Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M.

Bilal Shahid
Chapter 01 .
Quadratic equation: An equation that contain the square of the unknown (variable) quantity, but
not higher power is called a quadratic equation or an equation of the second degree.
For Example: 5𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 3 = 0 , 𝑥 2 − 9 = 2𝑥
Second Degree Equation/General or Standard Form: A second-degree equation containing in
one variable 𝑥, is 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, where 𝑎 ≠ 0 and 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are constants is called General or
Standard form of a quadratic equation.
Pure Quadratic Equation: If 𝑏 = 0 in a quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, then it is called
pure quadratic equation. For example: 𝑥 2 − 16 = 0 or 4𝑥 2 = 7
Reciprocal equation: An equation is said to be a reciprocal equation if it remains unchanged,
1 1
when 𝑥 is replace by For example: 𝑥 + = 2
𝑥 𝑥

Exponential equation: An equation in which variable occurs in exponent is called exponential

equation. For example: 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 or 22𝑥 + 3. 2𝑥 + 5 = 0
Radical equation: An equation involving expression of the variable under radical sign is called
radical equation. For example: √𝑥 2 + 1 = 2

Chapter 02 .
Discriminant: The expression 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 of the quadratic expression 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is called
Discriminant.
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation through discriminant: The roots of the quadratic
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are and its discriminant is 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐.
2𝑎

➢ If 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 (+ve) and is a perfect square then the roots are rational (real) and unequal.
➢ If 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 (+ve) and is not a perfect square then the roots are irrational (real) and unequal.
➢ If 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 then the roots are rational (real) and equal.
➢ If 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 (-ve) then the roots are imaginary (complex conjugates) and unequal.
Cube Root: The cube roots of unity are 1, ω, ω2.
Complex Cube Root: Complex cube roots of unity are ω and ω2.
Sum and product of the roots: The sum and the product of the roots of an equation are
−𝑏 𝑐
𝑆= 𝛼+ 𝛽= and 𝑃 = 𝛼𝛽 = respectively.
𝑎 𝑎

Properties of Cube roots are:

(a) The product of three cube roots of unity in one. i.e. (1)( ω)( ω2) = ω3 = 1
(b) Each of the complex cube roots of unity is reciprocal of the other.
(c) Each of the complex cube roots of unity is the square of the other.
(d) The sum of all cube roots of unity is zero. i.e. 1 + ω + ω2 = 0
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
−𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏−√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
Roots of Quadratic equation: The roots of quadric equation 𝛼 = and 𝛽 =
2𝑎 2𝑎

Symmetric functions: Symmetric functions of the roots of a quadratic equation are those
functions in which all the roots involved are alike. So that the value of the expression involving
them remain unaltered, when roots are interchanged.
Formation of a Quadratic Equation: 𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠) 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 0
→ 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0 → 𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑃 = 0
Synthetic division: Synthetic division is the process of finding the quotient and remainder when
the polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial.
Simultaneous equations: A system of equations 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 and 𝑔 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 having a common
solution is are called simultaneous equations.

Chapter 03 .
Ratio: A relation between two quantities of the same kind is called ratio. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are two
𝑎
quantities of the same kind is written as 𝑎: 𝑏 , in fraction
𝑏

Proportion: A proportion is a statement which is expressed as equivalence of two ratios. If two

ratios 𝑎: 𝑏 and 𝑐: 𝑑 are equal then we can write 𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑 or 𝑎: 𝑏 ∷ 𝑐: 𝑑
Direct variation: If two quantities are related in such a way that when one quantity increase the
other will also increase, if one quantity will decrease the other will also decrease is called direct
variation. i.e. 𝑥 ∝ 𝑦
Inverse variation: If two quantities are related is such a way that when one quantity increase the
1
other decrease and vice versa is called Inverse variation. i.e. 𝑥 ∝
𝑦

Joint variation: A combination of direct and inverse variations of one or more than one variation
1 𝑦 𝑦
forms joint variation. For example: If 𝑥 ∝ 𝑦 and 𝑥 ∝ , then 𝑥 ∝ or 𝑥 = 𝑘
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
Theorem of invertendo: If = then =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑎 𝑐
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
Theorem of Alternando: If = then =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑 𝑎 𝑐
Theorem of componendo: If = then = or =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑑 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑 𝑎 𝑐
Theorem of dividendo: If 𝑏 = 𝑑 then = or =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
Theorem of componendo-dividendo: If 𝑏 = 𝑑 then = or =
𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
𝑎 𝑐
K-Method: If 𝑏 = 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐
Then 𝑏 = 𝑑 = 𝑘 or 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑘 and 𝑐 = 𝑑𝑘
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒
If =𝑑= =𝑘 then 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑘 , 𝑐 = 𝑑𝑘 and 𝑒 = 𝑓𝑘
𝑏 𝑓
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Chapter 04 .
Fraction: A fraction is an indicated quotient of two numbers or algebraic expressions.
𝑁(𝑥)
Rational fraction: An expression of the form where 𝐷 (𝑥) ≠ 0 abd 𝑁(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷(𝑥) are
𝐷(𝑥)
𝑥
polynomials in 𝑥 with real coefficient is called a rational fraction. For example:
𝑥2 + 1
𝑁(𝑥)
Proper Fraction: A rational fraction where 𝐷 (𝑥) ≠ 0 is called a proper rational fraction if
𝐷(𝑥)
degree of the polynomial 𝑁(𝑥) in the numerator is less than the degree of the polynomial 𝐷(𝑥) in
𝑥
the denominator. For example: 2
𝑥 +1
𝑁(𝑥)
Improper fraction: A rational fraction where 𝐷 (𝑥) ≠ 0 is called an improper fraction if the
𝐷(𝑥)
degree of the polynomial is 𝑁(𝑥), in the numerator is greater or equal to the degree of the
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1
polynomial 𝐷(𝑥) in the denominator. For example: or
𝑥+1 𝑥 2 −1

Identity: The equation that remains true for all values of variable is called Identity. For example:
2(𝑥 + 1) = 2𝑥 + 2
Partial fraction: The process of converting resultant fraction into its components form is called
Partial Fraction.
How to resolve partial fractions:
𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵
Exercise 4.1 → Type 1 → = +
(𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑞)(𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑞) 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑞 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑞

𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Exercise 4.2 → Type 2 → = + +
(𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑞)(𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑞)2 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑞 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑞 (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑞)2

𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
Exercise 4.3 → Type 3 → = +
(𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑞)(𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑞) 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑞 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑞

𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶 𝐷𝑥+𝐸

Exercise 4.4 → Type 4 → = + +
(𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑞)(𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑞)2 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑞 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑞 (𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑞)2

Chapter 05 .
Set: A collection of well-defined distinct object is called set. It is denoted by capital letters A, B,
C For example: 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5}
Union of set: Union of two sets A and B denoted by 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is the set containing elements which
either belong to A or to B or to both.
Intersection of set: Intersection of two sets A and B written as 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 (read as A intersection B)
is the set consisting of all the common element of A and B.
Difference of sets: The set difference of B and A denoted by 𝐴 − 𝐵 is the set of all those
elements of A but do not belong in to B.
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Compliment of sets: If U is a universal set and A is a subset of U then the complement of A is the
set of those elements of U which are not contained in A and is denoted by 𝐴′ 𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑐 .
DE Morgan Laws: (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 ∩ 𝐵𝐶 OR (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 ∪ 𝐵𝐶
Venn diagram/Closed Figures: John Venn (1834-1923) introduce rectangle for a universal set U
and its subsets A and B as closed figures inside this rectangle.
Ordered pair: Any two numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦 written in the form of (𝑥, 𝑦) is called ordered pair.
Binary relation: In mathematics, a binary relation on a set A is a collected of ordered pairs of
elements of A. In other words, it is a subset of the Cartesian product 𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴, more generally
a binary relation between two sets A and B is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵.
Specific Order: An ordered pair of elements is written according to a specific order for which the
order of element is strictly maintained.
Domain and range of a function: Domain 𝑓 is the set consisting of all first element of each
ordered pair ∈ 𝑓 and range 𝑓 in the set consisting of all second elements of each ordered pair ∈
𝑓.
𝑓 = (0,1), (1,2), (2,3), (3,4)} 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓 = {0,1,2,3} 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {1,2,3,4}
Function: Suppose A and B are two non-empty sets then relation f: A → B is called a function. If:
1) 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐴
2) ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 we can associate some unique image elements 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) ∈ 𝐵
Into function: A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called an into function. If at least one element in B is not an
image of some elements of set A. i.e. Range of 𝑓 ⊆ 𝐵
A B

a 1
b 2
c 3
d 4
5

Onto or surjective function: A function 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called an onto function if every element of

set B is an image of at least one element of set A i.e. Range of 𝑓 = 𝐵
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
One—one function: A function 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called one—one function, if all distinct elements of
A have distinct images in B, i.e.

1
2
3
4

Bijective function: A function 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called bijective function if function in one–one and

onto.

Constant function: A function f : A → A is called constant function if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 there in an

element C ∈ B such that 𝑓 (𝑥) ∈ 𝐶
Subset: A and B are two sets if the elements of Set A are also the elements of Set B then A is
called the subset of B and it is donated by A ⊆ B.
For example: A = {1,2,3} B = {1,2,3,4} then A ⊆ B
Identity Function: A function f : A → A is called identity function if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 we can associate
some unique image elements 𝑥 itself such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴

Chapter 06 .
Frequency distribution: A frequency distribution is a tabular arrangement for classifying data
into different groups.
Frequency: The number of times a quantity occurs in the data is called its frequency.
Cumulative frequency: The total frequency up to an upper class limit or boundary s called
cumulative frequency.
Grouped data: grouped data is the type of data that has been organized into specific categories
or groups. It is also known as organized data or tabulated data.
Un-grouped data: Ungrouped data is the type of distribution in which the data is individually
given in a raw form. For example: 21, 42, 53, 67 etc
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Class Limits: The minimum and the maximum values defined for a class or group are called
class limits.
Mid-point or class mark: The average of each class is obtained by dividing the sum of lower and
upper class limits by 2 is called mid-point or class mark.
Histogram: A histogram is a graph of adjacent rectangle constructed on XY-plane. It is a graph of
frequency distribution.
Deviation: A deviation is defined as a difference of any value of the variable from any constant
𝐷 = 𝑋𝑖 − 𝐴
Measure of central tendency: The measure or technique that are used to determine this central
value are called measure of central tendency. i.e. Mean, Median Mode.
Arithmetic mean: Arithmetic mean or simply mean is measure by dividing the sum of all values
of the variable by their number of observations. We denoted Arithmetic mean by 𝑋̅
Properties of Arithmetic mean:
1) Mean of a variable with similar observations say constant k is the constant k itself.
2) Mean is affected by change in origin.
3) Mean is affected by change in scale.
4) Sum of deviations of the variable 𝑥 from its mean is always zero.
Harmonic mean: Harmonic mean refers to the value obtained by reciprocation the mean of the
reciprocal of the 𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3, …… 𝑥 n observations.
Mode: Mode is defined as the most frequent occurring observation in the data.
Median: Median is the middle most observation in an arranged data set. It divides the data set
into two equal parts. OR The median is the middle value when numbers are put in order.
Dispersion: Dispersion means the spread or scatterness of observation in a data set.
Measure of dispersion: The measure that are used to determine the degree or extent of variation
in a data set are called measure of dispersion.
Range: The difference between largest value and the small values is called range.
Variance: Variance is defined as the mean of the square deviation of 𝑥𝑖 (𝑖 = 1, 2, 3 … 𝑛)
observation from their arithmetic mean.
Standard deviation: Standard deviation is defined as the positive square root of variance.
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Formulas
Arithmetic Mean
UNGROUPED DATA
Direct Method: Indirect Method:
ΣX ΣD
𝑋̅ = 𝑋̅ = 𝐴 +
𝑛 𝑛

Where ‘n’ is the number of observations Where ‘A’ is the any number (in your
observations) that you let, ‘D’ is equal to
X – A and ‘n’ is the number of observations.

GROUPED DATA
Direct Method: Indirect Method:
Σ𝑓X Σ 𝑓D
𝑋̅ = 𝑋̅ = 𝐴 +
Σf Σf

Where ‘f’ is the frequency and f X is the Where ‘A’ is the any number (in your
multiplication of the frequency and X. observations) that you let, ‘f’ is the
frequency, ‘D’ is equal to X – A.

Geometric Mean
UNGROUPED DATA GROUPED DATA
Basic Formula: Logarithm Formula:
1 Σ 𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑋
𝐺. 𝑀 = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … 𝑥𝑛 ) 𝑛 𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
It is the product of 𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3, … 𝑥 n observation. Σ 𝑓
Logarithm Formula:
Σ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑋
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑛
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Harmonic Mean
Ungrouped Data: Grouped Data:
n Σ𝑓
𝐻. 𝑀 = 1 𝐻. 𝑀 = 𝑓
Σ Σ𝑋
𝑋

Where ‘n’ is the number of observations and 𝑓

1
Where is the division of f and X
𝑋
is the reciprocal of X.
𝑋

Mean
Ungrouped Data: Grouped Data:
ΣX Σ𝑓X
𝑋̅ = 𝑋̅ =
𝑛 Σ𝑓

Median
Ungrouped Data: Grouped Data:
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 ℎ 𝑛
𝑋̅ = 𝑙 + ( − 𝑐)
𝑓 2
OR
Where:
𝑛+1
𝑋̅ = (𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚) ⇒ Odd
2 l = lower class boundary
1 𝑛 𝑛+2
𝑋̅ = ( 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚) h = class interval size
2 2 2
⇒ Even f = frequency
n = Number of observations
c = commulative frequency of preceding
class

Range
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 − 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Mode
Ungrouped Data: Grouped Data:
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡 / 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1
𝑋̅ = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
2𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 − 𝑓2
𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛
𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Where:
l = lower class boundary h = class interval size
fm= frequency of model class f1 = Frequency of preceding class
f2 = Frequency of succeeding class

Standard Deviation
UNGROUPED DATA GROUPED DATA

Σ (X− 𝑋̅)2 Σ𝑓𝑋 Σ𝑓X 2 2

𝑆. 𝐷 = √ 𝑆. 𝐷 = √ −( )
𝑛 Σ𝑓 Σ𝑓

ΣX ΣX
Where 𝑋̅ = Where 𝑋̅ =
𝑛 𝑛

Variance
UNGROUPED DATA GROUPED DATA
Σ (𝑋− 𝑋̅)2 Σ𝑓𝑋 2 Σ𝑓X 2
𝑆2 = 𝑆2 = −( )
𝑛 Σ𝑓 Σ𝑓
ΣX
Where 𝑋̅ = Where 𝑋̅ =
ΣX
𝑛 𝑛
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Chapter 7 .
Degree: It we divide the circumference of a circle into 360 equal arcs. Then the angle subtended
at the center of the circle by one arc is called one degree and is denoted by 1 o.
Radian: The angle formed at the center of the circle by an arc, whose length is equal to the radius
of the circle is called one radian.
Arc length equal
to radius
One radian
Radius

Relationship between radian and degree measure:

𝜋 180 𝑜
1𝑜 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 0.0175 𝑟𝑎𝑑 and 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ( ) = 57.295𝑜
180 𝜋

Relation between Angle, Arc length and radius: Relation between central angle and are length
of a circle: 𝑙 = 𝑟𝜃
1 2
Area of a circular sector: Area of circular sector, 𝐴= 𝑟 𝜃
2

1 2
𝐴= 𝑟 𝜃
2
𝜃
r

Conterminal angle: Two or more then two angles with the same initial and terminals sides are
called coterminal angles.
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Quadrantal Angle: An angle is called a quadrantal angle, it its terminal side lies on the x-axis or
y-axis.

Standard Position: A general angle is said to be in standard position it its vertex is at the origin
and its initial side is directed along the positive direction of the x-axis of a rectangular coordinate
system.
Standard Position

Terminal Side

Initial Side

Trigonometric Ratios: There are six fundamentals trigonometric ratios (function) called sine,
cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant.
Trigonometric Identities:
(a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
(b) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
(c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 1
Angle: a figure which is formed by two rays or lines that share a common endpoint is called an
angle.
Angle of elevation: The angle made between the horizontal line through eye and a line from the
eye to the object above the horizontal line called an angle of elevation.
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Angle of Depression: The angle made between the horizontal line through eye and a line from
the eye to the object below the horizontal line called an angle of depression.

Chapter 8 .
Projection: The projection of a given point on a line segment is the foot of ⊥ drawn from the point
̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝐴𝐵
on that line segment. If 𝐶𝐷 ̅̅̅̅, then evidently D is the foot of perpendicular CD from the point
C on the line segment AB.

Zero dimension: The projection of a finite line on another line is the portion of the latter
intercepted between the projection of ends of the given finite line. However, projection of a
vertical line on another line is the join of these two intersecting lines which is of zero dimension.

Obtuse Angle: An angle which is greater than 90° is called obtuse angle.

Right Angle: An angle which is equal to 90° is called right angle.

Acute Angle: An angle which is less than 90° is called acute angle.
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
__________________________Chapter 9 .
Circle: A circle is the locus of a moving point “P” in a plane which is equidistant from some fixed
point “N”.
P N

Centre of Circle: The fixed point “N” not lying on the circle is called the centre of circle.

Radius of Circle: The constant distance from the centre of Circle to circumference of circle.

Circumference: The boundary traced by moving point is called circumference of circle.

Radial segment: The radial segment of a circle is a line segment, determined by the centre and a
point on the circle.
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚𝑂𝑄
Length of radial segment = 𝑚𝑂𝑃 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚𝑂𝑇
̅̅̅̅

Arc: An arc of a circle is any portion of its circumference.

Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Chord: A chord of a circle is a straight line joining any two points on the circumference of a circle.

Chord

Diameter: Diameter is the chord passing through the centre of a circle.

Diameter

Segment: A segment is the portion of a circle bounded by an arc and a corresponding chord.

Sector of Circle: A sector of a circle is the plane figure bounded by two radii and the arc
intercepted between them.
Minor Segment

Major Segment

Collinear Points: Three or more points lying on the same line are called collinear point.

A B
Non-collinear Points: Three or more points that do not lying on the same line are called non-
collinear points.
A B

C
Interior of the circle: The set of all the points lying inside the boundary of a circle is called
interior of a circle.
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Exterior of the circle: The set of all the points lying outside the boundary of a circle is called
exterior of a circle.

Circular Area: Exterior of the Circle Area of region enclosed by the boundary of circle is called
circular area. Circular area is calculated by the formula: 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

All Parts of a circle:

Chapter 10 .
Secant line: A secant is a straight line which cuts the circumference of a circle in two distinct
points.

Secant

Tangent line: A tangent to a circle is the straight line which touches the circumference at a single
point only. Tangent
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Point of Contact: The point of tangency is known as point of contact.

Point of Contact

Length of Tangent: The length of a tangent to a circle is measured from the given point to the
point of contact.

Chapter 12 .
Central Angle: A central angle is subtended by two radii with the vertex at the centre of the circle.

Circum-angle: The circum-angle subtended between any two chords of a circle, having a
common point on its circumference.

How a circum Angle is subtended?

A circumangle is subtended between any two chords of a circle, having common points on its
circumference. In the figure  APB is the circum angle.
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Concyclic points: If a circle passes through three or more points, then these points are called
concyclic.
40
o

31o 59o
59o

50o 40o
31o

In centre: In –centre of a triangle is the centre of a circle inscribe in a triangle.

Cyclic quadrilateral: A quadrilateral is called cyclic when a circle can be draw through its four
vertices.

Chapter 13 .
Geometry: The word geometry is derived from two Greek words namely Geo (earth) and Metron
(measurement). Geometry is the branch of mathematics, which deal with the shape size and
position of geometric figures.
Polygon: A plane figure bounded with three or more sides is called a polygon.

Radius: The distance from the centre of the circle to any point on the circle is called the radius of
the circle.
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Circumscribed circle: If a circle passes through all vertices of a polygon the circle is said to be
circumscribed about the polygon and the polygon is said to be inscribed in the circle.

Escribed circle: The circle touching one side of a triangle externally and other two produced
sides internally is called escribed circle.

Inscribed circle: A circle which touches the three sides of a triangle internally is known as
inscribed circle, its radius is called in-radius and centre is called in-centre.

Vertices: The corners of a polygon are called its vertices.

Locus: The path an object moving according to some rule, is the locus of the object.
Mathematics Notes 10th Composed By: M. Bilal Shahid
Perimeter: The perimeter of a closed geometric figure is the sum of its sides.

Triangle: A plane figure bounded with three sides is called a triangle. A triangle has six elements
i.e. three sides and three angle.

Regular polygon: A figure bounded by equal sides and which has all its angels equal is called a
regular polygon.

Segment of the circle: A segment of a circle can be defined as the region which is created by a
secant or a chord with the corresponding arc of the circle.

Minor segment: A segment with an intercepted arc less than a semicircle is called a minor
segment.
Major segment: A sector with an intercepted arc greater than a semi-circle is called a major
segment.