Object Oriented Programming with Java book Prepared by: Melesew M.

Chapter One

Introduction to OOP in Java

 OOP: - is the different method of thinking about programming using objects and class.
 In procedural language we think separately about data and how the method interacts with data.
 OOP forces us to think in terms of objects and the data interact between objects.
 OOP enables us to model real world problems through programs in logical manner.
Because:-
o We can debug,
o Modify and
o Maintain easily
- We can reuse much of our code than with the case of procedural languages.
- OOP is the most usable and maintainable programming due to the following featurs:
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Class
 Object etc.
a. Abstraction: - is the way of collecting relevant information from the existing problems
such as attributes and methods.
 It is the act of identifying objects to model problem domain.
 Classes are abstracted from concepts or real world problems.
 Objected are instantiated from class.
 It is the first step of identifying classes and attributes that will be used in your
application.
b. Encapsulation: - the goal of OOP is to differentiate the use of an object from the
implementation of that object.
 To accomplish this through data hiding /binding.
 It is the grouping of related items into one unit.
 Attributes and method or behaviors are encapsulated to create object.
c. Inheritance:- driving a new class(subclass) from the existing class(super class).
 Have parent-child relationship or method.
 The subclass inherits all the functionality from the super class.

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d. Polymorphism:-having many (different) forms.

e. Message passing:-the process of communication between objects b/c objects
communicate each other through message passing.
 We use dot(.) operator.
 Classes are entities.
 Entities have attributes and methods.

Example:

public class Student{

String Stud_Name;

int age;

public static void main(String[] args){

Student stud;

stud.Stud_Name=”Abel” ;

stud.age=24;

System.out.println(stud.Stud_Name);

System.out.println(stud.age);

}
}

What is java?

- It is a computer programming (OOP).

- OOP supports the concept of reusability.
- It is created by sun-micro system.
- The most common java programming are application and/or applets.
- Applets are used to develop web based applications.
- Applications: - are standalone programs.
- Applets are web based applications.
 Java programming language is a high level language that can be described as :
o An OOP that uses classes and objects.
o Very portable OOP language.
o Have large support class libraries that cover many general needs.
o Can create applets, applications, java server pages and more.

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 Java is an open standard, language specification, publicity, freely available, open source
language.
 It is the current hot programming.
 It is platform independent.
 It is more secure.

Java features:
- Simple and object oriented
- Portability
- Availability
- Library
- Others

What is JDK /Java Development Kit?

 Stands for java development kit.
 A collection of programming tools including:
o java:- the loads of java applications
o javac
o applete Viewer
o java doc
o jar
o java ws (web starter)
o jstate
o jdb

What is java Virtual Machine?

- .class byte code
- JVM is the application that executes java program.
- JVM is available for many hardware and software platform.
- It is crucial components of java platforms.
- If we have JVM , java programming can run on:-
 Windows
 Linux
 Solaris
 MacOS

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 Control statement
 Repeation statement
 Branching statement

Variables
dataType variableName=value;

 Primitive: - int, float, byte, boolean, double,

 Class: - data type, name, accessibility (specifier)
Syntax:

[Specifier] dataType variableName = [value];

- Variable declaration:
e.g. public int x=5;
o operators(increment/decrement)
 postfix x++, x--;
 prefix ++x, --x;
o Arithmetic operator
 * / - + %
o Relational operation
 < > <= >=
o Assignment operator
 = += -= *= /= == != ʌ
e.g. 2ʌ3=8 (2 power of 3)
o Logical operator
 || && !
 Rule
o About syntax error.
o Not use special character. e.g. (.) dot, ?, space, …
o Must start with a letter or underscore. e.g.
 int 1a; -------------------- wrong
 int abc123; --------------- correct
 $salary; ------------------ correct
 _abc; --------------------- correct
 ? name; ------------------- wrong
 first name; --------------- wrong

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 Convention
o Letters must be typed all either in upper case or lower case. But smaller letters are
more recommended.
e.g. String firstName;
int numberOfStudents;
 Variable name should match to the value it holds.
e.g. String fname=”Abebe”;
int x=10;
float y=33.5;
String first_Name=”Melesew”;

Control statements (Conditional Statements)

 if
o Syntax: if(expression | condition){

Statement(s);
}

 if ------else
o Syntax: if(expression | condition){
Statement(s);
}else{
Statement(s);
}
 if -------elseif------else
o Syntax: if(expression | condition){
Statement(s);
}elseif((expression | condition){){
Statement(s);
}else{
Statement(s);
}

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 switch
o Syntax: switch(expression)
{
case 1 value:
Statement(s)
break;
…
Default:
Statement(s);
break;
 continue and break
- Used mostly in repetition statements.

Example1: Write a java program that checks a number is even or odd.

Solution:
int x=10;

if(x%2==0)
System.out.println(x +” is+” even.”);
else
System.out.println(x +” is+” odd.”);

Example 2: Write a java program that finds the maximum number from the list.

public class max{

public static void main(String…args){

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

int i,min,max,n;

int[] arr = new int[100];

System.out.println("How many numbers you need to enter ? :");

n = input.nextInt();

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

arr[i]=input.nextInt();

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min=max=arr[0];

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

if(arr[i]<=min)

min=arr[i];

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

if(arr[i]>=max)

max=arr[i];

System.out.println("\t===============================");

System.out.println("\t Minimum : "+min);

System.out.println("\t Maximum : "+max);

Example 3: Write a java program that determines a given student is either passed or failed.

package Status;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Status{

public static void main(String… args){

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

int mark;

System.out.println(“Enter your mark out of 100% ?”);

mark = input.nextInt;

if(mark>=50)

System.out.println(“Passed”);

else

System.out.println(“Failed”);

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Example 4: Write a java program that determines a given student grade based on mark.

package Status;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Status{

public static void main(String… args){

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

int mark;

System.out.println(“Enter your mark out of 100% ?”);

mark = input.nextInt;

if(mark>=90)

System.out.println(“A”);

elseif(mark>=80)

System.out.println(“B”);

elseif(mark>=70)

System.out.println(“C”);

elseif(mark>=50)

System.out.println(“D”);

elseif(mark>=40)

System.out.println(“F”);

else

System.out.println(“FX”);

Example 5: write a java program that displays day of a week when a user type number from 1-7
for instance when press 1 it shows “Monday”

package days;

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import java.util.Scanner;

public class Days{

public static void main(String… args){

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

String name;

int day;

System.out.println(“Enter a number between 1-7 ? ”);

day = input.nextInt;

switch(day){

case 1:
System.out.println(“Monday”);
break;
case 2:
System.out.println(“Tuesday”);
break;

case 3:
System.out.println(“Wednsday”);
break;
case 4:
System.out.println(“Thursday”);
break;
case 5:
System.out.println(“Friday”);
break;
case 6:
System.out.println(“Saturday”);
break;
case 7:
System.out.println(“Sunday”);
break;

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default:
System.out.println(“Invalid input!”);
break;
}
}
}

Repeation Statement

 while ---loop
 do------while
 for loop

i. while loop : -
 pre test

Syntax: initialization;
while(condition){
statement(s);
increment / decrement;
}
ii. do-----while

Syntax: initialization;

do{

statement(s);

increment / decrement;

}while(condition);

iii. for---loop

Syntax:

a. for(initialization;condition;incerement/decrement)
{
Statement(s);
}

b. initialization;

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for(;condition;)
incerement/decrement;

c. for( ; ;) -------------used to create infinite loop.

Example: Write a java program that adds a number from 0-10 using for loop, while loop and do
while loop.

//for loop

for(int i=0;i<=10;i++)

sum+=i;

System.out.println(“Sum=”+sum);
System.out.println(“i=”+i);

//while loop

int i=0,sum=0;

while(i<=10)

sum+=i;

i++;

System.out.println(“Sum=”+sum);
System.out.println(“i=”+i);

//do-while loop

int i=0,sum=0;

do{

sum+=i;

i++;

} while(i<=10);

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System.out.println(“Sum=”+sum);
System.out.println(“i=”+i);

Array

- A collection of variable with the same type.

dataType[] arrayName = new dataType[size of array];

or
dataType arrayName[] = new dataType[size];
or
dataType[] arrayName ={ } ;

or

dataType[][] arrayName = { { },{ } };

or

dataType[][] arrayName = new dataType[size][size];

e.g. int[] arrInt = new int[5];

int[] x= {3,2,5,8,9};

- The difference between array and pointer is pointer doesn’t declare with size but array can.

- Arrays are always manipulated by index such as 0___(n-1)

x[0]=3;
x[2]=7; // to change 5 to 7
System.out.println(x[4]); // Output 8 single value

for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
System.out.println(x[i]); // to print all elements of an array
}

Output// 3 2 7 9 8

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e.g1. write a java program that can accept 10 students name using array.

package Adder;

import java.util.Scanner;

import java.util.Arrays;

public class Adder {

public static void main(String[] args){

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

int i;

String [] arr = new String[10];

System.out.println(“Enter 10 students name?: “);

for(i=0;i<10;i++)

arr[i] = input.nextLine();

for(i=0;i<10;i++)

System.out.print(i+1);

System.out.println(arr[i]);

e.g2. Write a java code that can accept 10 integer values and find sum, average and display their
values of the array in ascending order.

package Stud;

import java.util.Scanner;

import java.util.Arrays;

public class Stud {

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public static void main(String[] args){

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

int i,j;

float sum=0,average;

int[] num = new int[10];

System.out.println(“Enter 10 numbers : “);

for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
num[i] = input.nextInt();
}

for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
Sum = sum+num[i];
}
average = sum/10;
Arrays.sort(num);

for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
System.out.print(num[i]);
}
}
}

Example: Do the following two dimensional arrays

package Array;

public class Array {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[][] x = {{3,2,5},{4,3}};
try{
for(int i=0;i<3;i++){

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for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
System.out.print(x[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}catch(Exception err){
System.out.println(err.getMessage());
}
}
}

Example2: Do the following two dimensional arrays of string

package Array;

import javax.swing.*;

import java.util.*;

import java.io.*;

public class Array {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String[][] name = {{"Mr.","Mrs.","Mis."},{"Melesew","Abebe"}};

System.out.println(name[0][2]+" "+name[1][0]);

System.out.println(name[0][0]+" "+name[1][0]);

Observe the following example to show how two or more different arrays used in a class
package com.company;
import java.util.*;
public class Main {
public int id,i,n;
String name;

void show(int nn){

int[] id = new int[10];

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String[] name = new String[10];

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

for(i=0;i<nn;i++){
System.out.println("Enter id : ");
id[i] = input.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter name : ");
name[i] = input.next();
}
System.out.println("===============================");
System.out.println("\t ID Number .... Name ");
for(i=0;i<nn;i++){
System.out.print("\t"+id[i]+" ....... ");
System.out.print("\t"+name[i]);
System.out.println();
}
System.out.println("===============================");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Main m = new Main();
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int n;
System.out.println("how many users are there ?");
n = input.nextInt();
m.show(n);
}
}

Advanced java example to demonstrate array of different types using loop

The following program demonstrates how to accept different type of data using array in java OOP.
package studentinfo;

import java.util.*;

public class studentinfo {

String studname,studid;

int studage;

void displaystudentinfo(String sname,String sid,int sage)

studname=sname;studid=sid;studage=sage;
System.out.println(studname+" "+ studid +" "+studage);

public static void main(String[] args) {

try{

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Scanner get= new Scanner(System.in);

studentinfo studinfo=new studentinfo();

int[] arr = new int[100];

studentinfo stud[] = new studentinfo[arr.length];

int n;
System.out.print("how many data you accept ? : ");

n = get.nextInt();

for(int i=0;i<n;i++)

{
System.out.println("Enter name,id and age of student "+(i+1));

stud[i]=new studentinfo();

stud[i].studname=get.next();

stud[i].studid=get.next();

stud[i].studage=get.nextInt();

}
System.out.println("Student Name Student Id Student age");

System.out.println("==========================================");

for(int i=0;i<=2;i++)

studinfo.displaystudentinfo(stud[i].studname, stud[i].studid,

stud[i].studage);

}catch(Exception e){

System.out.println(e.getMessage());

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More examples
// write a java program that determines a given number is Armstrong or not.
package ArmstrongNumber;

public class ArmstrongNumber {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Armstrong number is a number which

cubic root sum is equal to itself.");

int c=0,a,temp;

int n=153;

temp=n;

while(n>0){

a=n%10;

n=n/10;

c=c+(a*a*a);

if(temp==c){

System.out.println(temp+" is armstrong.");

}else{

System.out.println(temp+" is not armstrong.");

// write a java program that determines a given number is palindrome or not.

package PalandromeNumber;

public class PalandromeNumber {

public static void main(String[] args) {

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System.out.println("Palandrome number is a number that we can read

both side but no change.");

int r,sum=0,temp;

int n=454;

temp=n;

while(n>0){

r = n%10;

sum = (sum*10)+r;

n = n/10;

if(temp==sum){

System.out.println("===== "+temp+" is Palandrome ======");

}else{

System.out.println("==== "+temp+" is not Palandrome ===");

// write a java program that constructs Fibonacci serious?

package FabonaciSerious;

public class FabonaciSerious {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int n1=0,n2=1,n3;

int i;

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int count=10;

System.out.println("n1+n2");

for(i=2;i<count;i++){

n3 = n2 + n1;

System.out.println(" "+n3);

n1 = n2;

n2 = n3;

/Output

 To sort an arrays:

o Arrays.sort(arrayName);

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Chapter Two

 Class and Object

- Java is OOP.
- When problems are occurred we can design a solution using classes and objects.
- Object oriented design process involves 3 procedures:
 Divide the problem domain into types of objects or class.
 Model the relationship between classes.
 Model the attributes, method of each type.
 Class is a referenced data type.
 Combines data and method i.e. data method.
 Define a data type.
 Corresponds to concepts in the problem domain.
 Used to model problem.
 Used to reduce complexity.

 Class declaration

Access-modifier class className{

fields;
method(){
……
}
}

 Access modifiers are:- public, private, protected, default

 class :- keyword used to create class and must be small letter case.

 className:- Any legal name to assign class.

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o Method contains:-

 Function (define):- it returns value & not define by class name.

 Procedure(define):-not return value.

 Constructor(define):-not return value.

 Same as class name

 Do not return a value

Example: a simple class declaration

class Circle{
double radius;
double findArea(){
return radius * radius;
}
}

// Example of class and object declaration

package studentinfo;

public class StudentInfo {

int id;
String name;

StudentInfo(int i, String n){

id=i;
name=n;
}

void show(){
System.out.println(id+" "+name);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

StudentInfo s1 = new StudentInfo(12,"Hana");

StudentInfo s2 = new StudentInfo(13,"Melesew");

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System.out.println("ID Name");
System.out.println("-------");
s1.show();
s2.show();
}
}

 Prototype: - used for class and object.

 The first step in problem solving process is identifying the problem.

Example 1: The following example show how class and object created correctly.

package StudentClass;

public class StudentClass {

String name;
int age;

void getName(String sname){

name=sname;
}

int getAge(int sage){

return age=sage;
} // Output

public static void main(String[] args) {

StudentClass stud = new StudentClass();

stud.getName("Abebe");
stud.getAge(25);

System.out.println("Name : "+stud.name);
System.out.println("Age : "+stud.age);
}
}

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 Object declaration

className objectName; or

className objectName = new className();

 Instantiated object

o objectName = new className(arg.); // we can make also empty for default constructor

 To call an object

o objectName.identifierName;

 identifier name includes:-

o class name:-we can’t access by object

o method:- we can access by object

o variable name:-

Example: - This example demonstrates how to instantiate object(s) in a given class.

package EmployeeDetails;

public class EmployeeDetails {

String name;
String position;
double salary;

public EmployeeDetails(String n,String p,double s){

name=n;
position=p;
salary=s;
}

void display(){
System.out.println(name+" "+position+" "+salary);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

EmployeeDetails ed1 = new EmployeeDetails("Melesew","Accountant",5000);

EmployeeDetails ed2 = new EmployeeDetails("Ayenew","Teacher",5600);

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ed1.display();
ed2.display();
}
}
//Output

 Method can be defined like:

o Access modifier dataType(void,int,..) + method name;

 How to access class method----- with dot(.) operator

 Syntax: objectName.members of class

 Variables:

o Instance: - declared inside class.

o Local:- inside method, constructor, function

o Static: - are the same for all class

 Constructor

- A constructor is a special type of method that has the following property.

 A constructor with no parameter is referred to as a default constructor.
 Constructors must have the same name as the class itself.

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 Constructors don’t have return type even void.

 Constructors are invoked using the new operator when an object is created.
 Constructors play the role of initializing objects.

 Two main types of constructor

i. Default(non-parameterized constructor)

ii. Parameterized constructor

Example: A constructor that calculates the area of a circle.

package Circle;

public class Circle { // Output

double radius;

Circle(double r){ // Constructor

radius=r;
}

Circle(){
radius=2;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Circle myCircle = new Circle();

System.out.println("radius = "+myCircle.radius);
Circle myCircle2 = new Circle(35);
System.out.println("radius = "+myCircle2.radius);
}
}

- Constructor name must be the same as class name or method name.

- Constructors always don’t have return type.

 Access modifiers (Level of scope visibility)

 public: - available anywhere.
 private: - available on the method that we are working on only.
 protected: - available on the package. Not used I class declaration but others can.
 default: - available to the class & package.

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- To set access level java uses access modifiers for class, variables and methods.
 default:- visible to the package.
 private:- visible to the class only.
 public:- visible to the world.
 visible to the package and all classes.
protected:-visible

Fig.1: Access modifier access

acces level

Modifier Class Package Subclass World

Public   
Protected   
Default   X
Private  X X

// observe the following example to demonstrate

demons access modifiers in java NetBeans

output by changing access modifiers.

modifiers e.g1:

package AccessModifiers;

public class AccessModifiers {

private int d=10;

private void msg(){

System.out.println("Hello World");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

AccessModifiers obj = new AccessModifiers();

System.out.println(obj.d); // can return a value by changing private to
obj.msg();
}
}

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// e.g2:

package AA;

public class AA {
public String color="red";
public float price;

public void setPrice(float newPrice){

price=newPrice;
}
}

class B{

public static void main(String[] args) {

AA x = new AA();
x.price=25f;

System.out.println(x.color);
System.out.println(x.price);
}
}

Important java keywords:

 this
 final
 static
 super

Example: The following exercise shows how class, variable as well as methods
can we construct/deploy.
package employee;

public class employee {

String name="";
String country="";

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public employee(){
name="The default name:";
country="The default country:";
}
public employee(String newName, String newCountry){
name=newName;
country=newCountry;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {

employee c = new employee("Melesew","Ethiopia");

employee d = new employee();
c.PrintInformation();
d.PrintInformation();
}

public void PrintInformation(){

System.out.println("My name is : "+name+" and I am from : "+country);
}
}

 Creating constructor
 No return type specified even void.
 Class name start with capital letter & the class name is Pascal based.
o e.g. public myClass (parameterType parameterName);
 The constructor names always match with class name.

 We can create more than one constructor in a single class.

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Default constructor

- If no constructor is declared java provides a parameter-less default constructor that

initializes each field to its default value.
 Default value
o Primitive numeric types and char=0;
o Boolean = false;
o All referenced type & string=null;
o Float = 0.0f;
o Double = 0.0d;

 How to create new object?

- The new operator allocates the memory for the new object (instance).
- The constructor call initializes the new object at the time of creation.
- Argument doesn’t specify any data type.
 e.g. Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

Static keyword in java

 The static keyword in java is used for memory management.

 We can apply static keyword in:-
o Variable
o Method
o Blocks
o Nested classes
 The static keyword belongs to the class than instance of the class.

i. Java static variables

- If you declare any variable as static, it is known as static variables.
- The static variables can be used to refer the common property of all objects that is not
unique to each object.
- The advantages of static variable are makes solve program memory efficient.

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Example 1: The following example explains how to use static variables in java

package Student;
public class Student {
int id;
String name;
static String college="Technology"; //Static variable declaration
Student(int i, String n){
id=i;
name=n;
}
void display(){
System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+college);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student s1 = new Student(12,"Melesew");
Student s2 = new Student(13,"Azeb");
s1.display();
s2.display();
}
}
Example 2:
package Counter;

public class Counter {

int count=0; //if you add static keword befor int the output is changed 1 2 3

Counter(){
count++;
System.out.println(count);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Counter c1 = new Counter();

Counter c2 = new Counter();
Counter c3 = new Counter();
}
}

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ii. Java static Methods

- If you apply static keyword with any method it is known as static method.
- A static method belongs to the class rather than objects of a class.
- Static methods can be invoked without the need for creating an instance of a class.
- A static method can access static data members and change the value of it.

Example 1: The following example explains how to use static methods in java

package Student;

public class Student {

int id;
String name;
static String college="Technology"; //static variable college

static void change(){ //static method change

college="CS";
}

Student(int i,String n){

id=i;
name=n;
}

void display(){
System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+college);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Student.change();
// Student.college="FB";

Student s1 = new Student(12,"Abebe");

Student s2 = new Student(13,"Almaz");
Student s3 = new Student(14,"Kebede");

s1.display();
s2.display();
s3.display();
} }

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Q. why java main method is static?

iii. Java static block

- It is used to initialize the static data members.

- It is executed before main method at the time of class loading.

e.g.

package A;

public class A {
static{
System.out.println("Static blok invoked.");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
o In static block we can output the data without main function i.e. by using static keyword.

“this” keyword in java

 this is a referenced variable that refers to the current object.

 this keyword can be used:

 To refer current class instance variable.

 this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.

 Used to invoke (call) current class method.

 Can be passed as an argument in the method call.

 To return the current class instance.

 Used for instance variables.

- If there is an ambiguity between instance variable and parameter(local variable) , so that

this keyword resolves the problem of ambiguity. Such as this.name=name;

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Example 1: The following example describes how to use this keyword in java both for variables

and methods/constructors.

package Student;

public class Student {

int id; // instance variable
String name; // instance variable

Student(){ //default constructor

System.out.println("default constructor is invoked.");
}

Student(int id, String name){

this(); //Calling of the above default constructor
this.id=id; //Calling of the above variable id
this.name=name; //Calling of the above variable name
}

void display(){
System.out.println(id+" "+name);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Student s1 = new Student(10,"Melesew");

Student s2 = new Student(20,"Ayenew");

s1.display();
s2.display();
Student s3 = new Student();
s3.display();
}
}

Example 2: The following example describes how to write java program variables which are
assigning a value to another variable without using this keyword.

package Student;

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import java.util.*;

public class Student {

int id;

String name;

Student(){

System.out.println("================================");

System.out.println("default constructor is invoked.");

Student(int i, String n){ //Without the keyword this

this();

id=i;

name=n;

public void display(){

System.out.println("================================");

System.out.println("\t"+id+" "+name);

System.out.println("================================");

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

int a;

String b;

System.out.print("Enter ID number : ");

a=input.nextInt();

System.out.print("Enter Stud name : ");

b=input.next();

Student s1=new Student(a,b);

s1.display();

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Example 3: The following example describes how to write java program variables which are

assigning a value to another variable with this keyword.

package Person;

public class Person {

int x;
int y;

void msg(int x,int y){ //Check output if this keyword not used in the variables
this.x=x;
this.y=y;
System.out.println(x+" "+y);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Person p = new Person();
p.msg(3, 4);
System.out.println(p.x+" "+p.y);
}
}

- this is used to differentiate local variables from instance variables.

- Used to access the current constructor.

Example: The following example describes how to use this keyword.

package Student;

public class Student {

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int id;
String name;
String city;

Student(int id,String name){

this.id=id;
this.name=name;
}

Student(int id,String name,String city){

this(id,name); //this() used to call varibles outside its constructor
this.city=city;
}

void display(){
System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+city);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Student s1 = new Student(12,"Belay","DMU");

Student s2 = new Student(13,"Ejigu","BDU");

s1.display();
s2.display();
}
}
- A class which has the same package are stored in the same folder.

- If we have static methods we didn’t need to declare an object.

e.g.
package Computer;

public class Computer {

static void show(){

System.out.println("default method.");
}

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static void show(String n){

System.out.println("One argument");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

show();
show("melesew");
}
}

- this keyword can be used to invoke current class method.

package A;

public class A {
void m(){
System.out.println("Method is invoked.");
}

void n(){
this.m();
}

void p(){
n();
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

A a1 = new A();
a1.p();
}
}

- Super used as a reference variable. Static keywords used to save memory.

- By default we can access subclass variable if there is similar variable is declared in the

parent and subclass unless to call the parent variable class by super () variable.

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Chapter Three

Inheritance and polymorphism

i. Inheritance
- It is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of parent

object.

- It means to take something that is already made.

- Inheritance represents the “is-A” relationship also known as “parent-child” relationship.

 Why use inheritance?

o For method overriding (not overloading) so running polymorphism can be

achieved.

o For code reusability

 Syntax of inheritance

o Access modifier class subclassName extends superclassname{

//method(s) and field(s);

 Access modifier:- public, private, protected, etc

 class: - keyword used to create class.

 Sub class name: - can be any legal name.

 extends: - keyword used to inherit a functionality from super class.

 Super class name: - can be any legal name.

 The “extends” keyword indicates that you are making a new class that drives from

the existing class.

 In terminology of java:

o A class that is inherited is called a super class (parent class).

o The new class is called subclass (child class/ sub class).

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o e.g. employee is super class of programmer

o e.g. programmer is sub class of employee

example1: the following program shows how inheritance is written in java

package Employee;

public class Employee { //Parent class

float salary=4000;
}

class Programmer extends Employee{ //child class inherits parent class

float bonus=1000;
}

class Test{

public static void main(String[] args) {

Programmer p = new Programmer();

System.out.println("Programmer salary is "+p.salary);
System.out.println("Programmer salary is "+p.bonus);
}
}

//Output

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Types of inheritance

- On the base of class, there can be 3 types of inheritance.

 Single

 Multiple / multi-level

 Hierarchical

- In java programming multiple and hierarchical inheritance is supported through interface

only.

- Multiple and hybrid inheritance is not supported in java unless we have interface.

Q. why multiple inheritance is not supported in java?

- To refer complexity and simplify the language, multiple inheritance is not supported in java

but we can apply in interface.

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//an example of multiple-inheritance in java and compiler error wills occurs because of the above

reasons:

package A;

public class A {

void msg(){
System.out.println("Hello");
}
}

class B {
void msg(){
System.out.println("Welcome");
}
}

class C extends A,B{ //error occurs because multiple inheritance not supported in java but possible in interface

public static void main(String[] args) {

C obj = new C();
obj.msg();
}
}

Aggregation in java

 If a class have an entity reference it is known as entity aggregation.

 Aggregation represents “HAS-A” relationship.

Why use aggregation?

Example: //

package Address;

public class Address {

String city,state,country;

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public Address(String city,String state,String country){

this.city=city;
this.state=state;
this.country=country;
}
}

class emp{
int id;
String name;
Address ad;

public emp(int id,String name,Address ad){

this.id=id;
this.name=name;
this.ad=ad;
}

void display(){
System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+ad.city+" "+ad.state+" "+ad.country);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Address ad1 = new Address("DMU","Amhara","Ethiopia");

Address ad2 = new Address("BDR","Amhara","Ethiopia");
emp e1 = new emp(12,"Belay",ad1);
emp e2 = new emp(13,"Hana",ad2);

e1.display();
e2.display();
}
}

//Output

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Super keyword

- Used to call parent (main) class.

- It is a reference variable that is used to refer immediate parent class object.

Usage of super keyword:

- Used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.

- super() is used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

- Used to invoke parent class method.

i. Super is used to refer immediate parent class instance variable

//example:

package Vecihle;

public class Vecihle {

int speed=50;
}

class Bike extends Vecihle{

int speed=100;

void display(){
System.out.println("Bike class speed : "+speed); //Without super() keyword
System.out.println("Vecihle class speed : "+super.speed); //With super() keyword
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Bike b = new Bike();
b.display();
}
}

 The difference between super and this keyword in java:

o this used to call inside the method only.

o super used to call outside the method (main) class.

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ii. Super is used to invoke parent class constructor.

//example:

package Vecihle;

public class Vecihle {

Vecihle(){
System.out.println("Vecihle is created.");
}
}

class Bike extends Vecihle{

Bike(){
super(); //used to invoke parent class constructor
System.out.println("Bike is created.");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Bike b = new Bike();
}
}
Note: -

- Private keyword used for mostly used in instance variables.

- Only accessible inside the method of the class in which they are declare.

iii. Super used to invoke parent class method.

 The super keyword used in case subclass contains same method name as parent class.

Example:

package Person;

public class Person {

void msg(){
System.out.println("Hello");

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}
}

class Student extends Person{

void msg(){
System.out.println("Welcome to java");
}
void display(){
msg(); //Current or subclass method will be invoked
super.msg(); //Parent class method will be invoked
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Student s = new Student();
s.display();
}
}

Final keyword

- The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user.

- The java final keyword can be used in:

 Variable

 Methods, and

 Class

- A final variable that has no value is called “blank final variable” or “uninitialized final variable”.

- It can be initialized in the constructor only.

- The blank final variable can be static also will be initialized in the static block only.

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- Java final keyword:-

 Stop value change

 Stop method overriding

 Stop inheritance

- Static also used together or alone in java.

- Syntax: Access modifier dataType identifierName = value;

i. Java final variable

- If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the value of final variable i.e it is

constant.

//example

package Bike;
public class Bike {
final int speed=90; // final variable declaration & intialization

void run(){
speed=40; //error will occure because final variables can't be changed
System.out.println(speed);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Bike b = new Bike();
b.run();
}
}

ii. Java final method

- If you made any method as final, you can’t override it.

//example

pckage Bike;

public class Bike {

final void run(){

System.out.println("Hello");
}
}

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class Handa extends Bike{

void run(){ //error displayed because final method can't be override

System.out.println("Hello from Handa class");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Handa h = new Handa();

h.run();
}
}

iii. Java final class

- If you make any class as final, you can’t extend (inherit) it.

//example

package Bike;

public final class Bike {

void run(){
System.out.println("Hello");
}
}

class Handa extends Bike{ //error displayed because final class can't be extended
void run(){
System.out.println("Hello from Handa class");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Handa h = new Handa();
h.run();
}
}

ii. Polymorphism

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- Polymorphism comes from Greek word means “many forms” or many shape (different shape).

- In java polymorphism refers to the fact that you can have multiple methods with the same

name in the same class.

- There are 2 kinds of polymorphism:-

 Overloading (Method)

o Two or more methods with different signature.

o The same name with different kind of data.

 e.g. println(int), println(double), println(String)

//example

package Test;

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

myPrint(5);
myPrint(5,3);
}

//example of method Overloading

static void myPrint(int num1){

System.out.println("num1 = "+num1);
}

static void myPrint(int x,int y){

System.out.println("num1 = "+x+" and num2 = "+y);
}
}

//Output

 Overriding (Method)

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o Placing on inherited method with another having the same signature.

o Overriding method a subclass that exists in the super class.

Example:

package MethodOverwrite;

import java.util.*;

public class Main {

private String firstName="";
private String lastName=null;
private int age;
private static double salary=5000.00;

//default constructor
public Main(){
System.out.println("default constructor is invoked");
}

void display(String fn, String ln, int a){

firstName=fn;
lastName=ln;
age=a;
System.out.println("Fullname : "+firstName+" "+lastName+" Age : "+age+" Salary : "+salary);
}

void display(String sex){

sex=sex;
System.out.println("Sex : "+sex);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter your gender : ");
String gender = in.next();
Main m = new Main(); //default constructor is invoked
m.display("Melesew","Mossie",24);

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m.display(gender);
}
}

//Output

How to override a method?

 Create a method in a sub class having the same signature as a method in super class.

 The return type must be the same also in method overriding.

 The type of argument is different and the number of argument are different also is called

overloading.

 Method overloading can be done in similar class (super class) or (sub class).

 Method overloading can be implemented by different classes (i.e. super class and sub

class).

Abstraction

 Abstraction means data hiding by hiding implementation & show interface.

o e.g. access modifier abstract class className{

abstract method();

 here,

o access modifiers:- public, private, protected

o abstract:- keyword used to create abstract class & method

o class:- keyword used to create a class

o class name:- can be any legal identifier

 abstract can be:-

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o Abstract class: - can contain either abstract or non-abstract method & have body.

o Abstract method: - Method without body.

e.g. public abstract class className{

abstract method();
}
 Non-abstract method has body.

e.g.

public abstract class Test{

public abstract void msg();
public void show(){
System.out.println(“Hello”);
}
}
Public class x extends Test{
Public void msg(){
System.out.println(“From Abstract Method”);
}
 It is impossible to execute abstract method without abstract class.

 Use abstraction and interface method.

 It is the process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to

the user (i.e. interface)

Abstract class

- A class with abstract keyword – is known as abstract class.

- It can have abstract and non-abstract method.

- It can never instantiated. (we can’t create object)

- A class can’t be both abstract and final

 Final classes can’t be extended.

- If a class contains abstract method the class must be abstract.

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- Abstract class contains instance variables.

Abstract Method

- It is a method declared without any implementation (body).

- The method body is provided in the subclass.

- Abstract method can never be final and abstract.

- Any class that extends an abstract class must implement all the abstract methods of the

super class unless a subclass is also on abstract class.

//example:

public abstract class Test{

abstract void msg();

public class x extends Test{

void msg();

- A sub class may also abstract class.

e.g.

package Test;

public abstract class Test {

public abstract void m();

abstract class B extends Test{

abstract void msg();

class C extends B{

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void msg(){

System.out.println("Abstract class method body is provided in subclass");

public void m(){

System.out.println("Hello");

void n(){

System.out.println("World.");

public static void main(String[] args) {

C c = new C();

c.msg();

c.m();

c.n();

//Output

Interface

 It is a blue print of a class.

 It has static constants (as data member) and abstract method (as a method) only.

 It is a mechanism to achieve full abstraction.

 Like abstract class it can’t be instantiated.

 Java compiler adds public and abstract keyword before the interface method.

o Adds public, static & final keyword before interface method

Syntax:

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interface interfaceName;

//data members

// method(s)

Example1:

interface printable{

int MIN=5;

void print();

 It is converted at runtime like follows:

interface printable{

public static final int MIN=5;

public abstract void print();

Example2:

package Printable;

interface Printable {

void print();

class A implements Printable{

public void print(){

System.out.println("Hello");

public static void main(String[] args) {

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A obj = new A();

obj.print();

Example 3:

package Showable;

interface Showable {
abstract void show();
}

interface Printable {
abstract void print();
}

class B implements Showable,Printable{

public void show(){

System.out.println("Welcome to Showable");
}

public void print(){

System.out.println("Welcome to Printable");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

B ob = new B();
ob.show();
ob.print();
}
}
- One interface with another interface can’t be inherited rather it can implemented it.

Java package

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- Used to make the class categorize.

Package class

Example//

import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.*;
import regular.x;

class A {
void msg(){
System.out.println(“from class extended”);
}
}

package summer;

import regular.*;
import regular.A;
class F{
public static void main(String… args){
A obj = new A();
Obj.msg();
}
}
IT(package) Packages

Regular - A
-B classes
-C

Summer -D
-E

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