AGRESEN DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL
SESSION 2024-25
CHEMISTRY PROJECT FILE
TOPIC:-PHENOL
NAME:-DAKSH RAJ
CLASS:-XII SCIENCE
ROLL NO:-
SUBMITTED TO:- A.N. PATHAK
CIRTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT DAKSH RAJ OF CLASS
XII SCIENCE HAS SUCCESSFUL COMPLETED HIS
CHEMISTRY PROJECT TO HIM FOR ACADAMIC
SESSION 2024-2025. I CERTIFY THAT THIS
ACTIVITY IS UP TO MY EXPECTATIONS AND AS
PER GUIDANCE ISSUED BY CBSE.
Remark :-
Date:-
Signature :-
ACKNOWLEWDGEMENT
I would like to express my special
thanks nd gratitude to my teacher Mr
A.N Pathak Sir who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project of chemistry. He
also helped me in completing my
project. I come to know about so many
new things. I am really thankful to
him.
Secondly, I would also like to thanks
parents and friends who helped me a
lot in finishing this activity file within
the limited time.
DAKSH RAJ
XII SCIENCE
Introduction
Phenol was discovered in1834, when it was
extracted from Coal Tar which remain the
primary source until the development of
petrochemical industries. Inorganic
chemistry phenol sometimes are called
phenotics are a class of organic compound
and consists of a Hydroxyl (-OH) directly
bonded to a hydrocarbon group. Although
similar to alcohols, phenol have
distinguishing properties and are not
classified as alcohols.
They have high acidities due to aromatic
ring’s tight coupling with a relatively loose
bond, loss of positive hydrogen ion (H+)
from the hydroxyl group of phenol
forms a phenolate ion or phenoxide ion
and the corresponding salt are called
phenolate or phenoxide.
Phenols have two or more hydroxyl group in
the aromatic ring of same material
molecule. The simplest examples are the
three benzene diols each having two
hydroxyl group in the benzene ring.
Nomenclature
Catechol
1
o-hydroxy phenol
Benzene-1,2-diol
2 Resorcinol
m-hydroxy
phenol
Benzene-1,3-
diol
3 Hydroquinone
p-hydroxy
phenol
Benzene-1,4-
diol
4 Salicylic acid
o-hydroxy benzoic
acid
2-hydroxy benzoic
acid
5 Picric acid
p-trinitro phenol
2,4,6-trinitro
phenol
m-nitro phenol
6
3-nitro phenol
7 Benzenen sulphonic
acid
8 p-bromophenol
4-bromophenol
Preparation
1. From Cumene:-
Cumene on treatment with air gives cumene
peroxide which on acidification with dilute acid
gives phenol.
2. From Sodium Salts Of Benzene
Sulphonic
Acid:-
When sodium salts of aromatic sulphonic acid
are fused with sodium hydroxide, sodium
derivatives of phenol is obtained which on
acidification yields phenol.
3. From Sodium salts of salicylic acid:-
When sodium salts of salicylic acid i.e sodium
salicylate is distilled with soda lime, it undergoes
decarboxylation to give sodium phenoxide which
upon acidification gives phenol.
COONa
4. From Benzene Diazonium Chloride:-
In this method hydrolysis of diazonium salt
either distillation is done to prepare
phenol.
5. From Chloro benzene:-
When chlorobenzene is treated with excess of
NaOH and the fromed product is hydrolysed by
dil.HCL, phenol is formed.
6. From Grignard Reagent:-
Phenols can also be obtained by the
oxidation followed by hydrolysis of aryl
magnesium halides.
PhysicalProperties
Molecular Forumla C6H5OH
Molar Mass 94.11g/mol^11
Appearance Transparent and
Crystalline Odour Sweet
Density 1.07g/cm^3
Melting Point 313.5 K
Boiling Point 455 K
Acidity 9.5(in water)
Dipole Moment 1.70
Or
1. Phenol is acidic in nature because when it
is dissolved in water it gives a phenoxide
ion and have a hydronium ion. The
phenodixe ion is stabilized by following
resonating structure and H+ ion is released
permanently and hence phenol is acidic in
nature.
2. Phenol is a colourless hygroscopic,
crystallline solid having a characteristic
carbolic odour.It turns Pink on exposure to air
and sunlight.It melts at 315K and boils at
455K.It is partially soluble in water.
Phenol is Ortho and Para directing towards
electrophilic substitution
In the above resonating structure of
phenol at 2,4 and 6 position i.e. at
ortho and para Position electron
density increases with respect to 3
and 5 position i.e. metaposition. So,
when electrophile attack, it will
attack to the position where
electron density is more and in
ortho and Para position electron
density is more so phenol is ortho
and Para directing towards
electrophilic substitution reaction.
Chemical Properties
1. Reaction with sodium metal phenol on treatment
With sodium metal gives sodium phenoxide.
2. Reaction with sodium hydroxide Phenol on
Treatment with sodium hydroxide gives sodium
phenoxide.
+H2O
3.Reaction with diazomethance Phenol on
with diazomethane gives treatment
anisole.
4.Reaction with zinc Phenol on treatment with
dust zinc dust gives
benzene
5.Reaction with FeCl3 Phenol when added to
ferric chloride gives violet coloration.
6. Condensation of Phenol with phthalic
anhydride When Phenol is condensed with
phthalic anhydride in the presence of conc.
Sulphuric acid, phenol phthalein is obtained.
7. Nitration of Phenol
a. Phenol on treatment with HNO3 gives a
mixture of o-nitrophenol and p-
nitrophenol.
b. Phenol on treatment with conc.HNO3 gives 2,4,6
-Trinitrophenol
8. BrominationofPhenol
a. Phenol on treatment with bromine water
gives 2,4,6-tribromophenol
b.Phenol on treatment with bromine water
in presence of Cs2 give o-
bromophenol and
p-bromophenol.
9. Friedal craft’s alkylation of phenol
Phenols undergo Friedal-Craft’s alkylation
reaction in the presence of anhydrous
aluminum chloride to give mixture of O-and P-
derivatives
10. Sulphonation of Phenol
Phenols can be sulphonated readily at O-
and P-positions by the action of
concentrated sulphuric acid.
11. Reimer-Tiemann Reaction
When phenol is treated with chloroform in the
presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide at
340K followed by hydrolysis, an aldehyde
group is introduced into the ring mainly at O-
postion.
12. Kolbe’s Reaction of Phenol
When sodium salts of phenol,is heated with
carbon dioxide at about 400K under 4-7 atm,
a carboxyl group is introduced mainly at
ortho position and sodium salicylate is a
major product.
13. Condensation of Phenol with form aldehde
Phenol condenses with formaldehyde in the
presence of a dilute acid or alkali at low give p-
hydroxybenzyl alcohol along with small quantity
of O-hyroxybenzyl alcohol.
14. Coupling of phenol with diazonium salts
When treated with ice-cold alkaline
solution of Diazonium salt, phenol get
coupled up mainly at p-postion and forms
p-hydroxyazo compounds which are
bright coloured azo dyes.
NaOH
Bibliography
The matter of concerned project PHENOL has
been taken from following books and websites:
Books :-
“Dinesh and Pradeep” Books of
Chemistry NCERT Chemistry of Class
12.
Websites:-
www.google.co
m
www.topper.com
www.britannica.com
