UK Civil Service

How government works

In the UK, the Prime Minister leads the government with the support of the
Cabinet and ministers. You can find out who runs government and how
government is run, as well as learning about the history of government.

Contents
1. Who runs government
2. How government is run
3. Civil service
4. Get involved
5. Legislation
6. Access to information
7. Devolved government
8. Local government
9. Parliament
10. History of government

Who runs government

The Prime Minister
The Prime Minister is the leader of His Majesty’s Government and is ultimately
responsible for all policy and decisions.

The Prime Minister also:

 oversees the operation of the Civil Service and government agencies

 appoints members of the government
 is the principal government figure in the House of Commons
The Prime Minister is The Rt Hon Sir Keir Starmer KCB KC MP.

Read more about the Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street

The Cabinet
The Cabinet is made up of the senior members of government. Every week
during Parliament, members of the Cabinet (Secretaries of State from all
departments and some other ministers) meet to discuss the most important
issues for the government.

See who is in the Cabinet

Ministers
1 Prime Minister
22 Cabinet ministers
97 Other ministers
120 Total ministers
Ministers are chosen by the Prime Minister from the members of the House of
Commons and House of Lords. They are responsible for the actions, successes
and failures of their departments.

See full list of ministers

How government is run

Government departments and agencies
Departments and their agencies are responsible for putting government policy
into practice.

Government departments
Some departments, like the Ministry of Defence, cover the whole UK. Others
don’t – the Department for Work and Pensions doesn't cover Northern Ireland.
This is because some aspects of government are devolved to Scotland, Wales
and Northern Ireland.

Non-ministerial departments are headed by senior civil servants and not

ministers. They usually have a regulatory or inspection function like the Charity
Commission.

Executive agencies
These are part of government departments and usually provide government
services rather than decide policy - which is done by the department that
oversees the agency.

An example is the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (overseen by

the Department for Transport).

Other public bodies

These have varying degrees of independence but are directly accountable to
ministers. There are 4 types of non-departmental public bodies (NDPBs).

Executive NDPBs do work for the government in specific areas - for example,
the Environment Agency.

Advisory NDPBs provide independent, expert advice to ministers - for example,

the Committee on Standards in Public Life.

Tribunal NDPBs are part of the justice system and have jurisdiction over a
specific area of law - for example, the Competition Appeal Tribunal.

Independent monitoring boards are responsible for the running of prisons and
treatment of prisoners - for example, His Majesty's Inspectorate of Prisons.
24 Ministerial departments

20 Non-ministerial departments

400+ Agencies and other public bodies

Civil Service
The Civil Service does the practical and administrative work of government. It is
co-ordinated and managed by the Prime Minister, in their role as Minister for the
Civil Service.

Around half of all civil servants provide services direct to the public, including:

 paying benefits and pensions

 running employment services
 staffing prisons
 issuing driving licences
The Civil Service is on [Link].

Work for us
Find and apply for vacancies in departments, executive agencies and non-
departmental public bodies.

Work with us
Search Contracts Finder for any government contract over £10,000 and get
details of all previous tenders.

Get involved
Read about ways to get involved.

Engage with government

Interact with government through consultations and petitions to inform and
influence the decisions it makes.

Take part
Offer your skills and energy to a project in your neighbourhood, around the UK
or overseas.

Legislation
Laws go through several stages before they are passed by Parliament. The
House of Commons and the House of Lords work together to make them.

They can include:

Draft legislation
White papers outline proposals for new laws. Green papers ask for public
comments before the white paper is published.

Bills are proposals for new laws or changes to existing ones. Once agreed by
Parliament, they have to be approved by the King before becoming law.

Acts of Parliament
These are bills which have been approved by the Commons, the Lords, and the
King. The relevant government department is responsible for putting the act into
practice.

Visit [Link]

Access to information
Freedom of information
The Freedom of Information Act gives you the right to ask any public sector
organisation for all the recorded information it has on any subject. Anyone can
make a request for information – known as a Freedom of Information (or FOI)
request. There are no restrictions on your age, nationality or where you live.

How to make a freedom of information request

See FOI releases on [Link]

Statistics
Government produces Official Statistics about most areas of public life. Statistics
are used by people inside and outside government to make informed decisions
and to measure the success of government policies and services. Find out about
the legislation that governs the publication of UK national and Official Statistics.

See statistics publications on [Link]

Transparency
The government publishes information about how government works to allow
you to make politicians, public services and public organisations more
accountable. We are committed to publishing information about:

 how much public money has been spent on what

 the job titles of senior civil servants and how much they are paid
 how the government is doing against its objectives
See transparency releases on [Link]

Data
Putting data in people’s hands can help them have more of a say in the reform
of public services. On [Link] you can easily find, review and use
information about our country and communities - for example, to develop web
applications.

Devolved government
In Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, devolved administrations are
responsible for many domestic policy issues, and their Parliaments/Assemblies
have law-making powers for those areas.

Areas the Scottish Government, Welsh Government, and the Northern Ireland
Executive are responsible for, include:

 health
 education
 culture
 the environment
 transport

Local government
Councils make and carry out decisions on local services. Many parts of England
have 2 tiers of local government: county councils and district, borough or city
councils.

In some parts of the country, there’s just one tier of local government providing
all the functions, known as a ‘unitary authority’. This can be a city, borough or
county council – or it may just be called ‘council’. As well as these, many areas
also have parish or town councils.

Understand how your council works

Parliament
Parliament is separate from government. Made up of the House of Commons
and the House of Lords, its role is to:

 look at what the government is doing

 debate issues and pass new laws
 set taxes
Find out about how Parliament works

Read The Official Report at Hansard

History of government
Britain has one of the oldest governments in the world. Find out more about how
it has worked and who has shaped it in the history section.

Read about past Prime Ministers, Chancellors and Foreign Secretaries

in notable people. Learn more about historic government buildings on Whitehall
and around the UK.

You can also find links to historical research, documents and records.