Topic:

The Influence of Depression on Doom Scrolling and Climate Change Engagement

Sample
(18 – 45 +) years of age, and speak Dutch or German
Final data= 130 participants

Limitations:

Self-Report Bias:

1. Quantitative data was collected through a self-report survey.

2. Responses may reflect socially desirable answers, potentially affecting the accuracy,
reliability, and validity of the data.

Sample Size Constraints:

2.

1. Target sample size of 200 participants was not achieved due to time constraints.
2. Final data included responses from only 130 participants after cleaning.
3. The sample may not be representative of the entire population.

Demographic Limitations:

1. Most participants were German and Dutch, predominantly women.

2. Participants had a higher educational background, suggesting a good socioeconomic
status.
3. Lack of representation from lower socioeconomic groups might skew results, as
perspectives on climate change may differ due to disparities in vulnerability to its
effects.

Instrument Reliability and Validity:

1. The self-developed instrument (CCDS) requires further testing to ensure reliability

and validity.
 2. Current reliability testing was limited to the study’s sample. Further validation with
larger, diverse samples is necessary.

Qualitative Data Coding:

1. Thematic analysis was used for qualitative data coding, but inter-rater reliability was
not calculated.
2. The flexibility of thematic analysis may lead to inconsistencies in focus during the
coding process.
3. Lack of a theoretical framework limited the depth of analysis and the ability to
derive broader conclusions.

Topic:
The Predictive Relationships between the Social Media Addiction and Social Anxiety,
Loneliness, and Happiness

Sample:
The research group consisted a total of 312 university students, 165 female (53%) and
147 male (47%), attending at a state university in Turkey during the 2017-2018
academic year. Students’ age ranged between 19 and 25 with a standard deviation of
1.23. This document downloaded from [Link] [2 times] / United States on T

Limitations:

Limited Predictive Power:

1. The study found that social anxiety and happiness only explained 20% of the
variance in social media addiction, leaving a significant portion unexplained. Other
potential predictors, such as personality traits, environmental factors, or peer
influence, were not considered.

Non-Significant Loneliness Variable:

1. Although loneliness is often associated with social media addiction, it was not found
to be a significant predictor in this study. This could be due to a marginal effect
caused by moderate relationships between loneliness, social anxiety, and happiness,
which may have diluted its predictive power.

Cross-Sectional Design:

1. The study used a cross-sectional design, which limits the ability to draw causal
inferences between social anxiety, happiness, loneliness, and social media
addiction. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish causality.

Sample Characteristics:
 1. The study sample may not be representative of the broader population, as it
focused on university students. Results may not generalize to other age groups or
individuals with different educational or socioeconomic backgrounds.

Self-Report Measures:

1. Data was collected using self-report questionnaires, which are subject to biases such
as social desirability and inaccurate self-assessment, potentially affecting the
reliability of the findings.

Excluded Variables:

1. The study did not account for other potential psychosocial or environmental factors,
such as self-esteem, family dynamics, or cultural influences, which might influence
social media addiction.

Lack of Qualitative Insights:

1. The study relied solely on quantitative methods. Qualitative research, such as in-
depth interviews, could provide deeper insights into the experiences and
motivations behind social media addiction.

Limited Methodological Scope:

1. While the study used regression analysis, more sophisticated methods like
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) could have been employed to explore indirect
or complex relationships among variables.

Link [Link]

Topic:
Relationship between Impulsivity, Social Media Usage and Loneliness

Sample:
This study was conducted on 307 university students, 164 female
(53.4%), 143 male (46.6%), with ages in the range of 18-27 and who
were studying in Fırat University, Faculty of Education during the 2014-
2015 academic year

Limitations:

 Relied on self-report measures, introducing potential biases.

 Used a convenience sampling method, limiting generalizability.
 Cross-sectional design does not establish causality.
  Excluded clinical samples, restricting applicability to severe cases.
 Unclear directionality between loneliness and social media usage.
 Focused on limited variables, omitting other influential factors.
 Did not account for cultural or demographic differences.
 Lacked experimental or longitudinal approaches for deeper insights.

Link:
[Link]
d46/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=4422175

Topic:
The role of parenting and attachment in identity style development

Sample:
Data from 264 participants was collected from two high schools in the Southeastern
United States. No identifying information was collected from the participants other
than the following demographics. The sample consisted of 155 female and 109 male
participants, with ages ranging between 14 and 19 years (Mage = 16.10, SDage =
1.15). Three of the participants, however, chose not to disclose an age.

Ethnicity were mixed, and students were of different grades

Limitations:

Limitations:

Survey Length:

o Lengthy questionnaire caused cognitive fatigue among adolescent participants.

o Participants reported losing focus towards the end of the survey.
o Duplication of measures for maternal and paternal characteristics and additional
measures increased the length.
o To mitigate this, critical measures were placed at the start of the survey.

Perspective Bias:

o Data relied solely on adolescent perceptions of parental responsiveness and

demandingness.
o Responses may be contaminated by adolescents’ subjective attitudes or
misunderstandings of parental behaviors.

Construct Validity:

o Potential multicollinearity between responsiveness and attachment measures.

o Both constructs were not independently validated in this study, impacting clarity of
results.

Measurement Methodology:
 o Reliance on self-reports as the sole data source introduced bias.
o No use of multiple informants (e.g., parent reports, clinician observations) for cross-
verification of data.

Practical Limitations:

o Splitting the survey across multiple days to reduce cognitive burden was not feasible
due to logistical challenges.
o Potential contamination of responses in multi-day surveys if participants discuss the
study with peers.

Cross-Sectional Nature:

o Study design was correlational, unable to establish causation.

o Parenting behaviors may change over time, but this was not accounted for.

Exclusion of Longitudinal Data:

o Lack of longitudinal data prevented analysis of parenting style evolution and its
effects over time.

Limited Focus on Fathers:

o Fathers' role in identity formation appeared minimal, possibly due to unexamined

confounding factors.
o Paternal influences require further investigation in future research.

Link: [Link]

Topic:
Relationship Between Body Image Satisfaction and Psychological Well-Being:

Sample:
Individuals between the ages of 12 to 50 (from adolescent ages to middle adulthood)
served as the sample frame. This population was most suitable because it is within
these ages that an individual is really concerned about the body and appearance. A
total of 100 participants constitute the sample for the study. At least 10 participants
each were drawn from Volta region, Eastern region, Central region, Ashanti region
and Upper West Region with Greater Accra region contributing 10 indigenes and 30
nationals from other African countries. The countries include Nigeria, Senegal,
Liberia, Cote D’Voire, Togo, Namibia, Ethiopia and Cameroun who could all
understand and communicate in English. This ensured the representation of different
ethnic groups and African nationalities in the sample. There were 56 females against
44 males. Their ages ranged from 15-49 with the modal age being 15-25. 45 are
married, 51 are single while 4 are divorced. 4% had basic education, 44 secondary
education, 12 diploma, 40 first degree and 10 masters degree and above.

Limitations;
1. Sample Size
  The study mentions that the sample size was limited to 100 participants, which
could affect the statistical power of the tests conducted. A small sample size
may not fully capture the diversity of body image satisfaction across larger
populations and may reduce the generalizability of the findings.

2. Cultural Influence and Acculturation

 Although the study excluded individuals who had stayed abroad, it

acknowledges that acculturation and exposure to foreign cultures (especially
through media such as television) could influence body image perceptions.
This wasn't adequately measured in the study, leaving a potential gap in
understanding how exposure to other cultural ideals might impact body image
satisfaction.

3. Cross-Sectional Design

 The study used a cross-sectional design, which limits the ability to infer
causality or to observe how body image satisfaction and psychological well-
being may evolve over time. A longitudinal design would have been more
effective in capturing changes in body image perceptions and their effects on
psychological well-being at different stages of life.

4. Lack of Measurement of Other Variables

 The study did not measure additional potential moderators or confounding

variables such as social media influence, media consumption, or
socioeconomic factors that could contribute to body image satisfaction and
psychological well-being. These factors could have influenced the results and
should be explored in future research.

5. Generalizability of Findings

 The findings may not be generalizable beyond the specific sample. Since the
sample included participants from a specific cultural background (likely
African, given the Africentric focus), the results may not apply to other
cultural groups or to people in different geographical regions or contexts.

6. Gender Differences Not Fully Explained

 While the study reports that males felt more satisfied with their body image
than females, it does not delve deeply into the underlying reasons for this
difference. Further exploration of the psychological, societal, or cultural
factors contributing to gender disparities in body image satisfaction is needed.

7. Education Level and Body Image Satisfaction

 The study found no significant difference between highly educated and those
with lower education levels in terms of body image satisfaction. This suggests
that education level may not have a strong impact on body image perceptions,
but it does not fully explore why education might not be a factor. More
 detailed analysis could uncover whether other aspects of education, such as
media literacy or exposure to diverse body ideals, could play a role.

8. Potential Bias in Self-Reporting

 The study relied on self-reported data, which can be subject to social

desirability bias or respondents not accurately reporting their feelings about
body image or psychological well-being. This could lead to underreporting or
overreporting of certain attitudes and behaviors, affecting the validity of the
findings.

9. Limited Focus on Psychological Well-Being Measures

 The study focuses primarily on body image satisfaction and psychological

well-being, but it does not specify which dimensions of psychological well-
being were measured (e.g., self-esteem, depression, anxiety). A more
comprehensive assessment of psychological well-being, including multiple
psychological outcomes, could provide a clearer understanding of the
relationship between body image and mental health.

10. External Influences

 The study mentions the influence of society and media on body image but
does not fully address how external pressures (e.g., media, family
expectations, peer pressure) may shape body image satisfaction and
psychological well-being. Future research could look into how external
sources of body idealization may further exacerbate body dissatisfaction.

Addressing these limitations in future research would help improve the robustness of
the findings and offer a more comprehensive view of the relationship between body
image and psychological well-being.

Link:

[Link]
284456275_Relationship_Between_Body_Image_Satisfaction_and_Psyc
hological_Well-BeingThe_Impact_of_Africentric_Values/links/
56557e8a08aeafc2aabc4d6c/Relationship-Between-Body-Image-
Satisfaction-and-Psychological-Well-BeingThe-Impact-of-Africentric-
[Link]