THERMODYNAMICS
AND HEAT TRANSFER
Engr. Jackielou L. Paches
UNIT III
LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMICS
• Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics -
When two bodies have equality of
temperature with a third body, they
in turn have equality of
temperature with each other.
Engr. Jackielou L. Paches
• Second Law of Thermodynamics
- The entropy of an isolated system always increases.
Entropy in an isolated system that is
not in equilibrium will tend to increase
over time until it reaches a maximum
equilibrium level.
Engr. Jackielou L. Paches
Heat Engine – used in converting thermal energy to
mechanical energy.
Heat Pumps – used to transfer heat from a cold body to a hot
body that requires work input.
Refrigerators – used to transfer heat from a body.
Engr. Jackielou L. Paches
W = QH - QC
Thermal efficiency of the heat Coefficient of performance of a
engine: refrigerator:
𝑊
η𝑇 = 𝑄𝐶
𝑄𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑊
Coefficient of performance
of a heat pump:
𝑄𝐻
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑊
Engr. Jackielou L. Paches
A heat pump is proposed in which 40oF groundwater is used to heat a
o
house to 80 F. The groundwater is to experience a temperature drop of
15oF, and the house requires 90, 000 BTU/ hr. Find the minimum mass
flow of the groundwater and the minimum horsepower required.
Engr. Jackielou L. Paches
Two Classical Statements of the Second Law
of Thermodynamics
1. Kelvin-Planck Statement
- it is impossible to devise a heat engine
that takes heat from the hot reservoir and
convert all energy into useful external work
without losing heat to the cold reservoir
Engr. Jackielou L. Paches
Two Classical Statements of the Second Law of
Thermodynamics
2. Clausius Statement
- heat transfer only happen in the direction of
temperature drop
Engr. Jackielou L. Paches
Engr. Jackielou L. Paches
Process 1 to 2: A reversible isothermal gas expansion process. In this
process, the ideal gas in the system absorbs qin amount heat from a heat source
at a high temperature Thigh, expands and does work on surroundings.
Process 2 to 3: A reversible adiabatic gas expansion process. In this
process, the system is thermally insulated. The gas continues to expand and do
work on surroundings, which causes the system to cool to a lower temperature,
Tlow.
Process 3 to 4: A reversible isothermal gas compression process. In this
process, surroundings do work to the gas at Tlow, and causes a loss of heat, qout.
Process 4 to 1: A reversible adiabatic gas compression process. In this
process, the system is thermally insulated. Surroundings continue to do work to
the gas, which causes the temperature to rise back to Thigh.
Engr. Jackielou L. Paches
T1 – T4 = T2 – T3
s 2 – s 1 = s3 – s 4
QC = T4 (s3 – s4)
QH = T1 (s2 – s1)
W = QH - QC = T1 (s2 – s1) - T4 (s3 – s4)
Engr. Jackielou L. Paches
• Third Law of Thermodynamics
- States that the entropy of a perfect crystal is zero at
the absolute zero of temperature.
Absolute zero is the lowest theoretically possible
temperature (0K).
Engr. Jackielou L. Paches
You can never get
• Charles Percy Snow once summed more out of a system
up the laws of thermodynamics. In then what you put into
the system
his words the laws are as follows:
You cannot return to
the same energy state,
1. You can't win! because there is
2. You can't break even. always an increase in
3. You can't get out of the game. disorder
Because absolute zero is unattainable
Engr. Jackielou L. Paches
ARE THERE ANY
QUESTIONS?
Remember to study the
information from this lecture!
