SRI CHAITANYA EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS,INDIA.

A.P,TELANGANA,KARNATAKA,TAMILNADU,MAHARASHTRA,DELHI,RANCHI,CHANDIGARH
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
• Hydrostatic paradox
Even if vessels are of different shapes, when connected at the bottom by a horizontal pipe, the
liquid filled in these vessels will be at same height

• The graph represents change of hydrostatic pressure with depth.

P
P0
x
h

• The pressure difference between hydrostatic pressure and atmospheric pressure is called gauge-
pressure. A manometer measures gauge [Link] pressure = P − P0 = hρ g

a0
• When a vessel containing a liquid is accelerating in horizontal direction, T an θ =
g

Ex. An open cubical tank completely filled with water is kept on a horizontal surface. Its acceleration is
then slowly increased to 2 ms-2 as shown in the figure. Side length is the tank is 1 m. Mass of water
that would spill out of the tank is (g = 10 ms-2)

1m 2ms-2

1m
1) 10 kg 2) 90 kg *3) 100 kg 4) 900 kg
a 2 1
Sol. tan θ = = =
g 10 5

1
 1
Volume of water spilled out = × 1×0.2 × 1 = 0.1 m3
2

20 cm
θ

Mass of water spilled out = 100 kg

Ex. A cubical block is floating in a liquid with half of its volume immersed in the liquid. When the
g
whole system accelerates upwards with acceleration of , the fraction of volume immersed in the
3
liquid will
1 3 2 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 8 3 4
Sol. Volume of body submerged when it is floating on a liquid does not change, if system is accelerated
upwards. Hence fraction of volume immersed in liquid does not change
• If two liquids of masses m1 and m2 and densities d1 , d2 are mixed then the density of the mixture is
(m1 + m2 )d1d 2 2d1d 2
d= If m1 = m2, d=
m1d 2 + m2 d1 d1 + d 2

• If two liquids of volumes V1 and V2 and densities d1, d2 are mixed, then the density of the mixture
is
V1 d1 + V2 d 2 d1 + d 2
d= If V1 = V2, d =
V1 + V2 2
• With increase in pressure, volume decreases and density increases.
• Pascals law
• If an external pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid it is transmitted undiminished to every point
F1 F2
of the fluid and to the walls of the container. =
A1 A2

• Applications of Pascals law are, hydraulic lift, hydraulic brakes etc.

Ex. To lift a vehicle of 2000 kg, a hydraulic pump with a large piston of 1000cm2 in area is employed.
The force that must be applied to small piston of area 10cm2 to lift the vehicle is
(1) 49N *(2) 196N (3) 98N (4) 392N
F1 F2
Sol. =
A1 A2
Ex. A vertical U-tube of uniform inner cross section contains mercury in both sides of its arms. A
glycerin (density = 1.3 g/cm3) column of length 10 cm is introduced into one of its arms. Oil of

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 density 0.8 gm/cm3 is poured into the other arm until the upper surfaces of the oil and glycerin are
in the same horizontal level. Find the length of the oil column, Density of mercury = 13.6 g/cm3

1) 10.4 cm 2) 8.2 cm 3) 7.2 cm 4) 9.6 cm

Sol. (4) At the condition of equilibrium
Pressure at point A = Pressure at point B
PA = PB ⇒ 10 × 1 .3 × g = h × 0 . 8 × g + (10 − h) × 13 .6 × g

By solving we get h = 9.7 cm

Ex. A U tube with both sides ends open to the atmosphere the partially filled with water. Oil,which is
immiscible with water, is poured in to one side until it stands at a distance of
10 mm above the water level on the other side. Mean while the water rises by 65 mm from original
level (see diagram).The density of the oil is (NEET-2017)
Pa Pa

A F
E 10mm
Final water level
Oil 65mm D
65mm Initial water level
B C
Water

1) 928kgm–3 2) 650kgm–3 3) 425kgm–3 4) 800kgm–3

Ex. In a u-tube as shown in figure, water and oil are in the left side and right side of the tube
respectively. The heights from the bottom for water and oil columns are 15 cm and 20 cm

respectively. The density of the oil is : [take density water = 1000 kg/m3] (NEET ODISHA - 2019)

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 1) 1200 kg/m3 2) 750 kg/m3 3) 1000 kg/m3 4) 1333 kg/m3
Buoyancy:
• When a body is floating on a liquid with a part inside the liquid ,then
Vin d B V d
a) f inside = = and f Outside = 1 − in = 1 − B
V dl V dl
f in d B1
b) If two different bodies are immersed in the same liquid the fraction in =
f in d B 2

fin' dl 2
c) If the same body is immersed in two different liquids =
fin dl1
• A piece of ice floats in a liquid and when ice melts
a) If the liquid is water, the level does not change
b) If the liquid has more density than water,then level increases
c) If the liquid has less density than water, then level falls
• Ice block floats on water
1) Ice block has an air bubble and ice melts level does not change.
2) Ice block contains a cork and ice melts level does not change.
3) Ice block contain a lead shot and ice melts Level decreases.
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Ex. Two solids A and B float in water. It is observed that A floats with half of its volume and B with
3
of its volume immersed. The ratio of densities of A and B is
Vin d B 1 1 2 dB 3
Sol. = = ⇒ d B1 = d l d B2 = dl ⇒ 1 =
V dl 2 2 3 dB2 4

• When a body is completely immersed in a liquid,then

Apparent weight = True weight – up thrust
 d   d 
W ' = vd B g 1 − 1  = W 1 − l 
 dB   dB 
Ex: An ornamental weighing 36gm in air weighs 34gm in water. Assuming that some copper is mixed

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 to gold in preparing the ornament. Find the amount of copper in it. Specific gravity of gold is 19.3
and that of copper is 8.9
Sol. Loss of weight = 36 – 34 = 2gm Total mass = 36gm = mg + mc

m 
But V ρw g = 2 g (Vg + Vc ) ρw g = 2 g ⇒  d g + md c  ρw g = 2 g
 g c 
mg mc
⇒ + = 2 ⇒ 8.9mg + 19.3mc = 343.54 ∴ mCu = 2.2 gm
19.3 8.9
Ex: If in the above problem, instead of copper if some cavities are present, find the volume of cavities

 mg   36 
Sol. mg = 36 gm ρW  + Vcavity  g = 2 g or  + Vcavity  ×1 = 2
 dg   19.3 
 
36 38.6 − 36
Vcavity = 2 − = ; 0.112 cm 3
19.3 19.3
Ex: A homogeneous solid cylinder of length l, cross-section A is immersed such that it floats with its
L
axis vertical at the liquid – liquid interface with in the denser liquid as shown. The density of the
4
solid is
3L AL
Sol. VDg = V1d1g + V2d2g ALDg = A dg + 2dg
4 4
d

L/4
2d

3 2L  5 5
LD =  L +  d = Ld D= d
4 4  4 4
CRITICAL VELOCITY ( VC)
a) The velocity of the liquid above which the flow becomes streamline is called critical velocity
Rη
b) Critical velocity VC = Here R is called Reynold's number If is dimensionless.
ρd
ρ – Density of the liquid; d – Diameter of the pipe
If R<1000 the flow is laminaror steady flow.
If R > 1000 the flow is turbulent.
c) High viscous and less dense liquids in narrow pipes have stream line motion.
d) Low viscous and high dense liquids in wider pipes have turbulent motion.
EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

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Based on law of conservation of mass
* Avd = constant (or) mass flux = const.

* AV = const. (or) volume flux (volume flow rate) = const. or r2 v = const.

* If the cross-sectional area is large, the velocity of the flow of the liquid will be less.
Note : AV= A1V1 + A2V2

A1 V1

A
V

A2 V2

Ex. An incompressible liquid flows through a horizontal tube LMN as shown in the figure. Then the
velocity ‘V’ of the liquid through the tube N is
A/2
M
/s
4m
L
2A 4 m/s

N A

(1) 1 ms-1 (2) 2 ms-1 (3) 4.5 ms-1 *(4) 6 ms-1

A
Sol. From equation of continuity A1V1 = A2V2 + A3V3 ⇒ 2 A × 4 = × 4 + AV
2

Ex. A liquid enters a tube of variable cross section with a velocity 3 ms-1 through the wider end and
leaves from the narrower end whose radius is half of the wider one. The velocity with which it
leaves the tube is

1) 1.2 ms-1 *2) 12 ms-1 3) 10ms-1 4) 20 ms-1

Sol. A1v1 =A1 v2
Ex. Water from a tap emerges vertically downward with an initial speed of 2m/s-1. The cross-sectional
area of tap is 3 × 10 −5 m 2 . Assume that the pressure is constant throughout the stream of water and

the flow is steady, the cross - sectional area of the stream 0.25 m below the tap is (g = 10m/s2)

(1) 10–5 m2 *(2)2 x 10–5 m2 (3)4 x 10–5 m2 (4) 5 x 10–5 m2

2
1 1 = A2V2 ⇒ AV
1 1 = A2 V1 + 2 gh 3 × 10 × 2 = A2 2 + 2 × 10 × 0.25 ⇒ A2 = 2 × 10 m
AV −5 2 −5 2
Sol.

Ex. Water from a tap emerges vertically down with an initial speed of 1.0ms-1. The cross sectional area

of tap is 10x 10-5 m2. Assume that the pressure is constant throughout the stream of water, and that
the flow is a steady, the cross sectional area of the steam 0.15m below the tap is

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 1) 5.0 10-4m2 2) 1.0 10-5m2 3) 5.0 10-5m2 4) 2.0 10-5m2
BERNOULLI'S THEOREM:
*Based on Law of conservation of energy

PV + mgh + ½ mv2 = constant.

Per unit volume, P + ρ hg + ½ ρ v2 = const

p 1
Per unit mass, + gh + v 2 = constant.
ρ 2
Applications:Aerodynamic lift, spin motion of a cricket ball ( magnus effect ),Atomizer(scent
Spray)blood flow in artery,Venturi Meter, Carburetor of auto mobile, Fluttering of Flag.
p
• is called pressure head
ρg
• h is called gravitational head.

v2
• is called velocity head.
2g

• For a horizontal tube, ( p1 − p2 ) =

1
2
(
ρ v22 − v12 )
• In the case of aerodynamic lift , Lifting force = ( P2 − P1 ) A =
1
2
( )
v2 2 − v2 2 A

Net Lifting force =

1
2
( )
v2 2 − v2 2 A + Mg

Here M is the mass of the aero plane

Ex. The velocity of air over the upper surface of the wing of an aeroplane is 40m/s and that on the

lower surface is 30m/s. If the area of the wing is 5m2 and the mass of the wing is 300kg, the net

force acting on the wing is (Density of air = 1.3kg/m3 and g=10m/s2)

1) 725N upward *2) 725N downward 3) 2275 N upward 4) 2275 N downward

Sol. Net Lifting force =

1
2
( )
v2 2 − v2 2 A + Mg

TORRICELLI THEOREM:
* The speed of a liquid coming out of a hole at a depth ‘h’ below the surface of a liquid is same as
that of a particle fallen through the height ‘h’ under gravity. This is called Torricelli Theorem.

Velocity of efflux (v) = 2gh

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  g  2
H=   X or X = 4h ( H − h )
 4gh 
H
* The range x will be maximum if h = ⇒ X max = H
2
* The force of reaction on the wall of the vessel while the water is coming out of the hole at a depth h
is given by F = Av2d or F = 2ghAd
* Water is flowing out of a hole made to the wall of a vessel filled with liquid. The time taken by the

liquid to flow out from a height h1 to a height h2 is given by t =

A 2
a g
( h1 − h 2 )
Where, A = Area of the base of the vessel ; a = Area of the hole
Ex. A large tank filled with water to a height "h" is to be emptied through a small hole at the
[Link] ratio of the time taken for the level to fall from h to h/2 and that taken for the level to
fall from h/2 to 0 is
1 1
*1) 2 –1 2) 3) 2 4)
2 2 −1

t=
A 2
a g
( h1 − h 2 )
Sol.
Ex. When a liquid containing liquid is rotated, the liquid at sides have more velocity and less pressure.

V2
To compensate this level increases at sides. h =
2g
Ex: A cylindrical vessel containing water up to a height H has two holes at its wall. One just below the
other. Water strikes the ground at the same point. One hole is at a height h from the bottom. The
height of the other hole is

Sol. Range is same 4 ( H − h ) h = 4X ( H − x )

Hh – h2 = Hx – x2 ⇒ x = H – h
Ex: A large tank with two holes at its wall is filled with full of liquid. One square hole has side L and it
is at a depth y. The other circular hole of radius r is at a depth 4y, from the top. If the volume flux
through the holes is same. Then r is

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Sol. A1v1 = A2v2

L
L2 = 2 g × Y = πr 2 2 g × 4 y or r =
2π
Ex: On opposite sides of a wide vertical vessel filled with water, two identical holes are made each of
same cross-sections. The difference in the height is h. The resultant force of exerted on the vessel as
water is flowing out of the vessel is

( )
Sol: F = Ad V12 − V22 = Ad  ( ) −( ) 
2 2
2gh1 2gh 2 
 
F = 2Adgh
Ex. A water tank which is on ground has an arrangement to maintain a constant water level of depth
60cm. Through a hole on its vertical wall at a depth of 20cm from the free surface water comes out
and reaches the ground at a certain distance. To have the same horizontal range another hole can be
made at a depth of
(1) 30 cm (2) 10 cm *(3) 40 cm (4) 50 cm
Sol. R = 2 h 1h 2 Initially, h1 = 20 cm, h 2 = 40 cm h1 = 40 cm, h 2 = 20 cm
VISCOSITY (NEWTON'S FORMULA)
 ∆v 
* The viscous force (F) is given by F = −ηA  
 ∆x 
* The negative indicates that viscous force on a liquid layer is in opposite direction to the relative
velocity of flow of the liquid is called coefficient of viscosity.
* The microscopic cause for viscosity is intermolecular electromagnetic forces.

SI unit : Nm–2s or Pa s. C.G.S unit : poise 1 Pa s = 10 poise

Ex. A square plate of 0.1 m side moves parallel to a second plate with a relative velocity of 0.1 m/s,
both plates being immersed in water. If the viscous force is 0.002 N and the coefficient of viscosity
is 0.01 poise, distance between the plates in m is
1) 0.1 2) 0.05 3) 0.005 *4) 0.0005
Sol. A = (0.1) 2 = 0.01m 2 ,η = 0.01 Poise=0.001 decapoise
dv = 0.1 m/s and F = 0.002 N
dv η Adv 0.001 × 0.01 × 0.1
F =ηA ⇒ dx = = = 0.0005m
dx F 0.002
NOTE :

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i) With rise in temperature, viscosity of liquids decreases while that of gases increases.
ii) Viscosity of a liquid increases with the increase of pressure even though the effect is small.
iii) Viscosity of a gas is independent of pressure. However at low pressures, viscosity decreases with
the decrease of pressure due to the increase of mean free path.
iv) Viscosity of liquids is much greater than that of gases.
v) As temperature increases viscosity of liquid decreases due to the decrease of cohesive forces.
vi) In summer high viscous and in winter low viscous lubricants are used for machine parts.
vii) Increase of temperature increases the viscosity of a gas due to the increase in momentum of the gas
molecules.
STROKE’S FORMULA
Applicable for spherical bodies:
* The viscous force of high viscous liquids like castor oil, glycerin is given by F = 6 πη rv where r is
the radius of the spherical body falling through a medium of coefficient of viscosity η .VT is the
velocity of the body.
2 r 2 (ρ − σ ) g
* Terminal velocity of a spherical body vT =
9 η
where ρ = density of the body ; σ = density of the fluid
1
* VT α greater the viscosity, lesser the terminal velocity
η

• When n drops of same size each having terminal velocity V combine, the terminal velocity of the
2
single drop is. If m is the mass, then V ∝ m3
Ex. Twenty seven rain drops of same diameter fall through air with terminal velocity ‘V’. If they
coalesce forming a single drop, then the terminal velocity of the resultant drop is
2 2
( )
Sol. Vt1 = n 3Vt = ( 27 ) 3 , Vt = 33
2/3
Vt ⇒ Vt1 = 9 V

Ex. An iron sphere of mass 20 x 10-3 kg falls through a viscous liquid with terminal velocity 0.5 m/s.
The terminal velocity (in m/s) of another iron sphere of mass 54 x 10-2 kg is
(1) 1.5 (2) 3.5 (3) 2.5 *(4) 4.5
2
2r
2
( ρ −σ ) g 2 V2  54 × 10−2  3
−1
Sol. V = ⇒V ∝ m 3 =  = 9 ⇒ V2 = 4.5ms
9 h V1  2 × 10−2 

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