2.

1 Foundation and its Types

- Shallow Foundation
- Deep Foundation

2.2 Soil exploration and method to improve bearing capacity of soil.

2.3 Some common problems with existing foundations

2.4 Retaining properties and waterproofing of basements

2.5 Sealing of cracks in basements

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• It is the lowest part of a structure.
• Also called sub-structure, It
provides base for super structure.
• Transmits loads to soil below.
• A building component situated
below the ground level.

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Fig. Formwork and reinforcement for Fig. RCC Isolated Footing
an Isolated Footing
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• Transmit all superimposed loads
(wind, vibration, dead and live loads)
evenly to the ground.

• Reduction of load intensity.

• Provide leveled and hard surface.

• Withstand against all kinds of

settlements (against failure of
underlying soil).

• Give stability to structure by resting in

firm base.

• Resist uplifting or overturning forces

due to wind.

• Prevent lateral movement of

supporting materials.
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The function of any foundation is to safely sustain and
transmit to the ground on which it rests the combined
dead, imposed and wind loads in such a manner as not
to cause any settlement or other movement which
would impair the stability or cause damage to any part
of the building

Subsoil beneath foundation is compressed and reacts by

exerting an upward pressure to resist foundation
loading. If foundation load exceeds maximum passive
pressure of ground (i.e. bearing capacity) a downward
movement of the foundation could occur. Remedy is to
increase plan size of foundation to reduce the load per
unit area or alternatively reduce the loadings being
carried by the foundations.

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• Wide enough section to
distribute weight over larger
base area within safe bearing
capacity.

• Evenly loaded condition that

prevents unequal settlement.

• Deep enough preventing

overturning and increasing
stability.

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1. Shallow foundation
• The depth of the foundation is less than or equal to its width.
• Also known as open foundation
• It is placed immediately below the lowest part of the superstructure.
• is practicable for a depth of about 5m and is normally convenient above
the ground water table.
a) Strip footing Foundation
 With footing / without footing
b) Spread /Pad footing Foundation
 Isolated footing
 Combined footing
 Strap /cantilevered
 Eccentrically loaded footing
c) Raft Foundation
 Slab/ slab and beams/ cellular
d) Grillage foundation
 Steel / timber grillage
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2. Deep foundation
 It is relatively deep and need special
precautions
 The purpose of deep foundation is to
attain bearing stratum deep inside
the ground in case of weak soil.

Based on function Based on materials

• Bearing • timber
• Friction • concrete
• Sheet • cast in site
• Anchor • precast
• Battered • steel
• Compact • composite
• Fender

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a. Strip footing Foundation
• One which provides a continuous
longitudinal bearing.
• Is a spread footing for a
continuous wall.
• These are suitable for most of
sub-soils and light structural
loadings :(low to medium rise
domestic dwellings where mass
concrete can be used.)
• Usually used for load bearing
structures.
• The width of the footing depends
on; Total superimposed Load on
the footing Bearing capacity of
the soil.

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Types of Strip Footing
• Wall footing(stepped or
without steps)
• Inverted arch footing

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Types of Strip Footing

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b. Spread footing
• Base is made wider than the top to distribute the load to large areas.
• Depth Given by Rankines formula
Dmin = P/W {(1-sinΦ)/(1+sinΦ)}2
where,
Dmin = Min. Depth of foundation
P = intensity of load at the base of footing
W = weight of soil per Cu. meter
Ø = angle of repose of soil
• The width of the footing depends on;
1. Total superimposed Load on the footing
2. Bearing capacity of the soil
• Types
-Isolated
-Combined footing/ continuous footing
- Eccentrically Loaded Footing……...

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Isolated Footing Foundation
• It is also known as independent footing.
• Footing for a single column.
• Base area is given by A=P/QS
• (P= Total pressure, Qs= safe
bearing)
• Here, the load is transferred to the base
and in turn to the ground through column
instead of wall.
• It may be constructed using bricks, RCC or
stones.
• In brick / stone column footing, a brick/
stone pillar rests on a 15-20 cm thick plain
concrete base.
• In RCC column footing, a reinforcement
cage is placed on the base, surrounded by
formwork and concrete is poured form the
top. 13
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Isolated footing foundation
• Basic Sizing

Point Load Point Load

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 Combined/ continuous footing
• It is the condition where two or more columns are supported by a
single base.
• They can be Rectangular or Trapezoidal in shape.
• The base area of the combined footing should be equal to the total
load of the two columns divided by safe bearing capacity of the soil.
• Usually the base is made symmetrical along the centerline of the
columns.
• May be rectangular or trapezoidal in plan.

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Use ( Combined footing)
• Support two or more than two
columns
• When loads are heavy
• When the bearing capacity of
the soil is less, requiring more
area under individual footing.
• When the columns are very near
to each other so that their
footings overlap.
• When the end footing is near
property line so that its footing
cannot spread in that direction.

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Eccentrically loaded footing
• Designed and proportioned so
that load passed through C.G. of
the base area.
• Used when column is situated
near boundary
• Inclined structural members,
supporting cantilever balconies,
etc. cause eccentricity of load

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c. Raft foundation (Mat foundation)
• Is a combined footing that covers
entire area beneath a structure.
• Raft or mat foundation is
preferred over
• Spread foundation ,where the
load of the structure is
excessive and the bearing
capacity of the soil is poor
• Pile foundation ,where
basement space is desired and
pile is very expensive.
• Adopted when the column
spacing is small.
• Used where the differential
settlement is difficult to control.

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Raft foundation (Mat foundation)
• Also used to reduce settlement
on a highly compressible soil.
• The most common raft
foundation consists of a
reinforced cement concrete slab
or RCC T-beam slab placed over
the entire area. The T-beam slab
is generally inverted.
• Depending on the load >>slab or
slab & beam or cellular raft is
adopted.
• Slab (solid)-up to 30 cm
• Slab and beam- slab > 30 cm
• Cellular- slab >90 cm

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Raft foundation (Mat foundation)

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 d. Grillage foundation
• A special type of isolated footing.
• Found to be lighter and more
economical.
• Load is transferred to a very large
area by means of layers of joists
each tier being placed at right angle
to next tier.
• Avoids deep excavation>>>depth of
foundation is limited from 1-1.5m.
• The size of the footing, sections as
well as the distance between them
is dependent on the load of the
structure and the bearing capacity
of the soil.

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 d. Grillage foundation
• The setup is embedded in cement
concrete to protect from the
environment.
• Used where the load of the structure
is excessive and the bearing capacity
of the soil is poor.
• It is recommended where deep
foundation is not possible.
• Types
• -Steel grillage
• -Timber grillage

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 Steel Grillage foundation
• Constructed of steel beams,
structurally known as rolled steel
joist (R.S.J.)
• Used in structure having
concentrated loads.(columns, pier,
stanchion)
• Grillage beams are provided in two
or more tiers, with beams
embedded in concrete.
• A minimum clearance of 8cm(but
<30 cm) is kept between the grillage
beams.
• Concrete provides monolithic
character with the beams and
protects from corrosion

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 Timber grillage foundation
• Provided for heavily loaded timber
column or masonry wall.
• (loading limited to 50- 60KN.)
• Use timber planks and timber
beams in place of steel joists
• Used in water logged area where
bearing power of the soil is very
low and where steel may get
corroded due to subsoil water.
• No concrete is embedded
between the timber joists,
however timber platform is placed
at the base.

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