Rectilinear propagation of light - light travels in a straight line.
8
Speed of Light = c = 3 x 10 m/s
Reflection: The bouncing back of light from any shiny surface e.g. mirror or water.
Normal
The Laws of reflection states
that:
1. The Incident ray, the
Reflected ray and Normal
all lie in the same plane.
2. Angle of incidence (∠i) =
The angle of reflection (∠r).
Plane mirror: A smooth and polished surface with very few
bumps that reflects light.
The image formed by a plane mirror is :
always virtual and erect.
size of the image is equal to that of the object.
image formed is as far behind the mirror as the object
is in front of it.
image is laterally inverted.
Spherical mirror: a mirror whose reflecting surface is part of a hollow sphere of glass.
CONCAVE MIRROR CONVEX MIRROR
reflecting surface is
reflecting surface is
curved inwards,
curved outwards.
towards the center of
the sphere
Terms Definition
The center point of the reflecting surface
Pole (P)
of a spherical mirror.
CONCAVE
Centre of The center of the sphere of which the
Curvature (C) mirror's reflecting surface forms a part. MIRROR
Radius of The radius of the sphere of which the
Curvature (R) mirror's reflecting surface forms a part.
The straight line passing through the pole R = 2f
Principal Axis
and the center of curvature of the mirror.
The point where parallel rays of light
Principal Focus
either converge or appear to diverge after
(F)
reflecting from the mirror. CONVEX
Focal Length
(f)
The distance between the pole and the
principal focus.
MIRROR
The diameter of the reflecting surface of
Aperture
the spherical mirror.
Ray Diagrams
(i) A ray parallel to principal axis will (iii) A ray passing through center of curvature will
pass through focus after reflection. follow the same path back after reflection.
(ii) A ray passing through the principal focus will (iv) Ray incident at pole is reflected back making
become parallel to principal axis after reflection same angle with principal axis.
Concave Mirror Convex Mirror
Mirror parts ki
definitions orr ray
diagrams kaafi
important h!
Concave Mirror
Uses of Concave Mirrors:
Torches, Search-lights, and Vehicle
Headlights:
Shaving Mirrors
Dentist's Mirrors
Solar Furnaces
Convex Mirror Uses of Convex Mirrors:
Rear-view Mirrors in Vehicles:
Preferred in Vehicles:
Provide erect, though diminished,
images.
Have a wider field of view due to their
outward curve.
Allow drivers to view a larger area
compared to plane mirrors.
Convention Key Terms
Object Placement Object to the left of the mirror
Distance Measurement Measured from the pole of the mirror
Positive x-axis Right of origin (positive)
Negative x-axis Left of origin (negative)
Positive y-axis Above principal axis (positive)
Negative y-axis Below principal axis (negative)
Important Formulas: Magnification refers to the ratio of the height of an image to the height of an object
or
irr h’ = positive (virtual images)
M ula h’ = negative (real images)
o rm
F m = negative (real)
m = positive (virtual)
Type of Questions asked?
Step 1 : Firstly check what question is asking and what values are given. Out of u,v,f two
quantities will be given adn you’ll have to find third one.
Step 2 : Use the mirror formula for finding the values,
concave convex from sign of f we can find out
f = always -ve f = always +ve which type of mirror is given
u = always -ve u = always −ve from sign of v we can find out
v = -ve (real) v = always +ve (virtual) the nature of image formed by
= +ve (virtual) concave mirror
Step 3 : if about magnification is asked, use this formula:
concave convex (m > 0): image is upright.
h = +ve (m < 0): The image is inverted
h = +ve
h′ = +ve (upright, virtual)
h′ = +ve (virtual and upright)
= −ve (inverted, real)
from value of ‘m’ we can find out the nature of image formed , from m we can also find the values of h and h’.
also h’ tells about the nature of image, from this we can also get an idea of which type of mirror is present
Phenomenon of change in the direction of light when it passes from
Refraction of Light one transparent medium to another.
Laws of refraction of light.
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the
interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence, all
lie in the same plane.
(ii) Snell’s law of refraction.
Refractive index: measurement of how much a light ray bends when
it passes from one medium to another.
Lenses: A transparent material bound by two surfaces, of which one or both surfaces are spherical.
Term Meaning CONVEX LENS
A lens with two spherical surfaces bulging outwards, thicker in
Convex Lens
the middle than at the edges. (Converging Lens)
A lens with two spherical surfaces curved inwards, thicker at the
Concave Lens
edges than at the middle. (Diverging Lens)
Centre of Curvature
The center of the sphere from which the lens surface is a part.
(C, C1, C2)
An imaginary straight line passing through the two centers of
Principal Axis
curvature of a lens.
CONCAVE LENS
The central point of a lens where a ray of light passes without
Optical Centre (O)
deviation.
Aperture The effective diameter of the circular outline of a spherical lens.
Principal Focus (F, The point where rays of light parallel to the principal axis
F1, F2) converge (convex) or appear to diverge (concave).
The distance between the principal focus and the optical centre
Focal Length (f)
of a lens.
Ray Diagrams
(i) A ray of light from the object, (iii) A ray of light passing through the optical
parallel to the principal axis centre of a lens
(ii) A ray of light passing through a principal
focus
One of the most
important
chapter!
Convex Lens Concave Lens
Convex Lens
Uses of Convex Lens:
overhead projector
camera
focus sunlight
simple telescope
projector microscope
magnifying glasses
Uses of Concave Lens:
Concave Lens spy holes in the doors
glasses
some telescopes
Important Formulas of Lens:
All measurements are taken from the optical centre of the lens.
focal length of a convex lens = positive, and that of a concave lens = negative.
Lens formula: Magnification:
Power of Lens: The ability of a lens to converge or diverge the ray of light after refraction
through it is called the power of the lens. It is defined as the reciprocal of focal length. ‘
SI unit = Dioptre (D)
1 dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length Formulas
is 1 metre. 1D = 1m.-1 yaad rakhna!
power of a convex lens = positive
power of concave lens = negative.
Type of Questions asked?
Step 1 : Firstly check what question is asking and what values are given. Out of u,v,f two
quantities will be given adn you’ll have to find third one.
Step 2 : Use the lens formula for finding the values,
concave convex from sign of f we can find out
f = always −ve f = always +ve which type of lens is present
u = always −ve u = always −ve from sign of v we can find out
v = always −ve v = +ve (real image) the nature of image formed by
= −ve(virtual image) convex lens
Step 3 : if about magnification is asked, use this formula:
concave convex (m > 0): image is upright.
h = +ve h = +ve (m < 0): The image is inverted
h′ = +ve (virtual and upright) h′ = +ve (upright, virtual)
= −ve (inverted, real)
from value of ‘m’ we can find out the nature of image formed , from m we can also find the values of h and h’.
also h’ tells about the nature of image, from this we can also get an idea of which type of lens which is present
if further power of lens is asked
Step 4 : here f will be given or we’ll have to find from above formulas, then
Convex Concave
f = always +ve f = always −ve
formula used:
P (convex lens) = positive power (concave lens) = negative.
from sign of P we can get an idea of type of lens used
More Types:
screen vaale questions
a slide projector has lens and other quantities are given. Position of screen is asked that
slide projector remains in focus
Refractive indexes and speed of light in medium
refractive indexes are given of particular medium and speed of light is also then asked
what will be the speed of light in those mediums.
formula used:
