Chapter Two
2.1. Introduction
Understanding the subject in English requires exploring both its syntactic and
semantic functions. The subject is not just a grammatical element; it is an integral
part of conveying meaning and organizing sentence structure. In English, the subject
typically precedes the verb in declarative sentences, and it is the focal point that
influences verb agreement and sentence interpretation. The subject serves as a
bridge between syntax and semantics, reflecting both grammatical rules and the
meaning intended by the speaker or writer.
For instance, in the sentence 'The cat sleeps on the mat,' the subject 'The cat' is
central to both the action ('sleeps') and the context provided. Without the subject,
the sentence would lose its coherence.
Furthermore, understanding the subject’s role is essential for mastering English
syntax, especially in complex sentences where the subject might not always be
explicitly stated, as in imperatives ('Close the door!') or implied in informal speech
('Hope you’re well.').
2.2. Semantics
Semantics explores the meaning of linguistic elements, focusing on how the subject
contributes to sentence interpretation. In English, the subject’s semantic role varies
based on its relationship with the verb. The following are key semantic roles:
Agent:
Represents the doer of the action.
Example: - The teacher explained the lesson. (The teacher)
Experiencer:
Indicates the entity experiencing a state or perception.
Example: - John felt cold. (John)
Theme:
Describes the entity undergoing an action or being referred to.
Example: - The book was read by the student. (The book)
Instrument:
Denotes the tool or means by which an action is performed.
Example: - The key opened the door. (The key)
Goal:
Refers to the endpoint or target of the action.
Example: - She sent a letter to her friend. (Her friend)
Beneficiary:
Specifies the entity benefiting from the action.
Example: - He cooked dinner for his parents. (His parents)
2.3. Syntax
Syntax focuses on the arrangement of words and phrases to form meaningful
sentences. The subject in English has specific syntactic roles, making it a pivotal
component of sentence structure. These roles include:
Position:
Typically, the subject precedes the verb in declarative sentences.
Example: - The students are studying. (The students)
Agreement:
The subject determines the verb form based on number and person.
Example: - The dog barks. (The dog)
Passive Voice:
In passive constructions, the object becomes the subject.
Example: - The cake was baked by Sarah. (The cake)
Ellipsis:
In informal contexts, the subject may be implied.
Example: - Run quickly! (You (implied))
Complex Subjects:
Subjects may include clauses or phrases.
Example: - What he said was surprising. (What he said)
Sources
1. Huddleston, R., & Pullum, G. K. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English
Language. Cambridge University Press.
2. Radford, A. (2009). Introduction to English Syntax. Cambridge University Press.
3. Saeed, J. I. (2016). Semantics. Wiley-Blackwell.
4. Carnie, A. (2013). Syntax: A Generative Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell.
