Aim
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil
of a self made transformer
Index
●Aim
●Introduction
●Types Of Transformers
●Theory And Mathematical Derivations
●Simple Circuit Diagram
●Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and Step-Down
Transformers
●Apparatus Required to make our Own Transformer
●Uses of Transformers
●Bibliography
Introduction
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring
coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing
the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are
built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement
and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it
weight only a few tens of grams whereas in high voltage power
circuits, it may weigh hundreds of tones.
Types of Transformers
Step up Transformers: A transformer which increases
the voltages.
Step down Transformers: A transformer which
decreases A.C. voltage.
Theory and mathematical
derivations
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2,
an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current
in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary. In a good-transformer, the whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and
then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary
is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if
Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the emf induced in
the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of
turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this
instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
and
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given
by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called the turn on transformation ratio.
Simple Circuit Diagram
Circuit Diagrams
For Step Up Transformer
Working:
In a step-down transformer, There are many more turns on
the secondary winding than in the primary winding in the
step-up transformers. Thus, the voltage supplied in the
secondary transformer is greater than one supplied across the
primary winding. Because of the principle of conservation of
energy, the transformer converts low-voltage, high-current to
high-voltage low current. In other words, the voltage has been
stepped up.
You can find transformers located near power plants that are
designed to operate megawatts. Apart from the power plants,
step-up transformers can also be used for local and smaller
applications such as x-ray machines which require about
50,000 volts to work. Even a microwave oven requires a small
step-up transformer to operate.
For Step Down Transformer
Working:
In a step-down transformer is the one which secondary
windings are fewer than the primary windings. In other words,
the transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the primary
voltage
