing and flossing are effective ways to decay,

once dental carries has built up, a professional cleaning or
treatment is already required to fix this. Moreover, gum
disease is another result of poor oral hygiene when plaque
accumulates under and along the gum line, certain
infections can emerge and this can harm the bone which
secures the teeth in place as well as the gums. The most
serious form of gum problem is referred to as periodontal
 consequence the cone may deteriorate and may result to
tooth loss.

2.3 EFFECT OF POOR ORAL HYGIENE

1. RISK FOR HEART DISEASE AND STROKE

Individual who suffer from some types of periodontal

disease are heart disease and narrowing of the arteries that
is caused by plaque bacteria that enters the body through
the gum this bacteria has the ability to clog arteries and
increase you risk of a severe heart attack. The blood vessel
that sends blood to your brain can become clogged and
increase your risk of suffering from a stroke.

2. RISK SUFFERING FROM DEMENTIA

If you have poor oral hygiene and it causes you to

suffer from tooth loss of memory which can then lead to
dementia.

There are substances which are inflammatory in nature

that can cause your brain to become inflamed which could
cause brain death.

3. RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS

If you suffer from periodontal disease the bacteria has

the potential to travel into your blood stream and into your
 lungs where it can have a direct impact on your respiratory
system.

4. RISK OF DIABETES

Studies have shown that more than 95% of individual

who live in the diabetes also have some form of periodontal
diseases or loss of teeth if are some who suffer from
diabetes you are more likely to contact certain infections.
Diabetes can also directly impact a diabetes ability to control
their level of blood sugar.

2.4 POOR ORAL HYGIENE TIED TO CANCER LINKED VIRUS

People whose teeth and gums are in poor condition

may be more susceptible to an oral virus that can cause
certain mouth and throat cancer, a new study suggests.
Researchers found that more than 3,400 U.S adults, those
who rate their oral health as “poor” to “fair” were more likely
to have an oral infection with human papilloma Virus (HPV)
which in certain case can eventually lead to cancer.

Overall 10% of people with tooth or gum disease tested

positive for oral (HPV) that compared with 6.5% those who
rated their dental health as good to “excellent”.

2.5 POOR ORAL HYGIENE AS A RISK FACTOR FOR

INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS RELATED BACTEREMIA

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND

Infective Endocarditis (IE) often is caused by bacteria

colonize teeth. The authors conducated a study to determine
if poor oral hygiene or dental disease are risk factors for
developing bacteria after tooth brushing or single tooth
extraction intervention for (IE –associate bacteria).

RESULT

The authors found that oral hygiene and gingival

disease indexes were associated significantly with IE-related
bacteremia after tooth brushing.
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the procedure of design to give

the researcher a plan which can carry out the study under
the following sub-headings.

- RESEARCH DESIGN
- POPULATION OF STUDY
- SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
- DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT
- VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT
- RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT
- DATA ANALYSIS
- ETHICAL CONSIDERATION AND APPROVA

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research was carried out using historical research design

method.

This method tried to see the opinion on the respondent on

the complication of poor oral hygiene among adult. This will lead
to the awareness about the disease and measures to be adopted
to improve on their oral health.

3.2 POPULATION OF STUDY

 The researcher find out that poor oral hygiene has been
around for centuries in middle ages before the discovery of
antibiotics.

3.3 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The researcher studies and takes the middle ages among

the members are a sample.

3.3.1SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Sampling technique was performed by suing random

sampling technique so that each member of the population was
given equally representation and no bias on the solution.

3.4 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

The researcher used questionnaire for collection of data from

the respondent.

3.5 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUCTION

These can be defined as a something adoptable to every

individual; agencies or private organization. The questionnaires
were valid after being thoroughly evaluated by the Supervisor of
the frame questionnaire were also distrusted to some people that
are not in the study area.

3.6 RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUCTION.

 Study has been carried out which served as guideline and
come out with result that the questionnaire used in this project
work are reliable.

3.7 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

The data will be collected using a structure questionnaire

among the selected participants, and explain some words that are
difficult for them to understand and some clinical terms that were
written in their literal meaning and Questionnaire was collected in
days after distribution.

3.8 DATA ANALYSIS

The researcher collected a data and was analysis through

systematic form and made a compulsion between all the ideas
often from the respondent.

3.9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION AND APPROVAL

The research is adhered to the genuine research study. The

research provides protection for participants it also conduct
respect for the right and dignity for participants.
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