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Course Code : BCS-111

Course Title : Computer Basics and PC Software
Assignment Number : BCA (I)/111/Assignment/2024-25
Maximum Marks : 100
Last Dates for Submission : 31st October, 2024 (For July, 2024 Session)
15th April, 2025 (For January, 2025 Session)

This assignment has three questions of 80 marks (each section of a question carries same marks).
Answer all the questions. Rest 20 marks are for viva voce. You may use illustrations and diagrams
to enhance explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the
Programme Guide for the format of presentation. Please give precise answers. The word limit for
each part is 200 words.

Question 1: 7×4=28 Marks

(a) What are the functions of various operational units of a computer system? What is von Neumann
Architecture? How can you relate von Neumann architecture to an actual computer? Explain with the help of an
example configuration.
(b) Compare and contrast the characteristics and/or organization of the following:
(i) DRAM Vs. SRAM
(ii) Access time on Magnetic disks Vs. access time on Magnetic tapes
(iii) Pen Drive Vs. CD-RW
(iv) ROM Vs. PROM
(c) Convert the following numbers as stated
(i) Decimal 64.005125 to binary
(ii) Decimal 2376 to hexadecimal
(iii) Character A and Z to ASCII and Unicode Hexadecimal CFE9A to binary
(d) What is an instruction? What are its components? What is the role of an instruction in a computer? Explain with
the help of an example. Where does the instruction reside at the time of execution.
(e) A 2.5 inch diameter disk has 8 platters with each platter having two data recording surfaces, each platter on disk
has 4084 tracks, each track has 400 sectors and one sector can store 1 MB of data. Calculate the storage capacity
of this disk in Bytes. If this disk has a seek time of 2 milli-seconds and rotates at the speed of 6000 rpm, find the
Access time for the disk. Make suitable assumptions, if any.
(f) What are the uses of various components of motherboard of a computer? List at least four output devices and
ports to which these devices can be connected. Explain the characteristics of these output devices and ports.
(g) What are the uses of following Software:
(i) Data Compression Utility
(ii) Media Player
(iii) Disk Defragmenter
(iv) Disk checker

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Question 2: 7×4=28 Marks

(a) Why do you need virus detection software? What are their drawbacks? What are the techniques to identify a
virus? List any 4 latest virus for desktop systems.

(b) Consider that you have to run several computer programs simultaneously on a computer. Each program takes
input from a file and output information on a printer. How does different components of an Operating system
(like memory management, I/O management, Process management, file system and user interface) will help
in execution of these programs.

(c) Explain the differences between procedural programming and object oriented programming with the help of
one example program of each.

(d) Draw a flow chart of a program that adds N even numbers starting from 1. The value of N should be input by
the user.

(e) List the elements of a programming language. Explain the terms data type, expression, assignment; and
logical, relational and equality operators with the help of an example each.

(f) What are the phases of project development in which project management software can help. Explain with
the help of examples.

(g) Explain the following with the help of an example/diagram, if needed:

(i) Development Model for Open Source Software
(ii) Tools for program development
(iii) Use of functions and Macros
(iv) Database and Database Management System

Question 3: 6×4=24 Marks

(a) Explain the characteristics of any two guided and any two unguided channels for data transmission.

(b) Four branch offices of an organisation are located in four major cities of a vast country. Explain the
characteristics of the network that will be needed for every branch office. All the four branch offices network
should also be connected by another network. Explain the characteristics of this network also.

(c) What is Internet? What are the major protocols used on Internet? What is an IP address? How can an IP
address be related to a web address? Explain with the help of an example.

(d) What are the different features of a browser? If you want to perform Online Banking Transactions, what
precautions will you take before performing a transaction?

(e) Describe the process of creating a web email account. What are the different components of a mail message?
Explain with the help of a diagram.

(f) Explain the following in the context of Internet and its applications, giving their features and uses:
(i) Online Education
(ii) eCommerce
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BCS-111
Computer Basics and PC Software
These solutions are prepared by a private teacher to assist and guide students in understanding how to approach
and answer their assignments. We do not guarantee 100% accuracy, as these answers are based on the teacher’s
knowledge and expertise. Students should refer to their official study materials provided by the university for
precise information.

Question 1: 7×4=28 Marks

(a) What are the functions of various operational units of a computer system? What is
von Neumann Architecture? How can you relate von Neumann architecture to an
actual computer? Explain with the help of an example configuration.
Functions of Various Operational Units of a Computer System
A computer system is composed of several operational units, each with specific functions essential for the
system's overall operation. The main operational units are:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU):
o Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic operations (such as addition, subtraction) and
logical operations (such as AND, OR, NOT).
o Control Unit (CU): Directs the operation of the processor. It controls the flow of data between
the CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
o Registers: Small, fast storage locations within the CPU that hold data, instructions, or addresses
temporarily during processing.
2. Memory Unit:
o Primary Memory (RAM): Temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU needs while
performing tasks.
o Secondary Memory (Hard Drives, SSDs): Provides long-term storage for data and programs. It is
non-volatile, meaning it retains data even when the computer is turned off.
o Cache Memory: A small, fast memory located close to the CPU that stores frequently accessed
data and instructions to speed up processing.
3. Input/Output (I/O) Units:
o Input Devices: Devices such as keyboards, mice, and scanners that allow users to interact with
the computer by entering data.
o Output Devices: Devices like monitors, printers, and speakers that output data from the
computer to the user.
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4. Bus System:
o Data Bus: Transfers data between the CPU, memory, and other components.
o Address Bus: Carries the addresses of data and instructions from the CPU to the memory.
o Control Bus: Carries control signals from the CPU to coordinate the activities of the computer.
Von Neumann Architecture
The Von Neumann architecture, also known as the Princeton architecture, is a computer architecture
model that describes a system where the CPU runs stored programs. Named after the mathematician
John von Neumann, it is the foundation of most modern computers.
Key Features of Von Neumann Architecture:
1. Stored Program Concept: Both data and instructions are stored in the same memory space, and the
CPU fetches instructions sequentially from memory to execute them.
2. Single Memory Space: There is a single read-write memory for storing instructions and data, unlike
Harvard architecture, which separates them.
3. Sequential Execution: The CPU fetches one instruction at a time, decodes it, and then executes it
before moving to the next instruction.
4. Bottleneck: The architecture can face a bottleneck due to the single bus for data and instructions,
which limits the speed of data transfer between the CPU and memory.
Relating Von Neumann Architecture to an Actual Computer
Modern computers still follow the basic principles of the Von Neumann architecture. Here's how it can be
related to an actual computer:
1. Memory Layout: In a typical computer, both the operating system and applications are stored in the
same RAM. When you run a program, the CPU fetches the instructions from the RAM, executes them,
and stores the results back in memory.
2. Sequential Execution: Consider an actual scenario where you run a word processor. The CPU fetches
instructions from the word processor’s program stored in memory, executes the operations (such as
opening a file), and then waits for further input (like typing on the keyboard). Each action is performed
in sequence.
3. Example Configuration:
o CPU: Intel Core i7
o RAM: 16 GB DDR4
o Storage: 512 GB SSD
o Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse
o Output Devices: Monitor
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(b) Compare and contrast the characteristics and/or organization of the following:
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(i) DRAM Vs. SRAM

(ii) Access time on Magnetic disks Vs. access time on Magnetic tapes
(iii) Pen Drive Vs. CD-RW (iv) ROM Vs. PROM

(i) DRAM vs. SRAM

Feature DRAM (Dynamic RAM) SRAM (Static RAM)

Memory Cell Uses a single transistor and a Uses multiple transistors (typically 4-
capacitor per bit 6) per bit
Data Storage Stores data dynamically; requires Stores data statically; no need for
periodic refreshing refreshing
Speed Slower due to the need for Faster, as it doesn't require
refreshing refreshing
Power Consumes more power due to Consumes less power as there's no
Consumption refresh cycles need for refreshing
Density Higher density, more data stored in Lower density, less data stored in the
less space same space
Cost Cheaper due to simpler design and More expensive due to complex
higher density design and lower density
Usage Used for main memory in Used for cache memory in
computers (RAM) processors

(ii) Access Time on Magnetic Disks vs. Access Time on Magnetic Tapes

Feature Magnetic Disks Magnetic Tapes

Access Type Random access Sequential access
Access Time Faster; typically measured in Slower; measured in seconds or minutes
milliseconds
Read/Write Moves quickly to the required Must wind or rewind tape to the correct
Head track and sector location
Data Retrieval Immediate access to data Data retrieval can be time-consuming,
anywhere on the disk especially for large data
Usage Used for active data storage in Used for backup and archival storage
hard drives, servers, etc. where access speed is less critical

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(iii) Pen Drive vs. CD-RW

Feature Pen Drive CD-RW (Compact Disc ReWritable)

Storage Flash memory Optical storage
Type
Capacity Higher capacity (commonly 8 GB Lower capacity (up to 700 MB)
to 1 TB or more)
Speed Faster data transfer speeds Slower read/write speeds
Durability More durable, no moving parts Less durable, susceptible to scratches
Rewritability Supports multiple rewrites Limited rewrites (approximately 1,000
(thousands of cycles) cycles)
Portability Extremely portable and Portable but less convenient due to the
convenient to use need for a CD drive
Usage Used for general-purpose Used for storing, deleting, and rewriting
storage, file transfers data like music or backups

(iv) ROM vs. PROM

Feature ROM (Read-Only Memory) PROM (Programmable Read-Only

Memory)
Programming Factory-programmed, cannot be Programmable once after
altered or reprogrammed manufacturing
Usage Stores firmware or permanent Used for custom applications requiring
software one-time programming
Rewritability Not rewritable Programmable once
Cost Typically cheaper due to mass More expensive due to custom
production programming
Example BIOS firmware Embedded systems where the code is
burned once
Flexibility Less flexible as it comes pre- More flexible as it allows customization
programmed before deployment

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(c) Convert the following numbers as stated
(i) Decimal 64.005125 to binary

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(ii) Decimal 2376 to hexadecimal

(iii) Character A and Z to ASCII and Unicode Hexadecimal CFE9A to binary

(i) Convert Decimal 64.005125 to Binary

To convert the decimal number 64.005125 to binary, we need to handle the integer part (64) and the
fractional part (0.005125) separately.
Step 1: Convert the integer part (64) to binary
• Divide 64 by 2 and record the remainders:

• The binary equivalent is read from bottom to top: 1000000

Step 2: Convert the fractional part (0.005125) to binary
• Multiply the fractional part by 2 and record the integer part:

• The binary equivalent is read from top to bottom after the decimal point: 0.000000101
Combining both parts:
The binary equivalent of 64.005125 is 1000000.000000101.

(ii) Convert Decimal 2376 to Hexadecimal

To convert 2376 to hexadecimal:
• Divide 2376 by 16 and record the remainders:
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• The hexadecimal equivalent is read from bottom to top: 948.

(iii) Convert Character A and Z to ASCII and Unicode
Character A:
• ASCII: 65 (Decimal) = 41 (Hexadecimal)
• Unicode: U+0041 = 0041 (Hexadecimal)
Character Z:
• ASCII: 90 (Decimal) = 5A (Hexadecimal)
• Unicode: U+005A = 005A (Hexadecimal)
(iv) Convert Hexadecimal CFE9A to Binary
To convert CFE9A to binary, convert each hex digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent:
• C = 1100
• F = 1111
• E = 1110
• 9 = 1001
• A = 1010
Combining these gives the binary equivalent: 11001111111010011010.
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(d) What is an instruction? What are its components? What is the role of an instruction in a
computer? Explain with the help of an example. Where does the instruction reside at the
time of execution.
An instruction in a computer system is a binary-encoded command that directs the CPU (Central Processing
Unit) to perform a specific operation. Instructions are the building blocks of programs and are fundamental
to the functioning of a computer. Each instruction typically represents a single operation, such as adding two
numbers, moving data from one location to another, or comparing values.
Components of an Instruction
An instruction generally consists of two main components:
1. Opcode (Operation Code):
o The opcode specifies the operation that the CPU needs to perform. It tells the CPU what action
to take, such as addition, subtraction, data transfer, or branching.

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o For example, in a simple assembly language, an opcode like ADD could represent the addition of
two numbers.
2. Operands:
o The operands are the data or the references to data on which the operation specified by the
opcode is to be performed. Operands can be immediate values, registers, or memory addresses.
o For example, in the instruction ADD R1, R2, R3, R1, R2, and R3 are operands. This instruction
would add the contents of registers R2 and R3 and store the result in register R1.
Role of an Instruction in a Computer
The role of an instruction in a computer is to control the operation of the CPU. Instructions guide the CPU
through a sequence of actions that ultimately perform tasks such as data processing, input/output
operations, or control flow.
Example: Consider the instruction MOV R1, #5. Here, the MOV opcode stands for "move" or "copy," R1 is the
destination register, and #5 is the operand (an immediate value). This instruction tells the CPU to move the
value 5 into register R1.
Where Does the Instruction Reside at the Time of Execution?
At the time of execution, the instruction resides in the Instruction Register (IR) of the CPU. However, before
reaching the Instruction Register, the instruction goes through the following stages:
1. Memory:
o Initially, instructions are stored in the computer's main memory (RAM). They are part of the
program that has been loaded into memory for execution.
2. Instruction Fetch:
o The CPU fetches the instruction from memory using the Program Counter (PC), which holds the
address of the next instruction to be executed.
3. Instruction Decode:
o After being fetched, the instruction is placed in the Instruction Register (IR) and then decoded by
the Control Unit to determine what operation to perform.
4. Execution:
o Once decoded, the instruction is executed by the CPU's execution unit, which performs the
operation specified by the opcode on the operands.
Example of an Instruction in Action
Let’s consider a simple addition instruction:
ADD R1, R2, R3
• Opcode: ADD (specifies the addition operation)
• Operands: R1, R2, R3 (registers involved in the operation)
• Execution Steps:

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1. Fetch: The instruction is fetched from memory and placed in the Instruction Register.
2. Decode: The CPU decodes the instruction, recognizing that it needs to add the contents of R2
and R3.
3. Execute: The CPU performs the addition and stores the result in R1.
4. Store: The result is written back to the specified register (R1).
During the execution phase, the instruction is in the Instruction Register, and its components are used by
various parts of the CPU to carry out the operation.
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(e) A 2.5 inch diameter disk has 8 platters with each platter having two data recording
surfaces, each platter on disk has 4084 tracks, each track has 400 sectors and one sector
can store 1 MB of data. Calculate the storage capacity of this disk in Bytes. If this disk has
a seek time of 2 milli-seconds and rotates at the speed of 6000 rpm, find the Access time
for the disk. Make suitable assumptions, if any.
1. Calculate the Storage Capacity of the Disk:
To calculate the storage capacity, we need to consider the following:
• Number of Platters: 8
• Number of Data Recording Surfaces per Platter: 2 (since each platter has two surfaces)
• Total Number of Surfaces: 8 platters × 2 surfaces = 16 surfaces
• Number of Tracks per Surface: 4084 tracks
• Number of Sectors per Track: 400 sectors
• Data per Sector: 1 MB (1 MB = 1,000,000 bytes)
Storage Capacity per Surface:
Capacity per Surface=Number of Tracks per Surface×Number of Sectors per Track×Data per Sector
Capacity per Surface=4084×400×1,000,000 bytes=1,633,600,000,000 bytes
Total Storage Capacity of the Disk:
Total Storage Capacity=Capacity per Surface×Number of Surfaces
Total Storage Capacity=1,633,600,000,000 bytes×16=26,137,600,000,000 bytes
So, the total storage capacity of the disk is 26,137,600,000,000 bytes.
2. Calculate the Access Time:
Access time is the time it takes to read or write data to a disk, and it consists of two components: Seek Time
and Rotational Latency.
Seek Time:
• Given Seek Time: 2 milliseconds (ms)
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Rotational Latency:
• Disk Rotational Speed: 6000 revolutions per minute (rpm)
Convert to Revolutions per Second:

Time for One Revolution (Rotational Period):

Average Rotational Latency:

• The average rotational latency is half the time for a full revolution, as on average, the disk will rotate
halfway to the required sector.

Total Access Time:

Total Access Time=Seek Time+Average Rotational Latency
Total Access Time=2 ms+5 ms=7 ms
Final Answers:
• Storage Capacity of the Disk: 26,137,600,000,000 bytes
• Access Time: 7 milliseconds
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(f) What are the uses of various components of motherboard of a computer? List at least
four output devices and ports to which these devices can be connected. Explain the
characteristics of these output devices and ports.

Uses of Various Components of a Motherboard:

1. CPU Socket:
o Purpose: The CPU (Central Processing Unit) socket is where the processor is installed. It connects
the CPU to the motherboard, allowing it to communicate with other components.
o Use: The CPU executes instructions from programs, performing arithmetic, logic, control, and
input/output operations specified by the instructions.
2. RAM Slots (DIMM Slots):

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o Purpose: These slots hold the computer's memory (RAM).

o Use: RAM temporarily stores data that the CPU needs while performing tasks, allowing for quick
access and processing.
3. Chipset:
o Purpose: The chipset manages data flow between the processor, memory, and peripherals. It
typically includes the Northbridge and Southbridge chips.
o Use: The Northbridge handles communication between the CPU, RAM, and GPU, while the
Southbridge manages I/O functions such as USB, SATA, and audio.
4. BIOS/UEFI Chip:
o Purpose: The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)
chip contains firmware that initializes hardware during the boot process and provides runtime
services for operating systems and programs.
o Use: It configures hardware settings, performs POST (Power-On Self-Test), and starts the
bootloader or operating system.
1. Expansion Slots (PCIe Slots):
o Purpose: These slots allow additional cards, such as graphics cards, network cards, or sound
cards, to be connected to the motherboard.
o Use: Expansion cards add functionality or improve performance, like providing better graphics
processing or faster network connectivity.
2. SATA Ports:
o Purpose: These ports are used to connect storage devices like hard drives (HDDs), solid-state
drives (SSDs), and optical drives to the motherboard.
o Use: They enable data transfer between the motherboard and storage devices.
3. Power Connectors (ATX 24-Pin & 8-Pin CPU Power):
o Purpose: These connectors provide power to the motherboard and the CPU.
o Use: They ensure that the motherboard and CPU receive the necessary electrical power to
operate.
4. USB Headers:
o Purpose: USB headers allow additional USB ports to be connected, typically through the front
panel of the computer case.
o Use: They expand the number of available USB ports for connecting peripherals like keyboards,
mice, and external storage devices.
Output Devices and Their Ports:
1. Monitor (Display):
o Port: HDMI, DisplayPort, VGA, DVI

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o Characteristics:
▪ HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface): Supports both video and audio
transmission, widely used for high-definition displays.
▪ DisplayPort: Offers higher bandwidth than HDMI, supporting higher resolutions and
refresh rates.
▪ VGA (Video Graphics Array): An older analog connection used for video output, with
lower resolution compared to HDMI and DisplayPort.
▪ DVI (Digital Visual Interface): Provides a digital signal for video output, offering better
quality than VGA but less common than HDMI and DisplayPort.
2. Printer:
o Port: USB, Ethernet, Wi-Fi
o Characteristics:
▪ USB: Standard wired connection for printers, offering plug-and-play functionality.
▪ Ethernet: Allows the printer to be connected to a network, enabling multiple devices to
access the printer.
▪ Wi-Fi: Enables wireless printing, allowing devices to print without a direct physical
connection.
3. Speakers:
o Port: 3.5mm Audio Jack, USB, Bluetooth
o Characteristics:
▪ 3.5mm Audio Jack: Standard analog connection for audio output, commonly used for
wired speakers.
▪ USB: Provides a digital connection, often used for powered speakers with additional
features.
▪ Bluetooth: Allows wireless audio output, enabling speakers to connect to devices without
cables.
4. Projector:
o Port: HDMI, VGA, USB
o Characteristics:
▪ HDMI: Supports high-definition video and audio transmission, commonly used for
connecting projectors to computers or media players.
▪ VGA: An analog connection used for lower resolution video output, compatible with older
devices.
▪ USB: Some projectors support USB connections for direct media playback or as a power
source.

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(g) What are the uses of following Software:
(i) Data Compression Utility
(ii) Media Player
(iii) Disk Defragmenter
(iv) Disk checker

Uses of Various Software:

(i) Data Compression Utility:
• Purpose: Data compression utilities reduce the size of files and folders to save disk space and make file
transfers more efficient.
• Uses:
o Storage Efficiency: By compressing files, more data can be stored in the same amount of space.
o Faster File Transfers: Smaller file sizes result in quicker upload/download times over the internet
or other networks.
o Archiving: Often used for creating archives (.zip, .rar) where multiple files can be compressed into
a single file for easier storage or sharing.
(ii) Media Player:
• Purpose: Media players are software applications that play audio, video, and other multimedia content.
• Uses:
o Multimedia Playback: Allows users to play music, watch videos, view images, and stream online
content.
o Format Compatibility: Supports various audio and video file formats, such as MP3, MP4, AVI, and
MKV.
o Streaming: Some media players offer streaming capabilities, allowing users to play content from
the internet or a networked location.
(iii) Disk Defragmenter:
• Purpose: A disk defragmenter reorganizes the fragmented data on a hard disk drive (HDD) to improve
system performance.
• Uses:
o Improved Speed: By organizing fragmented files, it reduces the time taken by the HDD to read
and write data, resulting in faster access times.

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o Optimized Storage: Helps in optimizing the space on the disk, allowing the system to use storage
more efficiently.
o Enhanced System Stability: Regular defragmentation can help prevent system crashes and
improve the overall stability of the computer.
(iv) Disk Checker:
• Purpose: Disk checkers are utilities that scan hard drives for errors, bad sectors, and file system issues.
• Uses:
o Error Detection: Identifies and attempts to repair errors or corruption in the file system or disk
sectors.
o Prevent Data Loss: Regular use can help prevent data loss by detecting potential issues before
they cause significant problems.
o System Health: Ensures the hard drive is functioning correctly, which is critical for system stability
and data integrity.
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Question 2: 7×4=28 Marks
(a) Why do you need virus detection software? What are their drawbacks? What are the
techniques to identify a virus? List any 4 latest virus for desktop systems.

Virus detection software, also known as antivirus software, is crucial for several reasons:
1. Protection Against Malware: It protects your system from viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and
other malicious software that can compromise your data and system functionality.
2. Real-Time Threat Detection: Antivirus software continuously monitors your system for potential
threats, blocking or quarantining malware before it can cause damage.
3. System Performance: By preventing malware from running on your system, antivirus software helps
maintain the overall performance and stability of your computer.
4. Data Protection: Antivirus software prevents unauthorized access to personal and sensitive
information, helping protect against identity theft and data breaches.
5. Safe Browsing: Many antivirus programs also provide web protection features, blocking malicious
websites and downloads that could infect your computer.
Drawbacks of Virus Detection Software
1. System Performance Impact: Antivirus software can sometimes slow down your computer, especially
during full system scans or when running in the background.
2. False Positives: Antivirus programs may occasionally flag legitimate files or programs as threats,
leading to unnecessary quarantines or deletions.

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3. Incomplete Protection: No antivirus software is 100% effective. New and sophisticated malware may
evade detection until the software is updated with new virus definitions.
4. Cost: Premium antivirus software often comes with a subscription fee, which can be expensive for
users who need protection across multiple devices.
5. User Dependency: Some users may rely too heavily on antivirus software, neglecting other important
security practices like regular software updates or cautious browsing.
Techniques to Identify a Virus
1. Signature-Based Detection: This method compares the file code to a database of known virus
signatures. If a match is found, the file is flagged as a virus.
2. Heuristic Analysis: Heuristic analysis detects new or unknown viruses by analyzing the code behavior. It
looks for suspicious activities, such as attempts to overwrite critical system files.
3. Behavioral Detection: This technique monitors the behavior of programs in real-time. If a program
exhibits abnormal behavior, such as modifying large numbers of files, it might be flagged as a virus.
4. Sandboxing: The antivirus software runs suspicious files in a controlled environment (sandbox) to
observe their behavior without risking the main system. If the file behaves like a virus, it's identified as
malicious.
Latest Viruses for Desktop Systems (As of 2024)
1. Emotet: Initially a banking trojan, Emotet has evolved into a highly modular malware strain that
spreads through phishing emails, enabling other types of malware to infect the system.
2. Ryuk: A ransomware that targets enterprise systems, encrypting files and demanding high ransoms. It’s
known for attacking healthcare systems and government entities.
3. Agent Tesla: A remote access trojan (RAT) used primarily for keylogging and information stealing. It
targets sensitive data like passwords and other credentials.
4. Qbot (Qakbot): A banking trojan that has evolved to include sophisticated features like email thread
hijacking and lateral movement within networks, often used as a dropper for other malware.
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(b) Consider that you have to run several computer programs simultaneously on a
computer. Each program takes input from a file and output information on a printer.
How does different components of an Operating system (like memory management,
I/O management, Process management, file system and user interface) will help in
execution of these programs.

Running multiple computer programs simultaneously on a computer involves coordinating various

components of the operating system (OS) to manage resources efficiently and ensure smooth execution.
Here's how different components of an OS contribute to this process:
1. Memory Management

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Memory management is responsible for allocating and managing the system's RAM. It ensures that each
program has enough memory to execute while preventing conflicts between them.
• Allocation: The OS allocates memory to each program, keeping track of which memory blocks are in
use and which are free. It ensures that the programs do not overlap in memory, which could cause
crashes or data corruption.
• Swapping: When multiple programs exceed the available RAM, the OS may use techniques like
swapping or paging, where portions of the programs are temporarily moved to the disk to free up RAM
for active processes.
• Virtual Memory: The OS uses virtual memory to create an illusion of more RAM than is physically
available, allowing programs to execute seamlessly, even when system memory is low.
2. I/O Management
I/O management handles the input and output operations of the system, including reading from files and
writing to printers.
• Buffering: The OS manages buffers to store data temporarily while it is being transferred between the
programs and the I/O devices. This helps in smooth and efficient I/O operations, reducing the time
programs spend waiting for I/O tasks to complete.
• Device Drivers: The OS provides device drivers that act as intermediaries between the hardware (like
printers) and the software. These drivers handle the specifics of how data is sent to and from the I/O
devices.
• Spooling: For output devices like printers, the OS uses spooling to manage the print jobs. Spooling
queues up print jobs and sends them to the printer one at a time, ensuring that each program’s output
is printed without interference.
3. Process Management
Process management involves managing multiple running programs, known as processes, and ensuring
that each has adequate resources to function.
• Scheduling: The OS uses process scheduling algorithms to determine which program runs at any given
time. This ensures that CPU time is divided fairly among all running programs and that all programs get
a chance to execute.
• Multitasking: The OS manages multitasking by rapidly switching between programs, giving the
appearance that they are running simultaneously. This is crucial for efficiently running multiple
programs that need to perform tasks concurrently.
• Process Synchronization: When programs need to share resources or data, the OS ensures proper
synchronization to avoid conflicts or data inconsistency.
4. File System Management
The file system component of the OS handles the storage, retrieval, and management of data on the disk.
• File Access: The OS provides mechanisms for programs to read from and write to files. It ensures that
files are accessed correctly, even when multiple programs try to access the same file simultaneously.

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• File Permissions: The OS enforces file permissions to ensure that only authorized programs can access
or modify certain files, maintaining security and data integrity.
• Directory Management: The OS organizes files into directories, allowing programs to easily locate the
files they need to read from or write to.
5. User Interface
The user interface (UI) is what the user interacts with, allowing them to manage and run multiple
programs.
• Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI): The OS provides a user interface,
such as a command-line interface or a graphical user interface, to allow users to start, stop, and
manage programs. Users can interact with files, monitor system performance, and manage resources
through this interface.
• Multitasking Support: The UI often provides features like taskbars, windows, and desktops that allow
users to manage multiple open programs simultaneously, switching between them as needed.
Example Scenario
Consider a scenario where you are running a text editor, a web browser, and a print job simultaneously:
• Memory Management: Allocates enough RAM for each program and handles swapping if the RAM is
insufficient.
• I/O Management: Manages reading from the file in the text editor and sending the document to the
printer while buffering data for smooth I/O operations.
• Process Management: Schedules CPU time for the text editor, web browser, and print job, ensuring
they all run smoothly without causing the system to freeze.
• File System Management: Handles the opening and saving of files in the text editor, ensuring that file
operations are executed correctly even when multiple programs are accessing different files.
• User Interface: Allows you to switch between the text editor, web browser, and printer status window
easily, while keeping track of which programs are active.
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(c) Explain the differences between procedural programming and object oriented
programming with the help of one example program of each.
Procedural Programming
Procedural programming is based on the concept of procedure calls. It organizes code into functions or
procedures that operate on data. The focus is on the sequence of actions or steps to be performed to
achieve a result.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

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Object-oriented programming is based on the concept of objects, which are instances of classes. It
organizes code into classes that encapsulate data and functions. The focus is on modeling real-world
entities and their interactions.

Aspect Procedural Programming Object Oriented Programming

Primary Focus Functions and procedures Objects and classes
Data and Data and functions are Data and functions are bundled in classes
Functions separate
Code
Linear or top-down approach Encapsulation and modular organization
Organization

Limited reusability; functions High reusability; classes can be reused and

Reusability can be reused extended

Maintenance Can become complex for large Easier to maintain and extend due to
systems encapsulation and inheritance

Example C program with functions Python program with classes and methods

Example Program of Procedural Programming

#include <stdio.h>

// Function to calculate the area of a rectangle

float calculateArea(float width, float height) {
return width * height;
}

int main() {
float width, height, area;

// Input dimensions
printf("Enter width of the rectangle: ");
scanf("%f", &width);
printf("Enter height of the rectangle: ");
scanf("%f", &height);

// Calculate area
area = calculateArea(width, height);

// Output the result

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printf("The area of the rectangle is: %.2f\n", area);

return 0;
}

Example Program of Object Oriented Programming:

class Rectangle:
def __init__(self, width, height):
self.width = width
self.height = height

def calculate_area(self):
return self.width * self.height

def main():
# Input dimensions
width = float(input("Enter width of the rectangle: "))
height = float(input("Enter height of the rectangle: "))

# Create a Rectangle object

rect = Rectangle(width, height)

# Calculate area
area = rect.calculate_area()

# Output the result

print(f"The area of the rectangle is: {area:.2f}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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(d) Draw a flow chart of a program that adds N even numbers starting from 1. The value
of N should be input by the user.

To create a flowchart for a program that adds the first NNN even numbers starting from 1, where NNN is
input by the user, follow these steps:
Flowchart Components:
1. Start
2. Input NNN
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3. Initialize Sum=0\text{Sum} = 0Sum=0, Counter=0\text{Counter} = 0Counter=0, and

Number=2\text{Number} = 2Number=2
4. Condition Check: Counter<N\text{Counter} < NCounter<N
5. Add Number\text{Number}Number to Sum\text{Sum}Sum
6. Increment Counter\text{Counter}Counter by 1
7. Increment Number\text{Number}Number by 2 (to get the next even number)
8. Loop back to the condition check
9. Output Sum\text{Sum}Sum
10. End
+------------------+
| Start |
+------------------+
|
V
+------------------+
| Input N |
+----------------- +
|
V
+-------------------+
| Initialize |
| Sum = 0 |
| Counter = 0 |
| Number = 2 |
+--------------------+
|
V
+---------------------+
| Counter < N? |
| (Decision) |
+---------------------+
/ \
/ \
Yes No
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
+-------------------------------+ +---------------------+
| Sum = Sum + Number | | Output Sum |
+-------------------------------+ +---------------------+
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| |
V V
+--------------------------------+ +---------------------+
| Counter = Counter + 1 | | End |
| Number = Number + 2 | +---------------------+
+--------------------------------+
|
V
+-------------------------+
| Loop back to |
| Condition Check |
+-------------------------+
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(e) List the elements of a programming language. Explain the terms data type,
expression, assignment; and logical, relational and equality operators with the help of
an example each.

Elements of a Programming Language

A programming language consists of several key elements that are fundamental to its structure and
functionality. Here are the core elements:
1. Syntax
2. Semantics
3. Data Types
4. Variables
5. Operators
6. Expressions
7. Statements
8. Control Structures
9. Functions/Methods
10. Comments

Explanation of Key Terms

1. Data Type
Data types specify the kind of data that can be stored and manipulated within a program. They determine
the operations that can be performed on the data and the amount of memory required.
Example:
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o Integer: Represents whole numbers (e.g., int age = 25;).

o Float: Represents numbers with fractional parts (e.g., float price = 19.99;).
o String: Represents a sequence of characters (e.g., String name = "Alice";).
2. Expression
An expression is a combination of variables, constants, operators, and functions that evaluates to a value.
Expressions are used to perform calculations and evaluate conditions.
Example:
o Arithmetic Expression: 5 + 3 * 2 evaluates to 11.
o Boolean Expression: age > 18 evaluates to true or false based on the value of age.
3. Assignment
An assignment statement is used to assign a value to a variable. It typically uses the = operator.
Example:
o int x = 10; assigns the value 10 to the variable x.
4. Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine or invert Boolean expressions.
o AND (&&): Returns true if both operands are true.
▪ Example: (age > 18) && (age < 30) returns true if age is between 19 and 29.
o OR (||): Returns true if at least one operand is true.
▪ Example: (age < 18) || (age > 65) returns true if age is less than 18 or greater than 65.
o NOT (!): Inverts the Boolean value.
▪ Example: !(age > 18) returns true if age is not greater than 18.
5. Relational Operators
Relational operators are used to compare two values and return a Boolean result.
o Greater than (>): Returns true if the left operand is greater than the right operand.
▪ Example: x > 5 returns true if x is greater than 5.
o Less than (<): Returns true if the left operand is less than the right operand.
▪ Example: x < 10 returns true if x is less than 10.
o Greater than or equal to (>=): Returns true if the left operand is greater than or equal to the
right operand.
▪ Example: x >= 5 returns true if x is greater than or equal to 5.
o Less than or equal to (<=): Returns true if the left operand is less than or equal to the right
operand.
▪ Example: x <= 10 returns true if x is less than or equal to 10.
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6. Equality Operators
Equality operators are used to check if two values are equal or not.
o Equal to (==): Returns true if both operands are equal.
▪ Example: x == 5 returns true if x is equal to 5.
o Not equal to (!=): Returns true if both operands are not equal.
▪ Example: x != 10 returns true if x is not equal to 10.
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(f) What are the phases of project development in which project management software
can help. Explain with the help of examples.
Project management software can significantly enhance various phases of project development by
providing tools for planning, tracking, and managing different aspects of a project. Here's a detailed
explanation of how project management software can help in each phase of project development:
1. Initiation Phase
Purpose: Define the project scope, objectives, and stakeholders.
How Project Management Software Helps:
• Documentation: Create and store project charters, initial scope documents, and stakeholder lists.
• Collaboration: Facilitate communication among stakeholders through shared documents and
discussion forums.
• Templates: Use pre-defined templates to structure project initiation documents and ensure
consistency.
Example: Tools like Microsoft Project or Asana can be used to draft the project charter and set up initial
tasks.
2. Planning Phase
Purpose: Develop detailed project plans, including timelines, resource allocation, and risk management.
How Project Management Software Helps:
• Task Scheduling: Create detailed project schedules using Gantt charts or Kanban boards. Assign tasks
to team members and set deadlines.
• Resource Management: Allocate resources effectively and track their availability and utilization.
• Budgeting: Develop and monitor project budgets. Track expenses and compare them against planned
budgets.
• Risk Management: Identify potential risks, create mitigation plans, and track their status.
Example: Trello can help with visual task management using boards, while Smartsheet provides Gantt
charts for detailed scheduling.
3. Execution Phase
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Purpose: Implement the project plan, coordinate team efforts, and ensure project deliverables are
produced.
How Project Management Software Helps:
• Task Tracking: Monitor progress on individual tasks and overall project milestones. Use dashboards to
get real-time updates.
• Team Collaboration: Facilitate communication and collaboration through integrated chat, file sharing,
and task assignment.
• Issue Management: Track and resolve issues that arise during project execution.
Example: Monday.com provides task tracking and collaboration features to keep the team aligned and
informed.
4. Monitoring and Controlling Phase
Purpose: Track project performance, identify deviations from the plan, and implement corrective actions.
How Project Management Software Helps:
• Performance Tracking: Use built-in analytics and reporting tools to track key performance indicators
(KPIs) and project progress.
• Change Management: Manage and document changes to the project scope, schedule, or budget.
• Quality Control: Monitor project deliverables to ensure they meet quality standards.
Example: Jira offers robust reporting and analytics features that help in monitoring project performance
and managing changes.
5. Closing Phase
Purpose: Finalize all project activities, hand over deliverables, and close the project.
How Project Management Software Helps:
• Final Reporting: Generate and archive final project reports, including lessons learned and project
performance summaries.
• Documentation: Ensure all project documentation is complete and accessible for future reference.
• Handover: Coordinate the handover of project deliverables to stakeholders or clients.
Example: Basecamp can be used to compile final reports and ensure that all project tasks are completed
and documented.
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(g) Explain the following with the help of an example/diagram, if needed:
(i) Development Model for Open Source Software
(ii)Tools for program development
(iii) Use of functions and Macros

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(iv) Database and Database Management System

1. Development Model for Open Source Software

The development model for open source software involves creating and maintaining software with public
access to its source code. This allows anyone to contribute, modify, and distribute the software, fostering
collaboration and innovation.
Key Features:
• Transparency: The source code is available for review and modification.
• Community Collaboration: Developers and users can contribute to the project.
• Version Control: Tools like Git are used to manage changes and contributions.
• Licensing: Open source projects use licenses like GPL, MIT, or Apache to define how the software can be
used and redistributed.
Example:
• Linux Kernel: An example of open source software is the Linux operating system kernel. It is developed
collaboratively by a global community of developers. Anyone can contribute code, report bugs, or
suggest improvements.
2. Tools for Program Development
Tools for program development are software applications and platforms used to write, test, debug, and
maintain code. They enhance productivity and efficiency in the software development process.
Common Tools:
• Integrated Development Environments (IDEs): Provide a comprehensive environment for coding,
debugging, and testing.
o Examples: Visual Studio, IntelliJ IDEA, Eclipse.
• Text Editors: Simple tools for editing code.
o Examples: Sublime Text, Atom, VS Code.
• Version Control Systems: Track and manage changes to code.
o Examples: Git, SVN (Subversion).
• Build Tools: Automate the process of compiling and packaging code.
o Examples: Maven, Gradle.
• Debugging Tools: Help identify and fix bugs in code.
o Examples: GDB, Visual Studio Debugger.
• Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) Tools: Automate testing and deployment.
o Examples: Jenkins, Travis CI.

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3. Use of Functions and Macros

Functions:
• Definition: Functions are reusable blocks of code that perform a specific task. They can take inputs
(parameters), perform operations, and return a result.
• Usage: Functions help in modularizing code, making it easier to understand, maintain, and test.
Example:
// Function to calculate the square of a number
int square(int x) {
return x * x;
}

// Usage
int main() {
int result = square(5); // result will be 25
return 0;
}
Macros:
• Macros are preprocessor directives in languages like C and C++ that allow code to be generated or
manipulated before compilation. They are used for code substitution and to create inline functions.
• Usage: Macros can be used for constants, simple functions, and conditional compilation.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>

#define PI 3.14
#define SQUARE(x) ((x) * (x))

int main() {
printf("PI: %f\n", PI);
printf("Square of 5: %d\n", SQUARE(5));
return 0;
}
4. Database and Database Management System (DBMS)
Database:
• A database is a structured collection of data that is stored and accessed electronically. It organizes data
in tables with rows and columns.
Database Management System (DBMS):
• Definition: A DBMS is software that manages databases. It provides tools to create, manage, and
manipulate databases, ensuring data integrity and security.

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• Functions:
o Data Storage: Manage how data is stored on disk.
o Data Retrieval: Efficiently retrieve data using queries.
o Data Manipulation: Insert, update, and delete data.
o Data Security: Control access to data and ensure its security.
Examples of DBMS:
• Relational DBMS (RDBMS): MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle.
• NoSQL DBMS: MongoDB, Cassandra, Redis.
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Question 3: 6×4=24 Marks
(a) Explain the characteristics of any two guided and any two unguided channels for data
transmission.

Guided Channels
Guided channels use physical mediums to guide the transmission of data. They include wired
communication systems where the signals are confined to specific paths.
1. Twisted Pair Cables
Characteristics:
o Structure: Consists of pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together. Each pair carries electrical
signals.
o Categories: Available in different categories (e.g., Cat 5e, Cat 6) which define their performance
standards.
o Bandwidth and Speed: Offers varying bandwidths and speeds depending on the category. For
example, Cat 5e supports up to 100 Mbps, while Cat 6 can support up to 1 Gbps.
o Interference: Twisting helps reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) and crosstalk between
pairs.
o Usage: Commonly used in local area networks (LANs) and telephone systems.
2. Fiber Optic Cables
Characteristics:
o Structure: Composed of a core made of glass or plastic surrounded by cladding and an outer
protective layer. Data is transmitted as light pulses through the core.
o Bandwidth and Speed: Extremely high bandwidth and data transfer speeds, ranging from Gbps
to Tbps (terabits per second). Suitable for high-speed, high-volume data transmission.

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o Interference: Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to the use of light rather than
electrical signals.
o Usage: Used in backbone networks, long-distance communication, and high-speed internet
connections.
Unguided Channels
Unguided channels transmit data through the air or space without a physical medium, utilizing
electromagnetic waves.
1. Radio Waves
Characteristics:
o Frequency Range: Operate within the radio frequency spectrum (typically 30 kHz to 300 GHz).
o Propagation: Can travel through air, space, and even through obstacles to some extent. The range
and quality depend on the frequency and transmission power.
o Bandwidth and Speed: Varies widely; lower frequencies have lower bandwidth and speeds, while
higher frequencies can support higher speeds.
o Usage: Used in radio broadcasting, mobile communication, and Wi-Fi.
2. Microwaves
Characteristics:
o Frequency Range: Operate within the microwave spectrum (typically 1 GHz to 300 GHz).
o Propagation: Generally used for point-to-point communication with a line-of-sight requirement.
They can be used for satellite communications and terrestrial microwave links.
o Bandwidth and Speed: High bandwidth and data transfer rates, suitable for high-speed data
transmission.
o Usage: Employed in satellite communications, microwave radio relay networks, and certain types
of wireless data transmission.
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(b) Four branch offices of an organisation are located in four major cities of a vast country.
Explain the characteristics of the network that will be needed for every branch office.
All the four branch offices network should also be connected by another network.
Explain the characteristics of this network also.

Local Area Network (LAN) for Each Branch Office

Each branch office will have its own Local Area Network (LAN) to handle internal communication and
connectivity among the office’s devices. Here are the key characteristics:
Characteristics of LAN:
1. Scope and Coverage:
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o Limited Area: LANs cover a small geographic area, such as a single office or building.
o High-Speed Connectivity: Typically offers high-speed data transfer rates (e.g., 100 Mbps to 10
Gbps).
2. Network Topology:
o Star Topology: Commonly used where each device connects to a central switch or hub. This is
reliable and easy to manage.
o Switches and Routers: Use of network switches to connect devices and routers to manage traffic
and provide access to external networks.
3. Wired or Wireless:
o Wired LAN: Uses Ethernet cables (e.g., Cat 6, Cat 7) for high-speed connections with minimal
interference.
o Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi): Provides mobility within the office, typically using Wi-Fi standards like
802.11ac or 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6).
4. Security:
o Network Security Measures: Implementation of firewalls, intrusion detection/prevention
systems (IDS/IPS), and secure Wi-Fi protocols (e.g., WPA3).
o Access Control: Use of authentication and authorization methods to control access to the
network.
5. Network Management:
o Centralized Management: Use of network management tools to monitor and manage network
performance, handle troubleshooting, and ensure reliability.
6. Devices:
o Computers, Printers, and Other Peripherals: Connects workstations, printers, and other devices
within the branch office.
Wide Area Network (WAN) Connecting All Branch Offices
To connect the four branch offices located in different major cities, a Wide Area Network (WAN) is required.
This WAN will facilitate communication between the branch offices across the vast country.
Characteristics of WAN:
1. Scope and Coverage:
o Large Geographic Area: WANs cover large geographic distances, often spanning cities, regions,
or even countries.
2. Connectivity:
o Public or Private WAN: Can use public telecommunication networks (e.g., leased lines, MPLS) or
private networks (e.g., dedicated leased lines, VPNs over the internet).
o Protocols: Utilizes various protocols for communication, including TCP/IP and VPN protocols.

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3. Speed and Bandwidth:

o Variable Bandwidth: Bandwidth can vary depending on the type of WAN connection (e.g., DSL,
fiber optic, satellite). Modern WANs often use high-speed connections like fiber optics for
efficient data transfer.
o Latency: WANs may have higher latency compared to LANs due to the long-distance
communication involved.
4. Reliability and Redundancy:
o Failover Mechanisms: Redundant connections and failover systems to ensure continuous
connectivity in case of a network failure.
o Service Level Agreements (SLAs): Agreements with service providers to ensure uptime and
performance standards.
5. Security:
o Encryption: Use of encryption protocols (e.g., IPsec, SSL/TLS) to secure data transmitted over the
WAN.
o Virtual Private Network (VPN): Creation of secure connections over the public internet to protect
data and provide secure remote access.
6. Network Management:
o Centralized Monitoring: Tools and services to monitor network performance, manage traffic, and
ensure that connections between branch offices are stable and reliable.
7. Technologies:
o Leased Lines: Dedicated physical lines leased from a service provider for reliable and high-speed
connectivity.
o MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching): Provides efficient and scalable data routing for enterprise
WANs.
o SD-WAN (Software-Defined WAN): An advanced technology that allows for centralized control,
optimization, and automation of WAN connections.
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(c) What is Internet? What are the major protocols used on Internet? What is an IP
address? How can an IP address be related to a web address? Explain with the help of
an example.

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and servers that communicate with each
other using standardized protocols. It enables the exchange of data and resources between devices across
the world, allowing users to access websites, send emails, participate in online discussions, and more.
Key Features of the Internet:

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• Decentralized Network: Operates on a distributed model without a central control point.

• Global Reach: Connects devices and networks globally, providing universal access to information.
• Protocol-Based Communication: Relies on standardized communication protocols to facilitate data
exchange.
Major Protocols Used on the Internet
Several protocols facilitate communication and data exchange on the Internet. Here are some of the major
ones:
1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
o Function: Ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data between applications.
o Usage: Used for data transmission in applications like web browsing, email, and file transfers.
2. Internet Protocol (IP):
o Function: Responsible for addressing and routing packets of data so that they can travel across
networks and arrive at the correct destination.
o Usage: Forms the foundation of Internet communication. It works alongside TCP (TCP/IP protocol
suite).
3. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
o Function: Used for transferring web pages and content over the web.
o Usage: The basis of web browsing; HTTP requests and responses are exchanged between web
browsers and servers.
4. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS):
o Function: An extension of HTTP that provides secure communication over the Internet by using
encryption (SSL/TLS).
o Usage: Ensures the confidentiality and integrity of data exchanged between users and websites.
5. File Transfer Protocol (FTP):
o Function: Used for transferring files between computers over a network.
o Usage: Commonly used for uploading and downloading files from servers.
6. Post Office Protocol (POP) and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP):
o Function: Used for retrieving emails from mail servers.
o Usage: POP downloads emails to the local device, while IMAP keeps emails on the server and
allows access from multiple devices.
7. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP):
o Function: Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network.
o Usage: Simplifies network management by automatically configuring devices with IP addresses
and other network settings.
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8. Domain Name System (DNS):

o Function: Translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses.
o Usage: Allows users to access websites using domain names rather than IP addresses.
What is an IP Address?
An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device connected to a
network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. It enables devices to locate and communicate
with each other over the Internet.
Types of IP Addresses:
• IPv4: Composed of four sets of numbers (0-255) separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
• IPv6: Composed of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
Relation Between IP Address and Web Address
A web address, or domain name, is a human-readable address used to access websites (e.g.,
www.example.com). To access a website, the domain name must be converted into an IP address that the
Internet can use to locate the server hosting the website. This process is handled by the Domain Name
System (DNS).
Example:
1. Domain Name: www.example.com
2. DNS Resolution: When you enter www.example.com into your web browser, a DNS query is sent to a
DNS server to resolve this domain name into its corresponding IP address.
3. IP Address: The DNS server responds with an IP address, such as 93.184.216.34.
4. Accessing the Website: Your browser uses this IP address to send a request to the web server, which
then delivers the website's content to your browser.
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(d) What are the different features of a browser? If you want to perform Online Banking
Transactions, what precautions will you take before performing a transaction?
A web browser is a software application used to access and interact with content on the World Wide Web.
Modern browsers come with a variety of features to enhance user experience and security. Here are some
key features of a web browser:
1. User Interface:
o Address Bar: Allows users to enter and view the URL of the web page.
o Tabs: Enables users to open multiple web pages within a single browser window.
o Back/Forward Buttons: Allows navigation through previously visited pages.
o Refresh/Reload Button: Refreshes the current page to view the latest content.

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2. Bookmarks/Favorites:
o Bookmark Manager: Lets users save and organize favorite web pages for easy access later.
o Bookmark Syncing: Syncs bookmarks across different devices.
3. Search Engine Integration:
o Search Bar: Provides quick access to search engines like Google, Bing, or Yahoo directly from the
browser.
4. Privacy and Security:
o Incognito/Private Mode: Allows browsing without saving history, cookies, or cache.
o Pop-up Blocker: Prevents unwanted pop-ups from appearing.
o Password Manager: Stores and auto-fills login credentials for various websites.
o Security Warnings: Alerts users about potential security risks such as expired SSL certificates or
suspicious websites.
5. Extensions and Add-ons:
o Customization: Allows users to add functionalities such as ad-blockers, grammar checkers, and
productivity tools through extensions.
6. History and Cache Management:
o Browsing History: Keeps a record of previously visited sites.
o Cache Management: Stores temporary files to speed up page loading times.
7. Developer Tools:
o Web Inspector: Provides tools for developers to debug and inspect web pages, including HTML,
CSS, and JavaScript.
8. Synchronization:
o Cross-Device Sync: Synchronizes browsing data, including bookmarks, passwords, and history,
across multiple devices.
Precautions for Online Banking Transactions
Online banking involves handling sensitive financial information, so it is crucial to take several precautions
to ensure the security of your transactions. Here are some key precautions to consider:
1. Use Secure Connections:
o HTTPS: Ensure that the banking website uses HTTPS, indicated by a padlock icon in the address
bar, to encrypt data transmitted between your browser and the bank’s server.
o Avoid Public Wi-Fi: Avoid conducting financial transactions over public or unsecured Wi-Fi
networks. Use a secure and private connection whenever possible.
2. Verify the Website:

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o Check the URL: Ensure that the URL of the banking site is correct and does not have any
misspellings or unusual characters.
o Look for Security Certificates: Verify that the website has a valid SSL/TLS certificate by clicking
on the padlock icon in the address bar.
3. Update Your Browser and Software:
o Keep Updated: Regularly update your web browser and any installed security software to protect
against known vulnerabilities.
4. Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA):
o Additional Security: Use two-factor authentication for an extra layer of security. This typically
involves receiving a code on your mobile device in addition to your password.
5. Use Strong, Unique Passwords:
o Password Strength: Create strong and unique passwords for your banking accounts. Avoid using
easily guessable passwords or reusing passwords across different sites.
6. Monitor Your Accounts:
o Regular Checks: Regularly review your bank statements and transaction history for any
unauthorized activity or discrepancies.
7. Be Cautious with Phishing Scams:
o Avoid Clicking on Links: Be wary of emails or messages claiming to be from your bank that
request personal information. Verify such requests by contacting your bank directly.
8. Log Out After Transactions:
o Secure Session: Always log out of your online banking session when you are finished, especially
when using shared or public computers.
9. Use Security Software:
o Antivirus and Anti-Malware: Install reputable security software to protect your computer from
viruses and malware that could compromise your banking information.
10. Backup Important Data:
o Data Safety: Regularly backup important financial information to ensure you have copies in case
of data loss or corruption.
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(e) Describe the process of creating a web email account. What are the different
components of a mail message? Explain with the help of a diagram.

Creating a Web Email Account

Creating a web email account typically involves the following steps:

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1. Choose an Email Service Provider:

o Select a web-based email service provider such as Gmail, Yahoo Mail, Outlook, or any other that
fits your needs.
2. Visit the Provider’s Sign-Up Page:
o Go to the website of the chosen email service provider and navigate to the sign-up or registration
page.
3. Enter Personal Information:
o Fill out the registration form with required details, which may include:
▪ Name: Your full name or preferred display name.
▪ Username: A unique email address you wish to create (e.g., [email protected]).
▪ Password: Choose a secure password and confirm it. Follow password guidelines provided
by the service.
4. Provide Additional Information:
o You may need to provide additional information, such as:
▪ Phone Number: For account recovery and security.
▪ Alternate Email Address: For account recovery and security.
▪ Date of Birth: To verify your age.
5. Complete Verification:
o Phone Verification: Enter a code sent to your mobile phone to verify your phone number.
o Email Verification: Some services may send a verification link to an existing email address to
confirm your registration.
6. Agree to Terms and Conditions:
o Read and accept the service provider’s terms of service and privacy policy.
7. Complete the Setup:
o After submitting the form and verifying your information, you may be prompted to:
▪ Set Up a Profile: Add a profile picture or customize settings.
▪ Import Contacts: Import contacts from another email service if applicable.
8. Access Your Email Account:
o Once the setup is complete, you can log in to your new email account using your username and
password.
Components of a Mail Message
An email message consists of several key components, each serving a specific purpose. Below is an
explanation of these components with a diagram for better understanding.

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Components of a Mail Message:

1. Header:
o To: The recipient’s email address.
o From: The sender’s email address.
o Subject: The topic or title of the email.
o Date: The date and time when the email was sent.
o Cc: Carbon copy recipients who will receive a copy of the email.
o Bcc: Blind carbon copy recipients who will receive a copy of the email without others knowing.
2. Body:
o Content: The main text of the email. This can include plain text or formatted content with HTML.
o Attachments: Files or documents that are attached to the email message. These could be images,
PDFs, or other types of files.
3. Footer:
o Signature: Optional text at the end of the email, often including the sender's name, title, contact
information, and company details.
4. Metadata:
o Additional information about the email, such as message-ID, reply-to addresses, and routing
information.

Email Header
To: [email protected]
From: [email protected]
Subject: Meeting Reminder
Date: Thu, 20 Aug 2024 10:00:00 +0000 Cc:
[email protected]
Bcc: [email protected]
Email Body
Dear Team,
This is a reminder for the upcoming meeting
scheduled for next Monday. Please find the
agenda attached.
Best regards,
John Doe
Project Manager
[Attachment: agenda.pdf]
Email Footer
John Doe
Project Manager
Company Name
Email: [email protected]
Phone: +1234567890

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(f) Explain the following in the context of Internet and its applications, giving their
features and uses:
(i) Online Education
(ii) eCommerce

(i) Online Education

Online Education refers to the use of internet technologies to deliver educational content and learning
experiences to students, regardless of their geographical location. It encompasses a wide range of
educational activities, from formal degree programs to informal learning and skill development.
Features of Online Education:
1. Accessibility:
o Available 24/7 from anywhere with an internet connection.
o Enables learning for students who may be unable to attend traditional in-person classes.
2. Variety of Formats:
o Courses can include video lectures, interactive tutorials, quizzes, forums, and downloadable
materials.
o Offers synchronous (live) and asynchronous (self-paced) learning options.
3. Flexibility:
o Students can learn at their own pace and on their own schedule.
o Allows for balancing education with personal and professional commitments.
4. Interactive Tools:
o Utilizes discussion forums, chat rooms, and video conferencing to facilitate communication
between students and instructors.
o Employs interactive simulations, virtual labs, and gamified learning experiences.
5. Cost-Effectiveness:
o Often reduces costs related to commuting, physical materials, and sometimes tuition.
o Provides opportunities for free or low-cost courses.
6. Global Reach:
o Provides access to educational resources and instructors from around the world.
o Encourages cultural exchange and diverse learning perspectives.
Uses of Online Education:

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1. Degree Programs:
o Universities and colleges offer online degree programs that can be completed fully or partially
online.
o Examples include online MBAs, computer science degrees, and nursing programs.
2. Professional Development:
o Professionals use online courses for skill enhancement and certifications in areas like project
management, data analysis, and IT.
3. K-12 Education:
o Schools use online platforms for remote learning and supplemental educational resources.
o Provides tools for teachers to manage assignments, track progress, and engage with students.
4. Adult Education and Lifelong Learning:
o Platforms like Coursera, edX, and Udemy offer courses on a variety of subjects for lifelong
learners.
5. Specialized Training:
o Provides training in specific fields such as digital marketing, coding, and creative skills through
specialized courses and workshops.
(ii) eCommerce
eCommerce (electronic commerce) involves buying and selling goods and services over the internet. It covers
a broad range of commercial transactions conducted online, from retail and wholesale to auction and digital
services.
Features of eCommerce:
1. Online Transactions:
o Facilitates buying and selling products or services via online platforms.
o Supports various payment methods, including credit cards, digital wallets, and bank transfers.
2. Global Reach:
o Allows businesses to sell products to a global audience, breaking down geographical barriers.
o Enables international trade and access to a broader market.
3. 24/7 Availability:
o Online stores operate around the clock, providing convenience for customers to shop at any time.
o Includes automated systems for order processing and customer service.
4. Personalization:
o Utilizes data and algorithms to offer personalized product recommendations and targeted
promotions.
o Enhances user experience by tailoring content and offers to individual preferences.
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5. Inventory and Order Management:

o Employs systems for tracking inventory levels, managing orders, and handling returns.
o Integrates with supply chain management for efficient logistics.
6. Customer Engagement:
o Uses digital marketing strategies such as email campaigns, social media, and search engine
optimization to attract and retain customers.
o Incorporates customer reviews, ratings, and feedback systems.
Uses of eCommerce:
1. Retail:
o Online stores like Amazon, eBay, and Walmart sell a wide range of consumer goods directly to
customers.
o Includes niche markets and specialty products.
2. Service-Based Businesses:
o Offers services such as consulting, digital products (e-books, software), and subscription-based
models.
o Examples include SaaS (Software as a Service) companies and online streaming platforms.
3. B2B (Business-to-Business):
o Platforms like Alibaba and ThomasNet facilitate transactions between businesses.
o Supports bulk purchasing, wholesale, and industrial supplies.
4. B2C (Business-to-Consumer):
o Direct sales from businesses to individual consumers through online storefronts.
o Includes fashion retailers, electronics stores, and personal care products.
5. C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer):
o Platforms such as Craigslist and Facebook Marketplace allow individuals to buy and sell items
directly to one another.
o Facilitates peer-to-peer transactions and second-hand goods trading.
6. Subscription Services:
o Businesses offer products or services on a subscription basis, such as meal kit delivery services
and digital content subscriptions (e.g., Netflix, Spotify).

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