MEC616

Fluid Mechanics II

Viscous Flow in Ducts

Lecture 04
03

NOTE!
The contents of the presented slides are adopted or partially revised from the:
Fluid Mechanics, Frank. M. White & Henry Xue, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2021.
 6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 1
§ There are four fundamental engineering problems which are
commonly encountered in pipe flow calculations.
§ For any given fluid ( r , µ ) , the types of pipe flow problems are
1. Given d, L, and V or Q, computer h f (head loss problem).
2. Given d, L, h f , computer V or Q (flow rate problem).
3. Given L, h f , V or Q, computer d (sizing problem).
4. Given d, h f , V or Q, computer L.

§ Problems 1 and 4 are well suited to the Moody chart. The head loss
and the pipe length can be calculated directly from the Moody chart
and the head loss equation (Darcy--Weisbach equation).
§ Problems 2 and 3 require iteration to compute velocity or diameter
because both V and d are implicitly contained in the Moody chart and
the head loss equation. They can be solved by trial-and-error or use
of software solver, like Excel.

6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 2

6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 3

6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 4

6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 5

6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 6

6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 7

6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 8

6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 9

6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 10

 6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 11
2

Example: Oil, with r = 950 kg/m3 and v = 0.00002 m /s, flows through 100 m of 30-
2

cm-diameter pipe with a head loss of 8 m. The roughness ratio is e /d = 0.0002. Find
the average velocity and flow rate.
Solution:
From the head loss equation,
æ 0.3 m ö æ 2 (9.81 m /s) ö
2
d 2g
f = hf 2
= (8 m ) ç ÷ç 2 ÷ or fV 2 = 0.471
LV è 100 m ø è V ø
To get started, we usually guess f as it has a restricted range for the estimation.
The iteration would be as follows,
Guess f = 0.014, then V = 0.471 0.014 = 5.80 m/s and Re d = Vd n » 87, 000.
At Re d = 87, 000 and e d = 0.0002, from the Moody chart find f new » 0.0195.
New f = 0.0195, then V = 0.471 0.0195 = 4.91 m/s and Re d = Vd n » 73, 700.
At Re d = 73, 700 and e d = 0.0002, from the Moody chart find f new » 0.0201.
Better f = 0.0201, then V = 0.471 0.0201 = 4.84 m/s and Re d = Vd n » 72, 600.
At Re d = 72, 600 and e d = 0.0002, from the Moody chart find f new » 0.0201. Converged!
The iterative solution is V = 4.84 m/s and Q = V æç p ö÷ d 2 = 4.84 æç p ö÷ 0.32 = 0.342 m3 /s
è4ø è4ø

6.9 Minor or Local Losses in Pipe Systems 1

§ For any pipe system, in addition to the major friction loss computed
for the length of pipe, there are minor losses or local losses due to
1. pipe entrance or exit.
2. sudden expansions or contractions.
3. bends, elbows, tees, and other fittings.
4. gradual expansions or contractions.
§ The losses are commonly measured experimentally and correlated
with the pipe flow parameters.
§ The minor loss coefficient K is given as a ratio of the head loss
through the device hm = Dp ( r g ) to the velocity head V 2 ( 2 g ) .
hm Dp
K= =
V / (2 g ) rV 2 2
2

§ Assuming the pipe has constant diameter, the total loss is

V2 æ L ö
Dhtot = h f + å hm = ç f + åK ÷
2g è d ø
§ The K values can be found from Table 6.5 and Figs 6.17 – 6.23.
For example consider the following pipe with a valve
EL

Ho EGL
EGL
HG L
Q

for turbulent flow:

or

6.9 Minor or Local Losses in Pipe Systems 32

Minor Loss Resistance Coefficient Examples
 4

TE

5
Various examples for different flow geometries:

t
 6
Various examples for different flow geometries:

7
Various examples for different flow geometries:
 8
Various examples for different flow geometries:

9
Various examples for different flow geometries:
 10

6.9 Minor or Local Losses in Pipe Systems 311

Example: Water, r = 1.9 slug/ft 3 and v = 0.000011 ft 2 /s, is pumped between two
reservoirs at 0.2 ft 3 /s through 400 ft of 2-in-diameter pipe and minor losses. The
roughness ratio e /d = 0.001. Compute the pump horsepower required.
Solution: Applying the energy eq.,
p1 V12 p V2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + h f + å hm - hp
r g 2g r g 2g
With p1 = p2 and V1 = V2 » 0,
V2 æ L ö
hp = z2 - z1 + h f + å hm = (120 - 20) + ç f +åK ÷
2g è d ø
To calculate the losses, V = Q = 0.2 ft 3 /s
= 9.17 ft/s Loss K
A (p / 4)(2 /12 ft) 2

Re d =
Vd
=
( 9.17 ft/s )( 2 /12 ft ) » 139, 000 Turbulent
Sharp entrance (Fig. 6.21) 0.5

n 0.000011 ft 2 /s Open globe valve (Tab. 6.5) 6.9

12-in bend (Fig. 6.20) 0.25
For e d = 0.001 and Re d = 139,000, read f = 0.0216.
Regular 90° elbow (Tab. 6.5) 0.95
V2 æ L ö
hp = 100 ft + ç f + å K ÷ = 100 ft + 85 ft = 185 ft Gate valve (Fig. 6.18b) 3.8
2g è d ø
Sharp exit (Fig. 6.21) 1.0
The pump power is Sum 13.4

P = r gQhp = (1.94 ´ 32.3 lbf/ft 3

)( 0.2 ft /s ) (185 ft ) = 2300 ft × lbf/s = 4.2 hp
3
MEC616 Nominal Pipe & Tube Sizes 1 of 8

Introduction to Nominal Pipe Sizes

Standard pipe and tube sizes are based on a “nominal” dimension which is not exactly the inner
diameter or outer diameter. The pipe wall thickness, t, is given in terms of a schedule number
like 20, 40, 80, etc., and the greater the number, the greater the wall thickness.
For a given nominal pipes size (NPS) and schedule number, we must look up the values in tables.
Note that a 4-nominal pipe may be taken to mean “4 inch nominal bore or inside diameter”.
Pipe inner diameter (ID) = pipe outer diameter (OD) – 2 x wall thickness (schedule #)
For example, a 4-nominal, schedule 40 pipe has the following dimensions:
OD = 114.3 mm; t = 6.0 mm; thus ID = 114.3 – 2 x 6.0 = 102.3 mm (or 10.23 cm)
Nominal tube dimensions (i.e., copper tubes used for home water supply and HVAC equipment
are actually “tubes” and not pipes) are based on a nominal “dimension” and wall thickness type,
like “Type K”, “Type L”, and “Type M”, where “K” is the thickest and “M” is the thinnest.
Tables are required to determine the inner & outer diameters.

Web articles below taken from [Link]/technicaldata/[Link]

MEC616 Nominal Pipe & Tube Sizes 2 of 8
MEC616 Nominal Pipe & Tube Sizes 3 of 8

Pipe dimensions below from [Link]/technicaldata/[Link]

MEC616 Nominal Pipe & Tube Sizes 4 of 8
MEC616 Nominal Pipe & Tube Sizes 5 of 8
MEC616 Nominal Pipe & Tube Sizes 6 of 8
MEC616 Nominal Pipe & Tube Sizes 7 of 8
MEC616 Nominal Pipe & Tube Sizes 8 of 8

Nominal Dimensions for Copper Tubing

(Nominal tube dimensions from [Link]/wiki/Tap_water#Sizes)
Nominal pipe sizes
Pipe dimensions, imperial / Metric pipe chart
Nom. Pipe Sizes OD OD Schedule Wall Wall Lbs/Ft Kg/m
Inches mm inches mm Designations Thickn. Thickn.
DN ANSI/ASME inches mm

1/8" 6 0.405 10.29 10/10S 0.049 1.24 0.1863 0.28

1/8” 6 0.405 10.29 STD/40/40S 0.068 1.73 0.2447 0.36
1/8" 6 0.405 10.29 XS/80/80S 0.095 2.41 0.3145 0.47
1/4" 6 0.540 13.72 10/10S 0.065 1.65 0.3297 0.49
1/4” 8 0.540 13.72 STD/40/40S 0.088 2.24 0.4248 0.63
1/4” 8 0.540 13.72 XS/80/80S 0.119 3.02 0.5351 0.80
3/8” 10 0.675 17.15 10/10S 0.065 1.65 0.4235 0.63
3/8" 8 0.675 17.15 STD/40/40S 0.091 2.31 0.5676 0.84
3/8" 10 0.675 17.15 XS/80/80S 0.126 3.20 0.7388 1.10
1/2" 10 0.840 21.34 5/5S 0.065 1.65 0.5383 0.80
1/2" 15 0.840 21.34 10/10S 0.083 2.11 0.671 1.00
1/2" 15 0.840 21.34 STD/40/40S 0.109 2.77 0.851 1.27
1/2” 15 0.840 21.34 XS/80/80S 0.147 3.73 1.088 1.62
1/2” 15 0.840 21.34 160 0.188 4.78 1.309 1.95
1/2” 15 0.840 21.34 XX 0.294 7.47 1.714 2.55
3/4" 20 1.050 26.67 5/5S 0.065 1.65 0.684 1.02
3/4" 20 1.050 26.67 10/10S 0.083 2.11 0.857 1.28
3/4" 20 1.050 26.67 STD/40/40S 0.113 2.87 1.131 1.68
3/4” 20 1.050 26.67 XS/80/80S 0.154 3.91 1.474 2.19
3/4” 20 1.050 26.67 160 0.219 5.56 1.944 2.89
3/4” 20 1.050 26.67 XX 0.308 7.82 2.441 3.63
1” 25 1.315 33.40 5/5S 0.065 1.65 0.868 1.29
1” 25 1.315 33.40 10/10S 0.011 2.77 1.404 2.09
1” 25 1.315 33.40 STD/40/40S 0.133 3.38 1.679 2.50
1” 25 1.315 33.40 XS/80/80S 0.179 4.55 2.172 3.23
1” 25 1.315 33.40 160 0.250 6.35 2.844 4.23
1” 25 1.315 33.40 XX 0.358 9.09 3.659 5.45
1 1/4” 32 1.660 42.16 5/5S 0.065 1.65 1.107 1.65
1 1/4” 32 1.660 42.16 10/10S 0.109 2.77 1.806 2.69
1 1/4” 32 1.660 42.16 STD/40/40S 0.140 3.56 2.273 3.38
1 1/4” 32 1.660 42.16 XS/80/80S 0.191 4.85 2.997 4.46
1 1/4” 32 1.660 42.16 160 0.250 6.35 3.765 5.60
1 1/4” 32 1.660 42.16 XX 0.382 9.70 5.214 7.76
1 1/2” 40 1.900 48.26 5/5S 0.065 1.65 1.274 1.90
1 1/2” 40 1.900 48.26 10/10S 0.109 2.77 2.085 3.10
1 1/2” 40 1.900 48.26 STD/40/40S 0.145 3.68 2.718 4.05
1 1/2” 40 1.900 48.26 XS/80/80S 0.200 5.08 3.631 5.40

1
Nominal pipe sizes
Pipe dimensions, imperial / Metric pipe chart
Nom. Pipe Sizes OD OD Schedule Wall Wall Lbs/Ft Kg/m
Inches mm inches mm Designations Thickn. Thickn.
DN ANSI/ASME inches mm

1 1/2” 40 1.900 48.26 160 0.281 7.14 4.859 7.23

1 1/2” 40 1.900 48.26 XX 0.400 10.16 6.408 9.54
2” 50 2.375 60.33 5/5S 0.065 1.65 1.604 2.39
2” 50 2.375 60.33 10/10S 0.109 2.77 2.638 3.93
2” 50 2.375 60.33 STD/40/40S 0.154 3.91 3.653 5.44
2” 50 2.375 60.33 XS/80/80S 0.218 5.54 5.022 7.47
2” 50 2.375 60.33 160 0.344 8.74 7.462 11.11
2” 50 2.375 60.33 XX 0.436 11.07 9.029 13.44
2 1/2” 65 2.875 73.03 5/5S 0.083 2.11 2.475 3.68
2 1/2” 65 2.875 73.03 10/10S 0.120 3.05 3.531 5.26
2 1/2” 65 2.875 73.03 STD/40/40S 0.203 5.16 5.793 8.62
2 1/2” 65 2.875 73.03 XS/80/80S 0.276 7.01 7.661 11.40
2 1/2” 65 2.875 73.03 160 0.375 9.53 10.01 14.80
2 1/2” 65 2.875 73.03 XX 0.552 14.02 13.69 20.37
3” 80 3.500 88.90 5/5S 0.083 2.11 3.029 4.51
3” 80 3.500 88.90 10/10S 0.120 3.05 4.332 6.45
3” 80 3.500 88.90 STD/40/40S 0.216 5.49 7.576 11.27
3” 80 3.500 88.90 XS/80/80S 0.300 7.62 10.250 15.25
3” 80 3.500 88.90 160 0.438 11.13 14.320 21.31
3” 80 3.500 88.90 XX 0.600 15.24 18.580 27.65
3 1/2” 90 4.000 101.60 5/5S 0.083 2.11 3.472 5.17
3 1/2” 90 4.000 101.60 10/10S 0.120 3.05 4.973 7.40
3 1/2” 90 4.000 101.60 STD/40/40S 0.226 5.74 9.109 13.56
3 1/2” 90 4.000 101.60 XS/80/80S 0.318 8.08 12.500 18.60
3 1/2” 90 4.000 101.60 XX 0.636 16.15 22.850 34.01
4” 100 4.500 114.30 5/5S 0.083 2.11 3.915 5.83
4” 100 4.500 114.30 10/10S 0.120 3.05 5.613 8.35
4” 100 4.500 114.30 STD/40/40S 0.237 6.02 10.790 16.06
4” 100 4.500 114.30 XS/80/80S 0.337 8.56 14.980 22.29
4” 100 4.500 114.30 120 0.438 11.13 19.000 28.28
4” 100 4.500 114.30 160 0.531 13.49 22.510 33.50
4” 100 4.500 114.30 XX 0.374 17.12 27.540 40.99
5” 125 5.563 141.30 5/5S 0.109 2.77 6.349 9.45
5” 125 5.630 143.00 10/10S 0.134 3.4 7.770 11.56
5” 125 5.630 143.00 STD/40/40S 0.258 6.55 14.620 21.76
5” 125 5.630 143.00 XS/80/80S 0.375 9.53 20.780 30.93
5” 125 5.630 143.00 160 0.500 12.70 27.040 40.24

2
Nominal pipe sizes
Pipe dimensions, imperial / Metric pipe chart
Nom. Pipe Sizes OD OD Schedule Wall Wall Lbs/Ft Kg/m
Inches mm inches mm Designations Thickn. Thickn.
DN ANSI/ASME inches mm

5” 125 5.630 143.00 XX 0.625 15.88 32.960 49.05

5” 125 5.630 143.00 5/5S 0.750 19.05 38.550 57.37
6” 150 6.625 168.28 5/5S 0.109 2.77 7.585 11.29
6” 150 6.625 168.28 10/10S 0.134 3.40 9.289 13.82
6” 150 6.625 168.28 STD/40/40S 0.280 7.11 18.970 28.23
6” 150 6.625 168.28 XS/80/80S 0.432 10.97 28.570 42.52
6” 150 6.625 168.28 120 0.562 14.27 36.390 54.16
6” 150 6.625 168.28 160 0.719 18.26 45.350 67.49
6” 150 6.625 168.28 XX 0.864 21.95 53.160 79.12
8” 200 8.625 219.08 5/5S 0.109 2.77 9.914 14.75
8” 200 8.625 219.08 10/10S 0.148 3.76 13.600 19.94
8” 200 8.625 219.08 20 0.250 6.35 22.360 33.28
8” 200 8.625 219.08 30 0.277 7.04 24.700 36.76
8” 200 8.625 219.08 STD/40/40S 0.322 8.18 28.550 42.49
8” 200 8.625 219.08 60 0.406 10.31 34.640 53.04
8” 200 8.625 219.08 XS/80/80S 0.500 12.70 43.390 64.58
8” 200 8.625 219.08 100 0.594 15.09 50.950 75.83
8” 200 8.625 219.08 120 0.719 18.26 60.710 90.35
8” 200 8.625 219.08 140 0.812 20.62 67.760 100.84
8” 200 8.625 219.08 XX 0.875 22.23 72.420 107.78
8” 200 8.625 219.08 160 0.906 23.01 74.690 111.16
10” 250 10.750 273.05 5S 0.134 3.40 15.190 22.61
10” 250 10.750 273.05 10S 0.165 4.19 18.700 27.83
10” 250 10.750 273.05 20 0.250 6.35 28.040 41.73
10” 250 10.750 273.05 30 0.307 7.80 34.240 50.96
10” 250 10.750 273.05 STD/40/40S 0.365 9.27 40.480 60.24
10” 250 10.750 273.05 XS/60/80S 0.500 12.70 54.740 81.47
10” 250 10.750 273.05 80 0.594 15.09 64.430 95.89
10” 250 10.750 273.05 100 0.719 18.26 77.030 114.64
10” 250 10.750 273.05 120 0.844 21.44 89.290 132.89
10” 250 10.750 273.05 140/XX 1.000 25.40 104.130 154.97
10” 250 10.750 273.05 160 1.250 28.58 115.640 175.10
12” 300 12.750 323.85 5S 0.156 3.96 20.980 31.22
12” 300 12.750 323.85 10S 0.180 4.57 24.200 36.02
12” 300 12.750 323.85 20 0.250 6.35 33.380 49.68
12” 300 12.750 323.85 30 0.330 8.38 43.770 65.14
12” 300 12.750 323.85 STD/40S 0.375 9.53 49.560 73.76

3
Nominal pipe sizes
Pipe dimensions, imperial / Metric pipe chart
Nom. Pipe Sizes OD OD Schedule Wall Wall Lbs/Ft Kg/m
Inches mm inches mm Designations Thickn. Thickn.
DN ANSI/ASME inches mm

12” 300 12.750 323.85 40 0.406 10.31 53.520 79.65

12” 300 12.750 323.85 XS/80S 0.500 12.70 65.420 97.36
12” 300 12.750 323.85 60 0.562 14.27 73.150 108.87
12” 300 12.750 323.85 80.00 0.688 17.48 88.630 11.90
12” 300 12.750 323.85 100 0.844 21.44 107.320 159.72
12” 300 12.750 323.85 120/XX 1.000 25.40 125.490 186.76
12” 300 12.750 323.85 140 1.125 28.58 139.670 207.86
12” 300 12.750 323.85 160 1.312 33.32 160.270 238.52
14” 350 14.000 355.60 10S 0.188 4.78 27.730 41.27
14” 350 14.000 355.60 10 0.250 6.35 36.710 54.63
14” 350 14.000 355.60 20 0.312 7.92 45.610 67.88
14” 350 14.000 355.60 STD/30/40S 0.375 9.53 54.570 81.21
14” 350 14.000 355.60 40 0.438 11.13 63.440 94.41
14” 350 14.000 355.60 XS/80S 0.500 12.70 72.090 107.29
14” 350 14.000 355.60 60 0.594 15.09 85.050 126.58
14” 350 14.000 355.60 80 0.750 19.05 106.130 157.95
14” 350 14.000 355.60 100 0.938 23.83 130.850 194.74
14” 350 14.000 355.60 120 1.094 27.79 150.900 224.58
14” 350 14.000 355.60 140 1.250 31.75 170.210 253.32
14” 350 14.000 355.60 160 1.406 35.71 189.100 281.43
16” 400 16.000 406.40 10S 0.188 4.78 31.750 47.25
16” 400 16.000 406.40 10 0.250 6.35 42.050 62.58
16” 400 16.000 406.40 20 0.312 7.92 62.270 77.79
16” 400 16.000 406.40 STD/30/40S 0.375 9.53 62.580 93.13
16” 400 16.000 406.40 XS/40/80S 0.500 12.70 82.770 123.18
16” 400 16.000 406.40 60 0.656 16.66 107.500 159.99
16” 400 16.000 406.40 80 0.844 21.44 136.610 203.31
16” 400 16.000 406.40 100 1.031 26.20 164.820 245.29
16” 400 16.000 406.40 120 1.219 30.96 192.430 286.37
16” 400 16.000 406.40 140 1.438 36.53 223.640 332.83
16” 400 16.000 406.40 160 1.594 40.49 245.250 364.99
18” 450 18.000 457.20 10S 0.188 4.78 35.760 53.22
18” 450 18.000 457.20 10 0.250 6.35 47.390 70.53
18” 450 18.000 457.20 20 0.312 7.92 58.940 87.72
18” 450 18.000 457.20 STD/40S 0.375 9.53 70.590 105.06
18” 450 18.000 457.20 30 0.438 11.13 82.150 122.26
18” 450 18.000 457.20 XS/80S 0.500 12.70 93.450 138.08

4
Nominal pipe sizes
Pipe dimensions, imperial / Metric pipe chart
Nom. Pipe Sizes OD OD Schedule Wall Wall Lbs/Ft Kg/m
Inches mm inches mm Designations Thickn. Thickn.
DN ANSI/ASME inches mm

18” 450 18.000 457.20 40 0.562 14.27 104.670 155.78

18” 450 18.000 457.20 60 0.750 19.05 138.170 205.63
18” 450 18.000 457.20 80 0.938 23.83 170.920 254.37
18” 450 18.000 457.20 100 1.156 29.36 207.960 309.50
18” 450 18.000 457.20 120 1.375 34.93 244.140 363.34
18” 450 18.000 457.20 140 1.562 39.67 274.220 408.11
18” 450 18.000 457.20 160 1.781 45.24 308.500 459.13
20” 500 20.000 508.00 10S 0.218 5.54 46.060 68.55
20” 500 20.000 508.00 10 0.250 6.35 52.730 78.48
20” 500 20.000 508.00 STD/20/40S 0.375 9.53 78.60 116.98
20” 500 20.000 508.00 XS/30/80S 0.500 12.70 104.130 154.97
20” 500 20.000 508.00 40 0.594 15.09 123.110 183.22
20” 500 20.000 508.00 60 0.812 20.62 166.400 247.65
20” 500 20.000 508.00 80 1.031 26.19 208.870 310.85
20” 500 20.000 508.00 100 1.281 32.54 256.100 381.14
20” 500 20.000 508.00 120 1.500 38.10 296.370 441.07
20” 500 20.000 508.00 140 1.750 44.45 341.090 507.63
20” 500 20.000 508.00 160 1.969 50.01 379.170 564.30
24” 600 24.000 609.60 10/10S 0.250 6.35 63.410 94.37
24” 600 24.000 609.60 STD/20/40S 0.375 9.53 94.620 140.82
24” 600 24.000 609.60 XS/80S 0.500 12.70 125.490 186.76
24” 600 24.000 609.60 30 0.562 14.27 140.680 209.37
24” 600 24.000 609.60 40 0.688 17.48 171.290 254.92
24” 600 24.000 609.60 60 0.969 24.61 238.350 354.72
24” 600 24.000 609.60 80 1.219 30.96 296.580 441.39
24” 600 24.000 609.60 100 1.531 38.89 367.390 546.77
24” 600 24.000 609.60 120 1.812 46.02 429.390 639.04
24” 600 24.000 609.60 140 2.062 52.37 483.100 718.97
24” 600 24.000 609.60 160 2.344 59.54 542.130 806.3
30” 750 30.000 762.00 10 0.361 7.92 98.930 147.23
30” 750 30.000 762.00 STD/40S 0.375 9.53 118.650 176.58
30” 750 30.000 762.00 XS/20/80S 0.500 12.70 157.530 234.44
30” 750 30.000 762.00 30 0.625 15.88 196.080 291.82
36” 900 36.000 914.40 10 0.312 7.92 118.920 176.98
36” 900 36.000 914.40 STD/40S 0.375 9.53 142.680 212.34
36” 900 36.000 914.40 XS/80S 0.500 12.70 189.570 282.13