06/11/2016
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
WEB APPLICATION
ENGINEERING II
Lecture #3
Umar Ibrahim Enesi
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Objectives
• Gain understanding on the various control structures available in PHP.
• Learn how to create user defined functions.
• Learn how to locate documentations for and use various built-in
functions.
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06/11/2016
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Control Structures: Introduction
• Normally, statements in a script file are executed from top to bottom.
• Sometimes it makes sense logically to alter the normal flow of
execution in other to achieve a desired result.
• Control structures enable us to do that.
• Control structures can be loop or conditional construct.
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Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Control Structures: Introduction
• Many of PHP’s control structures are controlled by conditional
expressions.
Control Structures
Conditional Constructs Loops
if while
else do…while
elseif/else if for
switch foreach
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06/11/2016
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Control Structures: keywords
• Some PHP keywords are mostly used in conjunction with control
structures
break continue
as default
goto case
return
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Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Control Structures: if, if…else
Syntax:
if(cond_expr){
//statement(s) if cond_expr evaluates to true
}
if(cond_expr){
//statement(s) if cond_expr evaluates to true
}else{
//statement(s) if cond_expr evaluates to false
}
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06/11/2016
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Control Structures: elseif, else if
Syntax:
if(cond_expr_1){
//statement(s) if cond_expr_1 evaluates to true
}elseif (cond_expr_2) {
//statement(s) if cond_expr_2 evaluates to true
}
if(cond_expr_1){
//statement(s) if cond_expr_1 evaluates to true
}else if(cond_expr_2){
//statement(s) if cond_expr_2 evaluates to true
}
06-Nov-16 Umar Ibrahim Enesi 7
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Control Structures: switch
Syntax:
switch(expr){
case v1:
statement(s); break;
case v2:
statement(s); break;
...
case vn:
statement(s); break;
default:
statement(s);
}
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06/11/2016
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Control Structures: while
Syntax:
while(cond_expr){
//statement(s) if cond_expr evaluates to true
}
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Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Control Structures: do…while
Syntax:
do{
statement(s);
}while(cont_expr);
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06/11/2016
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Control Structures: for loop
Syntax:
for(initialisation; cond_expr; increment){
statement(s);
}
• initialisation, cond_expr and increment are optional
What does the above implies?
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Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Control Structures: foreach
Syntaxes:
foreach (array_expr as $value) {
statement(s);
}
foreach (array_expr as $key => $value) {
statement(s);
}
• This loop construct is specially suited for arrays and traversable objects (see PHP’s
SPL)
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06/11/2016
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Control Structures: break, continue, return
• break ends execution of the current loop or switch structure.
• continue ends execution of the current iteration of a loop.
• return statement returns program control to the calling module.
• return automatically ends execution of a function, loop, included file
or script.
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Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
File Inclusion: include
• include statement includes the contents of a specified file into the
calling script.
• code in the included file behave as though it was originally defined in
the calling script.
• Thus inherits the variable scope at the point of inclusion.
• Path given to include can be absolute or relative path.
<?php
include “[Link]”;
?>
• PHP issues warning if the file to be included cannot be found.
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06/11/2016
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
File Inclusion: include_once
• include statement allows files to be included more than once.
• include_once ensures that a file is included only once.
<?php
include_once “[Link]”;
?>
• PHP issues warning if the file to be included cannot be found.
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Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
File Inclusion: require(_once)
• require works similar to include statement except that an error
is issued when a file cannot be found.
• require_once works similar to require but ensures that files
are included only once.
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06/11/2016
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Functions: Introduction
• To facilitate code reuse and organisation, statements are grouped
(code block) under a named construct called function.
• The code block is executed whenever the function is called.
• Functions always return values and may receive input (arguments).
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Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Functions: Syntax
Simplistically,
function func_name(optional_args){
//statement(s);
//optional return statement
}
• func_name follows the same naming rules for variables.
• Function names are case insensitive.
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06/11/2016
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Functions: argument
• A function may be passed some information (inputs).
• Such inputs are called arguments.
• Multiple arguments in a function declaration are separated by comma (,)
<?php
/*function declaration */
function product($num1, $num2){
$prod = $num1 * $num2;
return $prod;
}
$x = product(100, 4); //function call
echo $x; //outputs 400
?>
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Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Functions: argument value vs reference
• By default function arguments are passed by value.
• So a copy of the values of function arguments are used within the function.
• To pass the reference of variables to function arguments, prepend ampersand (&)
to the argument name.
<?php
function allCaps(&$word){
$word = strtoupper($word);
}
$course = “Web Application Engineering II”;
allCaps($course);//function call
echo $course; //WEB APPLICATION ENGINEERING II
?>
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06/11/2016
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Functions: default argument value
• Default values of function arguments are specified by assigning a value to the
argument.
• Default values must be literal values – variables or return value of function are
not allowed
• Default arguments should always be place at the right side of the function
argument list.
• <?php
function greet($name= “Anonymous”){
echo “Hello, $name!”;
}
greet(“Ibrahim”);//Outputs Hello, Ibrahim!
greet();//Outputs Hello, Anonymous!
?>
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Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Functions: variable argument list
• Sometimes a function might be declared to accept variable number of arguments.
• Use “…” token to denote variable-length argument in a function declaration.
• Arguments will be received as an array
• <?php
function sum(...$numbers){
$sum= 0;
foreach($numbers as $number){ $sum+=$number; }
return $sum;
}
$total1 = sum(1, 5, 2, 5, 23, 62);
$total2 = sum(54,13, 4);
?>
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06/11/2016
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Functions: Local scope
• Functions introduce local scope within its declaration.
• Within a function declaration, the global scope is not accessible.
• To access the global scope and reach out for global variables and
functions, use:
• global keyword
• $GLOBALS[] superglobal array
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Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Functions: Return values
• Functions may return values before passing control back to its calling
module.
• Return values can be of any type.
• If return statement is omitted, NULL is returned.
<?php
function product($num1, $num2){
return ($num1 * $num2);
}
?>
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06/11/2016
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Functions: Built-in Functions
• PHP comes with many built-in functions.
• Some functions require certain PHP extensions.
• The PHP documentation manual describes all of these functions.
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Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
Key Points
• Control statements may be loop or conditional structures.
• Most control statements are controlled by conditional expressions.
• foreach loop is specially suited for arrays and traversable objects.
• Some PHP keywords are mostly used in conjunction with control structures.
• while, do…while and for loops performs similar function but in different fashion.
• Functions facilitate code reuse and organisation and may be called multiple times.
• Functions may receive variable argument list.
• Functions always return values.
• Functions introduces a local scope which overshadows the global scope within its declaration.
• Within a function global scope can be accessed with global or $GLOBALS[] super global array
• PHP comes with a lot of built-in functions, some of which are provided by PHP extensions.
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06/11/2016
Dept of Computer Science
Ahmadu Bello University
References
• PHP Documentation Manual
• Murach PHP and MySQL
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
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