KENDRAPARA

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ON - RECTIFER

Submitted by:
Punya Pulakita Pati
Class- XII
Roll No-23
Section: A

Guided by:
Srinibas Sutar,
PGT(Physics)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that PUNYA PULAKITA PATI of

the class XII has completed successfully investigatory
project on the topic "RECTIFIER" under the guidance
of SRINIBAS SUTAR (PGT PHYSICS) during the year
2024-25 in the partial fulfilment of the physics
practical examination conducted by CBSE.

Examiner's Signature Teacher in charge

Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It would my utmost pleasure to express my sincere

thanks to my physics teacher SRINIBAS SUTAR in providing a
helping hand in this project and even thanks to my school
principal BIBHU PADARABINDA JENA. His valuable guidance,
support and supervision all through this project are
responsible for attaining its present form. I would also like
to thank my friends DIBYA RANJAN SAHOO, SAI SATARUPA
MOHAPATRA & SUMAN PATRA as they helped me to put
forward my project.

SIGNATURE
 AIM

To construct a Full Wave Bridge rectifier and show that the

(AC) alternating current is rectifier into a direct current (DC).

The aim is to –
1. Understand Rectification.
2. Explain centre tapped full rectification.
3. Explain Bridge Full Wave Rectification.
 CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Theory
 Materials required
 Circuit diagram
 Procedure
 Working
 Observation And Result
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current

(AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC),
which flows in only one direction. The process is known as
rectification. Rectification produces a type of DC that encompasses
active voltages and currents, which are then adjusted into a type of
constant voltage DC, although this varies depending on the
current's end-use. The current is allowed to flow uninterrupted in
one direction, and no current is allowed to flow in the opposite
direction.

Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube

diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium oxide rectifiers,
semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-
based semiconductor switches.

Rectifier circuits may be single-phase or multi-phase. Most low

power rectifiers for domestic equipment are single-phase, but
three-phase rectification is very important for industrial
applications and for the transmission of energy as DC.
 THEORY

In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half

of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked.
Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the
output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer.
A full-wave rectifier is exactly the same as the half wave. But
allows unidirectional current through the load during the
entire sinusoidal cycle (as opposed to only half the cycle in
the half wave). A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of
the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or
negative) at its output. Let us see our half wave rectifier
example and deduce the circuit. So, we have seen that this
rectifier phase circuit consists of two sources which have a
difference along with two diodes. When V1 is positive, V2 is
negative. Hence the top diode will be a short and the
bottom diode will be an open. On the other hand, when Vs1
is negative. Vs2 is positive. Hence the bottom diode will be
on and the top diode will be an open circuit.
A full-wave rectifier can be constructed using Centre which
transformer give us two Tapped shifted sinusoids so that
exactly one of the waveforms is positive at one time and
two diodes. As compared to the half wave rectifier we use
two diodes instead of one, one of the two diodes remains in
conduction in both of the half cycles. At any point in time,
only one of the diodes is forward biased. This allows for
continuous conduction through load.
MATERIALS REQUIRED

 Connecting Wires
 A Plug
 Single Lead Wire-2m
 Three Nuts And Bolts 2-3 cm Length
 Circuit Board
 A Transformer (12V)
 A Resistor
 P-N Junction Diodes (4nos)
 A LED
 Insulation Tape, Blades, Soldering Wax, Soldering Lead,
Soldering Iron and Sand Paper.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Circuit diagram of a full wave Rectifier:

 PROCEDURE

Take the transformer and attach it to one end of the circuit

board. Attach the plug with the wire of desired length and
connect it to the transformer AC In. now, take four diodes
and connect the 4 diodes into a loop. Connect the anode of
diode DI to the anode of D2.

Connect the cathode of D2 to anode of D3.connect the

cathode of D3 to anode of D4 and connect the anode of D4
to cathode of D1. The output of transformers should be
connected to A and C. Now, take two capacitor and connect
its -VE terminal to - VE and +VE terminal to +VE. And
connect both the capacitors to B and D. Connect a resistor
and a LED to the capacitor. Attach wire from the capacitors
and connect it to the output device.
 WORKING
When the AC is supplied to the transformer, it step down
the 240V main supply to 12v. It has a capability of delivering
700mA. The 12 volts AC appearing across the secondary is
the RMS value. The four diodes labelled Di to Da are
arranged in "series pairs" with only two diodes conducting
current during each half cycle. The four diodes labelled Di to
Da are arranged in "series pairs" with only two diodes
conducting current during each half cycle. During the
positive half cycle of the supply, diodes DI and D2 conduct in
series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the
current flows through the load as shown below.

During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and

D4 conduct in series, but diodes DI and D2 switch OFF" as
they are now reverse biased. The current lowing through
the load is the same direction as before.
The Positive Half-cycle
In subsequent Half cycles of the AC Current the above
process are repeated. In both the half cycles it is clear that
current flows through the resistor in only one direction.
Even though the voltage across load is few AC unidirectional
it will still contains a components. This is filtered and made
smooth using a capacitor, which filters 99% of the AC
current. A resistor is then used to adjust

The Negative Half-cycle

Output voltage. Capacitor also nearly filters all AC

components from supply and resistance is adjusted for the
required output. As this is a simple circuit, two capacitors
and one resistor are being used. The output Direct Current
and voltage light up the LED and other source connected
with it.
 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
On connecting a voltmeter to the output of bridge circuit
12V current is coming.
 CONCLUSION
Rectifiers are found in all power supplies that operate from
an AC voltage source. Also the rectifier is used as a power
supply unit. The rectifier converts the ac input voltage to a
pulsating dc voltage. The filter eliminates the fluctuations in
the rectified voltage and produces a relatively smooth dc
voltage. The regulator a circuit that maintains a constant de
voltage for variations in the input line voltage or in the load.

Working of A Rectifier:
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Physics lab manual

 Wikipedia
 www.google.com
 www.olabs.edu.in