Tetra-Ply: Sustainable Plyboard Crafted from Recycled Tetra Pak Containers
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presented the conceptual literature, and research literature which the
researcher used to provide information toward the enrichment and understanding of the study.
This serves as a guide for the researchers to conduct the study effectively and will be beneficial
in supporting the findings as the researchers conduct the study.
Conceptual Literature
This section of the study examined the collection of several studies previously
undertaken by earlier studies on environmental impact of solid waste, mechanical and
environmental considerations in construction materials, and converting solid waste into
construction materials which was a huge assist in the accomplishment of this research.
Furthermore, the related research literature will support the present study in converting Tetra
Pak containers into sustainable construction materials.
Improper solid waste management
According to (Abeta et al., 2019), Improper solid waste management (SWM) is a major
public health and environmental issue in many underdeveloped nations, including Asella Town.
Inappropriate solid waste management practices include inappropriate solid waste separation
and improper disposal of solid waste in an area that is not permitted by law. Because the output
of solid waste is growing at an alarming rate and surpassing the capacity of cities and
municipalities, municipal wastes are poorly managed in emerging nations. This often leads to
the accumulation of waste in open dumps, illegal dumping sites, and even waterways, causing
severe environmental pollution and posing significant risks to human health, including the
spread of infectious diseases.
Furthermore, according to Gedif (2019), Improper solid waste disposal is one of the
major causes affecting public and environmental health. People's rights are violated when solid
waste is disposed of illegally. People's rights to a clean and healthy environment, health, life,
and other related rights can all be violated by improper solid waste disposal. An integrated
approach to the environment and human rights has replaced the "ecosphere" or anthropocentric
approach to environmental conservation in recent years. This integrated approach recognizes
the interconnectedness between human well-being and environmental health, emphasizing the
importance of ensuring that environmental policies and practices do not infringe upon the rights
of communities and vulnerable populations.
Moreover, according to (Nematollahi et al., 2017), Improper solid waste management
remains a major challenge in the region, with water contamination as the primary outcome. A
high ratio of putrescible materials demonstrated that biofuel may be produced in rural settings.
Globally, there are a number of issues with rural trash management. Similar to other regions of
the world, the most significant issue that, if resolved, might lead to a better environmental state
is the disregard for the correct application of the current laws. This includes inadequate
enforcement of existing regulations, lack of public awareness and education programs, and
insufficient investment in waste management infrastructure, such as collection systems, transfer
stations, and treatment facilities.
Additionally, according to (Alazaiza et al., 2024), Improper solid waste management
(SWM) has resulted in an environmental and epidemiological catastrophe, underlining the
importance of SWM due to rising solid waste creation. Research on the connection between
SWM and the environment has increased significantly during the last few decades. Rapid
technological advancement, economic expansion, and urbanization have resulted in an
unparalleled increase in garbage generation, presenting serious health and safety hazards on a
worldwide basis. Both the amount and quality of solid waste (SW) have significantly increased
as a result of changing industrialization patterns and consumer-driven lifestyles, which has had
a significant impact on the environment. This includes the generation of electronic waste (e-
waste), medical waste, and hazardous industrial waste, which pose unique challenges due to
their toxicity and potential for environmental contamination.
Solid Waste Management
According to Bhattacharya (2019), Solid waste management (SWM) is a key component
of any environmental management system. Based on the "reduce", "reuse", and "recycle" (3R)
principles, SWM approaches have been changed into a more practical and effective choice for
establishing sustainability. This shift emphasizes a proactive approach to waste management,
prioritizing waste prevention and minimization through strategies such as product design for
recyclability, promoting the use of durable and reusable goods, and encouraging consumer
awareness and behavior change.
Building upon this foundation, according to Awino (2024), Growing populations and
consumption present issues for solid waste management (SWM); globalization of transportation,
food production, and trade, including garbage trading, spreads dangers globally. Using waste
hierarchy (WH; reduce, reuse, and recycle) and circular economy (CE) concepts, we revised a
conceptual waste framework used by international organizations to assess SWM activities. This
revised framework incorporates the principles of the circular economy, such as resource
recovery, product reuse, and industrial symbiosis, to promote more sustainable waste
management practices. It also emphasizes the need for a holistic approach that considers the
entire lifecycle of products and materials, from production and consumption to end-of-life
management, ensuring that waste management strategies are integrated throughout the entire
value chain.
Furthermore, according to Argade (2016), All over the world, solid waste management is
seen as a significant concern for public authorities. Solid waste management in Pune, India,
presents significant challenges. While the Pune Corporation has established systems to collect
and treat approximately 1600 MT of waste daily, including composting, biogas production, and
inert waste recycling, limitations persist. Landfill space remains a critical concern, and
environmental impacts from improper disposal, such as soil and water contamination, are
significant. Enhancing resource recovery through increased recycling, waste minimization
strategies, and exploring advanced technologies like waste-to-energy plants are crucial. Public
awareness campaigns and active community involvement are essential for the success of
sustainable waste management practices in Pune.
Finally, according to Nzeadibe (2020), Solid waste management (SWM) is a public
health service that is frequently undervalued. When the challenge of solid waste management is
aggravated by a public health disaster like the Covid-19 outbreak, its true importance as a
critical service becomes clear. The Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the critical role of effective
waste management in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Proper handling and
disposal of medical waste, including personal protective equipment (PPE), are crucial to protect
public health and prevent environmental contamination. This underscores the crucial role of
SWM in safeguarding public health, particularly during times of crisis.
Upcycling
Firstly, according to Ben Bridgens (2018), on the study title “Creative upcycling:
Reconnecting people, materials and place through making” Upcycling is reuse of discarded
materials which results in an increase in ‘value’. We discuss the potential for creative upcycling
to reconnect people with materials and establish cultures and communities of making. The
reaction of the public to creative reuse is explored by creating a café structure made entirely
from recycled materials, and this provides the starting point to consider the contexts in which
upcycling occurs, the motivations for (and barriers to) reuse and upcycling, the potential benefits
of upcycling in the context of affluent Western 'consumer' societies, and the scope for designers
to imbue objects with the potential for creative reuse. We argue that designing to enable
creative upcycling allows the future lives of objects to be contingent on context and culture,
rather than being prescribed by the designer, with potential for widespread social, economic and
environmental benefits.
Expanding upon this concept, according to Kai Li (2022), on the title “Plastic waste
upcycling toward a circular economy” Upcycling is an efficient way to transform plastic waste
into high-value products and can significantly lessen the environmental impact of plastic
production/consumption. In this article, current advances and future directions in plastic waste
upcycling technologies are discussed. In particular, this review focuses on the production of
high-value materials from plastic waste conversion methods, including pyrolysis, gasification,
photo reforming, and mechanical reprocessing. Plastic waste compositions, conversion
products, reaction mechanisms, catalyst selection, conversion efficiencies, polymer design, and
polymer modification are also explored. The main challenges facing the adoption and scale-up
of these technologies are highlighted. Suggestions are given for focusing on future research and
development to increase the efficiency of upcycling practices.
Furthermore, Sung K (2015), conducted a study titled “A review on upcycling: current
body of literature, knowledge gaps and a way forward” Upcycling is a process in which used
materials are converted into something of higher value and/or quality in their second life. It has
been increasingly recognised as one promising means to reduce material and energy use, and
to engender sustainable production and consumption. For this reason and other foreseeable
benefits, the concept of upcycling has received more attention from numerous researchers and
business practitioners in recent years. This has been seen in the growing number of
publications on this topic since the 1990s. However, the overall volume of literature dealing with
upcycling is still low and no major review has been presented. Therefore, to further establish
this field, this paper analyses and summarizes the current body of literature on upcycling,
focusing on different definitions, trends in practices, benefits, drawbacks and barriers in a
number of subject areas, and gives suggestions for future research by illuminating knowledge
gaps in the area of upcycling.
Finally, Jagdeep Singh (2019), conducted a study titled “Challenges and opportunities
for scaling up upcycling businesses – The case of textile and wood upcycling businesses in the
UK” Upcycling is a process in which used or waste products and materials are repaired, reused,
repurposed, refurbished, upgraded and remanufactured in a creative way to add value to the
compositional elements. It has been part of human life throughout history, and the past few
years have seen its revival, driven by multiple factors including growing concern for the
environment and resource scarcity. Upcycling increases quality and lifetimes of materials and
products, reduces wastes, creates employment opportunities, and encourages sustainable
consumer behavior. Despite such benefits and increasing interest, upcycling is largely
considered as a niche practice. One of the important gaps in the current state of knowledge on
upcycling is a lack of systemic understanding about challenges and success factors relating to
scaling up upcycling businesses. This paper aims to address this gap by employing a broad
range of methods for reaching its goal, including literature review, stakeholder analysis, semi-
structured interviews, group model building, development of causal loop diagrams, and a
workshop with stakeholders and experts to validate causal loop diagrams and discuss promising
interventions and how to proceed. The results identified potential actors for the success of
upcycling businesses, key challenges and success factors, causal linkages among the
challenges and success factors, key system mechanisms, and interventions for scaling up
upcycling businesses.
Synthesis
Improper Solid Waste Management poses significant threats to public health and the
environment, as evidenced by studies conducted by Abeta et al. (2019), Gedif (2019),
Nematollahi et al. (2017), and Alazaiza et al. (2024). Inadequate waste disposal practices, such
as open dumping and illegal dumping, lead to severe environmental pollution, including water
contamination and air pollution. Furthermore, these practices pose significant risks to human
health, including the spread of infectious diseases. The studies emphasize the need for a
holistic approach to waste management that considers not only environmental impacts but also
human rights implications, ensuring that waste management practices do not infringe upon the
rights of communities and vulnerable populations.
Effective Solid Waste Management is crucial for environmental sustainability and human
well-being. Bhattacharya (2019) emphasizes the importance of adopting a proactive approach
to waste management, prioritizing waste prevention and minimization through strategies such
as the 3R principle (reduce, reuse, recycle). Awino (2024) further highlights the significance of a
circular economic approach, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach that considers the
entire lifecycle of products and materials. Abubakar (2022) emphasizes the broader societal
benefits of effective SWM, including job creation, improved city livability, and economic
development. Finally, Nzeadibe (2020) underscores the critical role of effective waste
management in public health emergencies, highlighting the importance of proper handling and
disposal of medical waste.
Upcycling emerges as a promising strategy for sustainable waste management. Ben
Bridgens (2018) emphasizes the potential of creative upcycling to reconnect people with
materials and establish communities of making. Kai Li (2022) explores the potential of upcycling
technologies, such as pyrolysis and gasification, to transform plastic waste into high-value
products. Sung K (2015) provides a comprehensive review of the existing literature on
upcycling, identifying key trends, benefits, and challenges. Finally, Jagdeep Singh (2019)
investigates the challenges and opportunities for scaling up upcycling businesses, highlighting
the need for a better understanding of the factors that contribute to the success of upcycling
ventures.
In conclusion, these studies collectively underscore the critical importance of effective
waste management practices in addressing environmental challenges, protecting public health,
and promoting sustainable development. By implementing innovative approaches such as
upcycling, promoting the circular economy, and strengthening waste management
infrastructure, we can move towards a more sustainable and equitable future.
Related Literature
Environmental Impact of Solid Waste
"Assessment of Environmental Impact of Solid Waste Generation and Disposal in Sokoto
Metropolis" by Lawali et al. (2019) investigates the significant environmental and public health
impacts of illegal dumping of solid waste in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. This issue stems from
rapid urbanization and inadequate waste services, leading to the accumulation of waste in open
spaces and waterways. The study, based on a survey of 400 residents and data from relevant
agencies, found that illegal dumping contributes to environmental degradation, including
flooding, air and water pollution, and poses serious public health risks, such as the spread of
diseases like malaria, typhoid, and cholera. To address this issue, the study recommends a
multi-pronged approach, including public awareness campaigns, stricter enforcement of waste
management regulations, and the provision of adequate waste bins.
Furthermore, "Environmental Sustainability Impacts of Solid Waste Management
Practices in the Global South" by Maniruzzaman et al. (2022) examines the human and
environmental health impacts of solid waste management (SWM) practices in Global South
cities. While effective SWM is crucial for sustainable urban development, unsustainable
practices, exacerbated by rapid urbanization and limited resources, pose significant challenges.
Common practices include mixing different waste types, inadequate storage and transportation,
and reliance on uncontrolled dumping, open burning, and landfills. These practices result in air
and water pollution, land degradation, and the release of greenhouse gases, disproportionately
affecting marginalized communities. The study emphasizes the need for improved SWM
practices, such as implementing integrated waste management systems, promoting waste
minimization and recycling programs, and developing sustainable waste disposal options, to
mitigate these negative impacts and promote sustainable urban development in the Global
South.
In addition, "Environmental impact assessment of municipal solid waste management
incorporating mechanical treatment of waste and incineration in Hangzhou, China" by Deviatkin
et al. (2016) evaluates the environmental impact of MSW management in Hangzhou, China, by
comparing co-incineration of MSW with coal to RDF production and incineration. Using an LCA
approach, the study found that RDF incineration could significantly reduce the environmental
impacts compared to co-incineration with coal, particularly in terms of global warming,
acidification, and eutrophication potential. The study emphasizes the importance of proper
treatment of organic reject materials from RDF production, such as utilizing them for energy
generation, to further optimize environmental performance.
Finally, "The Impact of Solid Waste Management to the Economic Growth in selected
OECD Countries and Philippines" by Cabauatan et al. (2022) investigates the relationship
between environmental factors (municipal solid waste (MSW), MSW per capital, and recycling
rate) and socioeconomic factors (population and economic growth (GDP per capita)) in five
selected OECD countries from 1990 to 2018. Using panel regression analysis and Granger
causality tests, the study found a significant positive relationship between MSW and economic
growth. However, the impact of the recycling rate on economic growth varied across countries,
with only Spain showing a positive correlation. The study also found bidirectional causality
between MSW per capita, GDP per capita growth, and recycling rate. Based on these findings,
the study recommends that the Philippines consider adopting solid waste management policies
and practices from successful OECD countries to enhance waste reduction and recycling
efforts.
Mechanical and Environmental Considerations in Construction Materials
The study by Barrera et al. (2023) explores the use of waste Tetra Pak containers in
construction materials, highlighting their potential to enhance sustainability in the industry. By
incorporating unaltered Tetra Pak waste into construction materials, the research demonstrates
that mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, are maintained while achieving
significant environmental benefits through waste reduction. This approach not only repurposes
packaging waste but also eliminates the need for complex recycling processes, presenting an
eco-friendlier alternative for sustainable construction. For example, Tetra Pak waste can be
integrated into concrete mixtures, replacing a portion of traditional aggregates like sand and
gravel, thereby reducing the environmental impact associated with their extraction and
transportation.
Building upon this research, Garcia et al. (2023) examine the use of Tetra Pak particles in
reinforced concrete, showing that their inclusion improves both tensile and compressive
strength, particularly in masonry applications. This finding highlights the potential of Tetra Pak
waste to replace traditional reinforcements, thereby reducing the environmental burden
associated with the use of virgin materials. Specifically, the study demonstrates that
incorporating Tetra Pak particles can enhance the load-bearing capacity and durability of
concrete structures, leading to more resilient and sustainable buildings. Their study underscores
the dual benefits of waste repurposing — enhancing the mechanical properties of construction
materials while contributing to sustainable building practices.
Furthermore, the study "Accelerated Discovery of Sustainable Building Materials" by
Goodwin et al. (2019) utilizes artificial intelligence (AI) to accelerate the development of
sustainable concrete formulations. By employing Conditional Variational Autoencoders (CVAE),
the study optimizes concrete mixes that balance mechanical performance with environmental
sustainability. This innovative use of AI allows for the creation of concrete materials that not only
meet critical strength and durability requirements but also reduce emissions and resource
consumption, paving the way for the adoption of greener, high-performance materials in
construction. For instance, AI can be used to identify optimal combinations of recycled
materials, such as fly ash, slag, and silica fume, with cement to achieve desired mechanical
properties while minimizing environmental impact.
Finally, Sharghi et al. (2023) focus on the recycling and reuse of waste materials in
underground construction, emphasizing the potential of excavated tunnel materials such as soil
and rock for uses like backfilling, grouting, and road bases. Their study reveals that these
practices not only reduce the environmental impact of underground construction projects but
also conserve valuable resources. Additionally, they explore the potential of industrial by-
products for applications such as thermal insulation and fire protection in tunnels, demonstrating
the broad applicability of recycled materials in enhancing both sustainability and safety in
underground infrastructure. For example, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), a by-
product of steel production, can be used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete mixes
for tunnel linings, reducing the carbon footprint of the construction process.
Waste to Construction Materials
Based on the study of Mendis et al. (2019), natural resources are under stress and there
is a shortage of traditional building materials as a result of rapid urbanization and the
infrastructural development that goes along with it. Municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal,
however, is a significant environmental challenge. MSW landfilling is expensive and
environmentally harmful. One method that is frequently used to produce energy is the
incineration of MSW. On the other hand, micropollutants released during combustion raise
certain problems. The carbon footprint process and the environmental cost-benefit ratio are
debatable. It is obvious that MSW treatment requires the adoption of cost-effective alternatives.
In this research, the possible use of "treated" MSW as a component of construction materials is
suggested. The study finds that turning waste into construction material has consistent
efficiency, but it indicates a very small discrepancy in strength results.
In addition, depletion of natural resources and environmental contamination are caused
by the manufacturing and usage of traditional building materials. Furthermore, the elimination of
solid waste from building, industry, agriculture, and other sources is a major issue in both
industrialized and developing nations today. Therefore, the sustainable building materials made
from waste materials are thoroughly examined in this study. It evaluates the engineering
applicability, qualities, and effects on the economy, society, and environment of 190 peer-
reviewed studies. The majority of sustainable building materials have good engineering
performance, according to the findings, but they need to show that they are socially (73.3%),
economically (40%) and environmentally (33.3%) sustainable. The majority of sustainable
construction materials are still in the experimental stage, thus further study is needed to
determine their long-term savings, maintenance costs, human toxicity, and other important
factors. In order to encourage more research on sustainable building materials, lower non-
renewable energy use and solid waste recycling, and make it easier to use them in green
buildings, this paper outlines some of the present obstacles to their use (Ahn et al., 2024)
Based on the study of Kaur et al. (2022), entitled "Recycling/reuse of plastic waste as
construction material for sustainable development: a review", due to the exponential growth in
plastic production and the resulting increase in plastic trash, scientists and researchers are
searching for creative and sustainable ways to recycle and reuse plastic garbage in order to
lessen its detrimental effects on the environment. Among the industries where waste plastic is
becoming a practical alternative are construction materials, fuel conversion, household items,
fabric, and apparel. The one that has attracted the most attention among these is construction
material that has been altered using plastic trash. There are two benefits to modifying building
materials with plastic trash. It decreases the quantity of plastic trash that ends up in landfills or
as litter, and it also uses fewer mined building materials, which helps to mitigate the negative
environmental effects of the construction sector. The advancements surrounding the use of
plastic waste as a component of building materials are documented in this paper. A thorough
analysis has been conducted on the use of plastic waste as a binder, aggregate, fine aggregate,
modifier, or alternative to cement and sand in the production of bricks, tiles, concrete, and
roadways. The impact of adding plastic trash on durability, strength, water absorption, and other
aspects has also been extensively examined. The research works that were taken into
consideration for this evaluation were divided into groups according to whether they addressed
the utilization of plastic waste in concrete for road building or for bricks and tiles.
According to Ahmad et al. (2021), based on their study entitled "A scientometric review
of waste material utilization in concrete for sustainable construction", due to its substantial
contribution to energy consumption, resource depletion, and carbon dioxide emissions, the
construction industry has a substantial environmental impact. This industry is now using
alternative materials instead of cement and natural materials, which lessens its impact on the
environment and encourages sustainability. Large amounts of waste materials are produced all
around the world. Usually disposed of in landfills, the majority of these waste items are
infectious, combustible, corrosive, toxic, chemically reactive, and incendiary. This pollutes the
environment and puts human health at risk. Therefore, it would be wiser to incorporate waste
elements into concrete instead. A scientometric review of waste material was carried out using
the extensive bibliometric data, which included journal and review articles, that was gathered
from the Scopus database over the previous 20 years. Through the analysis of available
bibliometric data, scientometric analysis determines the current state of research by identifying
states that have made the most contributions to the field of waste materials utilization in
concrete, authors and papers with the most citations, related publication areas, sources with the
most publications, and the most frequently occurring keywords. Additionally, the most recent
research topics are noted and talked about. Future study is suggested after the sustainability
elements of recycling waste materials in concrete are examined. Scholars from other nations
will be able to collaborate on research, create joint businesses, and share new ideas and
expertise thanks to the scientometric review.
Synthesis
Solid waste has a significant impact on the environment. It has been proven by Lawali et
al. (2019), Maniruzzaman et al. (2022), Deviatkin et al. (2017), and Cabauatan et al. (2022) in
their studies. They all have different studies, but they all prove that solid waste is harmful for
human health and for the natural environment. This negative effect of solid waste emerges
because of urban development and unsustainable practices, exacerbated by rapid urbanization
and limited resources, pose significant challenges. The studies suggest that the solid waste
must be converted into sustainable materials to reduce its negative impact on the environment.
The use of waste Tetra Pak containers in construction materials highlights the potential
to enhance sustainability in the industry (Barrera et al., 2023). Using Tetra Pak trash in place of
conventional reinforcements lessens the environmental impact of using virgin resources (Garcia
et al., 2023). However, according to Goodwin et al. (2019), the mechanical performance and
environmental sustainability of concrete mixes must be balanced. Converting solid waste
materials can reduce environmental impact but also conserve the natural resources. Turning
solid waste materials into sustainable construction materials must always consider the
environmental considerations.
The study of Mendis et al. (2019) is parallel to the current study. The study of Mendis
and the current study focused on converting municipal solid waste into sustainable construction
materials. Both studies aim to reduce the negative environmental impact of municipal solid
waste. In addition, because of the depletion of natural resources and environmental
contamination, Ahn et al. (2024) conducted a study of converting the solid waste into a green
building. This is interrelated to the current study, but the current study was focusing on the
conversion of solid waste materials to sustainable construction materials for the engineering
field. In addition, it is similar to the study of Kaur et al. (2022), entitled “Recycling/reuse of plastic
waste as construction material for sustainable development: a review.” However, the current
study focused on Tetra Pak containers.
Even though the current study has a similar study of different authors, the current study
was not plagiarized, and it has an original concept. The current study focused on converting
Tetra Pak containers into sustainable plyboard for construction. This innovation helps to reduce
environmental impact and health infection through bacteria and chemical properties of municipal
solid waste. This will help to reduce the large number of Tetra Pak containers as municipal solid
waste and help to produce construction materials from waste to prevent the depletion of
resources.
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