STUDY OF PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE CASTED WITH

TREATED EFFLUENT

Mohammad Zuhair
Associate Professor, P. R. Pote Patil College of Engineering and Management Amravati
[email protected]

1. Abstract
About 71% of earth surface is covered with 2. Introduction
water and the ocean holds about 97% of Water is one of the nature's precious gifts,
and all earths' water, remaining 3% is which sustains life on earth. Civilizations
freshwater Water is a basic element in over the world have perished depending
construction and construction industry upon the availability of this vital resource.
required fresh water. Nowadays, we are Water has been worshiped for life
facing problem related to availability of nourishing properties in all the scriptures.
fresh/potable water.Considering this About 71% of earth surface is covered
problem, this research deals with study of with water and the ocean holds about 97%
the effect of different type of treated waste of and all earths' water, remaining 3% is
water on properties of concrete such as freshwater. This 3% freshwater is
compressive strength with respect to categorized as 79% is covered with icecaps
potable water. The domestic treated and glaciers, 20% is groundwater and
wastewater sample collected from Sewage remains only 1% surface water. This 1%
water treatment plant (STP) in Lalkhadi surface water is categorized as 52% water
and Industrial treated wastewater sample covered by lakes, river1%, 1%consume by
from effluent treatment plant (ETP) near living organism, 38% is soil moisture 8%,
Amravati city. Water samples of domestic 6% atmospheric water vapour. The water
treated waste water and industrial treated covered by lakes and reservoirs is useful
waste water tested in laboratory to for drinking and many other purposes and
calculate impurities of water such as pH, may subjected to various losses also.
BOD & COD etc. After testing impurities
of treated waste water, it is observed that
all parameters of treated water are in
permissible limit. Concrete cube casted
with Industry treated water, domestic
treated waste water and potable water for
M20 & M25 grade of concrete and
compared result. The result indicate that
the compressive strength of industrial
treated waste water and domestic treated
waste water is gradually decreases but
within acceptable limit as compare to the
potable water the chemical analysis were
performed by free chlorine by (starch
iodide test) titration method.
Keywords: Potable water, Domestic
treated water, Industrial treated water,
Compressive strength.
 concluded that when curing period
3. Literature review increases the compressive strength of
concrete is also increases using waste
Ramkar A.P. et.al (2016) The effect of water there is no significant difference. It
different source of treated waste water on may be also concluded that from this study
properties of concrete i.e. compressive that the use of waste water produced from
strength, tensile strength and flexural car washing stations has negligible effect
strength of concrete has checked. The on the strength of concrete
treated waste water has been collected
from waste water treatment plant situated
at shirdi. They have used PTWW Asif Rashid sheikh et.al (2016) Main aim
(primary treatment waste water) and of this study is to determine the quality of
STWW (secondary treatment waste water which was used for mixing purpose
water) process and also they have checked for concrete. They have the waste water
the chemical properties of collected collect from waste water treatment plant at
treated waste water in laboratories. After Kuwait. They have used M20 grade of
determining the properties of collected concrete. They have concluded that
sample from treatment plant they have comparison between potable water
cast the cubes using M30. concrete and treated waste water concrete
are giving nearly similar results. [4] P.
Rama Mohan Rao carried out the study on
K. Nirmal kumar et.al (2008) treated waste water for preparing concrete
investigated that, durability impact of mix are suitable or not suitable and also
concrete by using recycled wastewater. studied which exactly effect is developed
They used the recycled wastewater from on concrete by using treated waste water.
the tannery industry for the construction They have also checked what exactly
purpose, so that the shortage in water can happen when waste water used in
be greatly reduced by making some reinforcement concrete. They have
primary treatment. Then the specimens concluded that treated waste water is
were also casted by adding the conacre suitable for construction activity without
admixture with dosages of 0.5%, 1.0%, compromising strength of concrete.
1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5%. The specimens
were tested for durability properties for 28
days, 90 days and 365 days. By using P. Rama Mohan Rao et.al (2014) carried
these cubes and cylinder were casted and out the study on treated waste water for
tested for its durability (sulphate attack, preparing concrete mix are suitable or not
chloride attack and corrosion impact). suitable and also studied which exactly
effect are developed on concrete by using
treated waste water. They have also
K.S. Al-Jabri et.al (2011) carried out checked what exactly happen when waste
study on treated waste water for concrete water used in reinforcement concrete.
mix then they have checked which effects They have concluded that treated waste
are developed on properties of high water is suitable for construction activity
strength concrete. The sample was without compromising strength of
collected from three car washing stations concrete.
in Muscat area. They have cast different
types of samples for testing purpose i.e. H. Vijay et.al (2014) mainly focused on
first six cubes are cast in size 150 x150 x the reuse of treated waste water effluent in
150, second three cylinders are cast in place of potable water in plain concrete.
size 300 x 150 diameter and last three They have also studied the effect of
prisms are cast in 100 x 100 x 500 physic-chemical characteristics of this non
dimension. They have determined the fresh water on concrete. They were used
compressive strength, tensile strength and water sample from four source which are
flexural strength at 28 days of curing. And treated domestic sewage water, service
also, compressive strength of cubes station water (garage), Dairy waste water
checked for 7-day curing. They have and potable water. After sample collecting
they were analyzed all sample for pH, for concrete mixing is seen to favourable
total dissolved solids, chloride, hardness, for strength development. It also seen that
alkalinity, and sulfates. This study reduction in long term strength of concrete
concluded that use of treated effluents including it may possible to use treated
auto service station (garage) water and waste water in mixing and curing of
dairy wastewater has no noticeable side concrete. However, there is Risk of
effect on the strength of concrete. corrosion of steel reinforcement in
concrete.
Himashu Sharma et.al (2015) carried out
study on effect of alkaline substance Mr. K. J. Kucche et.al (2015) Impurities
present in mixing and curing water on the present in water are reacting differently
compressive strength of concrete is with different constituent of cement. These
assessed under the laboratory conditions. reactions mostly affect the setting time,
They have used two type of grade for compressive strength and may also cause
mixing purpose i.e. M25 and M30. The straining of concrete surface. All
concrete mix prepared with additional two impurities may not have adverse effects on
concentrations of NaOH i.e. 40ml/l and the properties of concrete. Some impurities
80ml/l in mixing and curing of water. react such that, net result may be harmless
Compressive strength of concrete was or improve concrete properties. Hence it is
checked for 14, 28 and 90 days. They difficult to draw a common conclusion for
conclude that compressive strength of use of water for mixing and curing in
concrete decrease with 40ml/l concrete. The use of impure water for
concentration of NaOH as compared to concrete mixing is seen to favorable for
cube cast with normal water when tested strength development at early ages.
for 14, 28 and 90 days. The compressive
strength of concrete increase with 80 ml/l
concentration of NaOH as compared to R. A. Taha et.al (2010) investigated that,
cubes cast with normal water when cubes the feasibility of using Ground (brackish)
tested at 14 and 28 days but it is water and Production (oily) water in
decreasing the compressive strength of construction Compared with Tap water.
concrete again when cube tested at 90 Non fresh water samples were obtained
days. So, they conclude that some amount from four P DO (Petroleum Development
of the effected of NaOH on compressive O man) asset areas. Nine water samples,
strength of concrete. including controlled potable (tap) water,
were analyzed for pH, total dissolved
solids (TDS), chloride, hardness,
Shrilatha et.al (2017) carried out study alkalinity, and sulphates. In addition,
on the primary treated waste water used cement pastes and mortars and plain
for concrete mix which was analyzed for concrete mixtures were prepared using
chemical properties in laboratories. The 100% substitution of potable water. N ine
waste water sample collected from mixtures were prepared and cured for up to
MYLSANDRA waste water treatment one and a half years. Mixtures were tested
plant. The grade of concrete which they for initial setting times, compressive
have used is M20. The potable water was strength and flexural strength.
replaced with the primary treated waste
water in different dilution ratios of 20%,
40% and 100%. They also conclude that M. Silva and T. R. Naik et.al (2010)
the results obtained from treated effluent, investigated that unstainable use of
compressive strength of concrete is resources, such as use of reclaimed water,
increased by 10.68% till 28 days as especially partially processed sewage
compared to potable water. treatment plant water in concrete. An
initial laboratory investigation was
conducted samples were collected from the
S.P. Kale et.al (2018) This study has Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage
evaluated the use of treated waste water District (MMS D) and analyzed the
Characteristics of reclaimed wastewater.
According to their investigation the
compressive strength, mortar cubes with
sewage treatment plant water has shown U.S Ansari et.al (2016) This study deals
improvement in strength during 3 to 28 with the effect of different type of treated
days and increased by the duration of 91 waste water properties of strength of
days. concrete. In that use of concrete mis of
M30 the Potable water was fully replaced
with the PTWW, STWW & Domestic
KishanLal Jain et.al (2016) This paper waste water The consistency, initial e final
reviews the possibility of replacing fresh setting time of cement paste by mixing
water with waste water for making STWW is within the Is limit. The
concrete. The strength is not affected so compressive strength of mouton is in by
much by using waste water as mixing STWW at the end of 28 days the
replacement for waste water. From the compressive strength of concrete is
literature it is seen that, the reaction increased by mixing stww at the end of 60
between waste water and cement affect days there is no any significant difference
the workability, compressive strength and in tensile strength & flexure strength is
flexural strength. The reduced strength is improve by using STWW.
within the acceptable limit. The use of
impure water for concrete mixing is
reduces the cost of the construction and in 4. Methodology
this way the process of construction  Test on water
becomes economical.  pH of water
pH determines the acidity or alkalinity of
Ayoup M. Ghrair et.al. (2016) This water or waste water. The pH of water is a
study has evaluated the use of treated very important measurement to know the
waste water for concrete and mortar quality of water.
production in bench and full scales. The  BOD of water
water quality analysis showed that treated
waste water is suitable for concrete and BOD, also called biological oxygen
mortar production. This study has shown demand, is the amount of dissolved
that treated waste water is a potential oxygen needed by aerobic biological
alternative for fresh water in the concrete organisms to break down organic material
industry. Therefore, the current guidelines present in a given water sample at certain
for wastewater recuse should be revised temperature over a specific time period.
by the governmental authorities to  COD of water
encourage the use of treated waste water The chemical oxygen demand gives an
as a substitute for fresh water in concrete idea of quality of water. COD test is often
production used to understand the water treatment
plant efficiency.
Abdul Razak et.al (2015) There is a Table no. 1 Test on water
decrease in the workability of concrete S Result
using treated waste water whereas gave r
better workability to concrete. There is no N
o Test Potable Domestic Industrial
significant difference in the compressive Water treated treated
strength value of concrete made using water water
treated waste water and potable water. 1 pH of 6.05 6.69 8.4
The tensile strength of concrete made water
using treated waste water was found to be
lesser compared to that of potable water. 2 BOD 3.66mg 6 mg/L 10.2
Considerable construction cost can be of /L mg/L
water
reduced by utilizing the treated water for
plain cement concrete 3 COD 4 mg/l 20 mg/l 34 mg/l
 of 1. Silt sand test 3.97%
water
2. Sieve analysis Well graded
sand
4.1 Test on Materials
a) Test on cement c) Test on Aggregate
 Fineness of cement  Aggregate impact test
The cement used in this study is Ordinary The aggregate impact value should be
Portland Cement 53 grade cement which measured to check capacity of aggregate of
preferred for its high compressive resistance to sudden impact or shock. This
strength characteristic is measured by impact value
Table no 2. Test on cement test.
Sr. Test Result
no. Table no 4 Test on Aggregate
1. Fineness of 4.67% Sr. no. Test Result
cement
1. Aggregate 12.89%
impact test
b) Test on Sand
 Silt sand test
The procedure involves adding sand to a 4.2 Cube casting
salt water solution, shaking, and allowing
the silt to settle for 2 hours to measure the Mix design is a process used in
silt volume. The silt content percentage is civil engineering and construction to
then calculated. If the average silt content determine the proportions of various
exceeds 6% by volume, the aggregates ingredients needed to produce a
require washing before use to improve concrete mix with desired properties.
concrete strength. These properties may include strength,
workability, durability, and other
performance characteristics required
 Sieve analysis for a specific application. Concrete mix
Sieve analysis is a method used to design is the science of choosing the
determine the particle size distribution of types of ingredients, and the
a granular material, such as sand, gravel, proportions to use them in, to create
soil, or aggregate. This analysis helps concrete that meets the technical
characterize the material and assess its specifications for a given construction
suitability for various engineering and project. We used M20 and M25 grade
construction applications. sieve analysis of concrete to cast our cubes by using
involves passing a sample of the material potable water, Domestic treated waste
through a series of standard sieves with water and Industrial treated waste
progressively smaller openings (mesh water. The duration of testing and
sizes). The material is separated into curing of cubes is 7 days, 14 days and
fractions based on particle size, with finer 28 days.
particles passing through finer sieves and
coarser particles retained on coarser  M20 Grade of concrete
sieves. M20 grade of concrete is a designation
used to specify the mix proportions of
materials required to produce concrete
Table no 3 Test on Sand with a characteristic compressive
Sr. Test Result strength of 20 megapascals (MPa) or
no. 20 Newtons per square millimetre
(N/mm²) after 28 days of curing. In
the Indian standard (IS 456:2000), the
M20 grade of concrete is commonly
used for various construction
applications such as residential
buildings, pavements, foundations,
and light-duty structures. The ratio of
cement, sand, aggregate of M20 grade
of concrete is 1:1.5:3

 M25 grade of concrete

M25 grade of concrete is another
commonly used designation in the
Indian standard (IS 456:2000) to
specify the mix proportions of
materials required to produce concrete
with a characteristic compressive
strength of 25 megapascals (MPa) or
25 Newton per square millimetres
(N/mm²) after 28 days of curing. M25
Universal Testing Machine
grade concrete is often used for
various construction applications such
as residential buildings, commercial
structures, bridges, and heavy-duty
pavements. The ratio of cement, sand,
aggregate of M25 grade of concrete is
1:1:2

 Testing Procedure

Concrete cubes are typically casted with

freshly concrete and tested at specified
ages usually 7 days, 14 days and 28 days
to assess compliance with design
requirements and specifications of M20
and M25. To test the cubes, we used
UTM (Universal Testing Machine).

 UTM
A Universal Testing Machine (UTM) is a
test machine used to test the mechanical
properties of a sample by applying a
tensile compressive or transverse load. A
universal test machine is designed to meet
a wide range of tests by simply switching
out different grips and fixtures.
5. Results & Discussion

5.1 Overall result of M20 Grade of Graph of M20 Grade of concrete

concrete cubes

Type of Water Days Compressive

22.53
strength(N/mm²) 22.5
21.23
20.71
20.93

17.77
17.55
17.5
Fresh Potable 7 days 17.77 16.74
Water 14.45
13.95
14 days 20.71
12.5
28 days 22.53

Domestic Treated 7 days 14.45 7.5

Waste Water
14 days 17.55
2.5
28 days 21.23

Day 7 Day 14 Day 28

Industrial Treated 7 days 13.95
Fresh 17.77 20.71 22.53
Water Water
14 days 16.74 Domes- 14.45 17.55 21.23
tic Wa-
ter
28 days 20.93
Indus- 13.95 16.74 20.93
trial Fresh Water Domestic Water
Water
Industrial Water
 5.2 Overall result of M25 grade of
concrete
27.5
25.95
25.01
24.9
22.76 22.5
22.5 22.05
Type of Days Compressive 20.85

Water strength(N/mm²) 18.25

17.5
15.56

Fresh 7 days 18.25 12.5

Potable
14 days 22.05
Water 7.5
28 days 25.95

Domestic 7 days 15.56 2.5

Treated Day 7 Day 14 Day 28

14 days 22.76
Waste Fresh 18.25 22.05 25.95
Wa-
Water 28 days 25.01 ter
Do- 15.56 22.76 25.01
mes-
Industrial 7 days 20.85 tic Fresh Water
Wa- Domestic Water
Treated ter
Industrial Water
14 days 22.5 In- 20.85 22.5 24.9
Water dus-
trial
28 days 24.9 Wa-
ter

5.3 DISCUSSION

Graph of M25 Grade of concrete

From the result and tests performed
earlier, it is clear that the treated sewage
 waste water and industrial treated water  The compressive strength of
can be used to prepare cement mortar as cement cube casted by domestic
the impurities are under permissible limits treated water for 7 day, 14 day, 28
according to the tests. It was observed that days of M20 grade of concrete is
under normal conditions this water gives 14.45 N/mm², 17.55 N/mm² &
comparatively the same compressive 21.23 N/mm² and for M25 grade of
strength hence it is economical to use the concrete is 15.56 N/mm². 22.76
treated sewage waste water and industrial N/mm² & 25.01 N/mm²
treated waste water for curing and
preparing cement mortar. On the other  The compressive strength of
hand, while testing the performance of the cement cube casted by industrial
same water for the preparation of cement treated water for 7 day, 14 day, 28
concrete. The result obtained was more days of M20 grade of concrete is
than normal water. Thus, the treated 13.95 N/mm², 16.74 N/mm²&
sewage water and industrial treated waste 20.93 N/mm² and for M25 grade of
water can also be used for the preparation concrete is 20.85 N/mm² 22.5
of cement concrete. So, it is clear that the N/mm² & 24.95 N/mm²
treated wastewater can be used for
construction works and thus, the  After studying effect of treated
commercial use of treated sewage water water on concrete property it is
and industrial treated waste water will observed that we can use treated
encourage many more industries to install water in plain cement concrete in
more sewage treatment plants resulting in nearby construction of treatment
the reuse of water. The idea of sustainable plant to achieve economy and it
development can be achieved by the use help for sustainable development.
of treated sewage water and industrial
treated waste water
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