Social Reviewer
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July 4, 1946 - Pres. Harry Truman granted independence to the Philippines
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PROBLEMS OF THE PHILIPPINES AFTER WWII
1. Damaged roads, homes, buildings and industries
2. Less farm animals and orchards/farms due to fire and bombing
3. Having to change the education system, adapting to the circumstances at that
time
4. Financial problems happening after the Japanese Occupation
5. The Filipinos losing their spirit and morale after the war
IMPORTANT DAMAGED BUILDINGS
1. Philippine General Hospital (PGH)
2. University of the Philippines (UP)
3. Legislative Building
NATIONAL RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION ADMINISTRATION
- aka NARRA
- The government focused in developing provincial areas to encourage people to
stay in their respective region/province
- Issued because of the overcrowding of Manila and QC where people built houses
in undesirable places in hopes of having a better live they imagined
PHILIPPINE REHABILITATION ACT
- Pres. Manuel Roxas was forced to accept USD 620.000.000 from US
- USD 120,000,000 was used for construction of roads and buildings
- USD 100,000,000 worth of US military equipment scraps
- USD 400,000,000 was used to send the Filipinos to the US to learn how to improve
the Philippines’ status
- USD 800,000,000 was also given to the Philippines as war compensation in
exchange for the approval of the Philippines of the US agreement
BELL TRADE ACT AND PARITY RIGHTS
- Bell Trade Act approved the free trade agreement between the US and Philippines
from 1946 to 1954
- Agreement was unfair since the US had free flow of their goods that they brought
into the country
- It also sets the provision for parity rights, where the Philippines’ and US’ business
rights are equal
- Parity rights are considered unlawful since at least 60% of the Philippine
businesses should be owned by Filipinos according to the Constitution
MILITARY BASES AGREEMENT
- aka MBA
- Issued by Pres. Roxas and Us Ambassador Paul McNutt
- 23 US bases to stay in different parts of the Philippines
- Prominent US bases: Clark Air Base in Pampanga, Subic Naval Base in Zambales,
Camp John Hay in Baguio
- Military Assistance Agreement - gave US the right to cooperate with the planning
of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and to provide military equipment (AFP)
REACTIONS OF THE FILIPINOS
- Roxas administration receiving lots of criticism from the Filipinos due to Roxas
being pro American, opening the way for neocolonialism happening (influences
many aspects of the Philippine economy and politics)
- Colonial mentality spread
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ELEMENTS OF BEING A STATE
1. Citizens the protect, promote and defend the freedom of the country
2. Territory, which can be freely used by the citizens
3. Government, which is established/endorsed by the Filipinos
4. Sovereignty, or supreme authority to govern the people and property of the
country
ABOUT SOVEREIGNTY
- Supreme authority of a country that governs the citizens
- Required for a country to be independent
1. Permanent - continues without interruption as long as the state exist, is lasting
2. Comprehensive - power extends to all people and properties
3. Exclusive - only supreme power, and is not transferable to another country
4. Absolute - complete and unlimited power, no other country can have authority over it
5. Popular (only Philippines) - sovereignty lies in the hands of the people through their
representatives, according to Article II Section 1 of the Constitution, sovereignty resides
in all people; citizens have the right to elect their leaders
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY
1. Internal - power to govern all citizens in the territory, important because the
organization/development of the country depends on it
2. External - state may foster all programs and goals of the country without
intrusion of other countries, and the right to maintain a relation with other
countries
RIGHTS OF A SOVEREIGN COUNTRY
1. Right to Freedom
- Right to manage its own affair without a country interfering. If the rules
are broken the country has the right to fight the former
2. Right to Equal Privileges
- All states should have equal rights, responsibilities and privileges
regardless of their status
- Developed countries should not interfere with the decisions of developing
countries, unless they ask for help
3. Right to Jurisdiction
- Right to make and enforce laws within its jurisdiction
- No country may interfere with the laws, including the right to defend the
citizens working abroad
- The Department of Foreign Affairs protects the OFW Filipinos.
4. Right to Property
- Right to own all properties within its territory
- Includes natural and human resources
- Other countries may not use them without the country’s permission
5. Right to International Relations
- Free interaction with other countries
- Ex. the right to send and receive national representatives abroad as
diplomats and consuls to negotiate on political, economic and cultural
matters
- Persona non grata - people may be banned from a country due to violating
their laws
6. Territorial Defense
- Defense of the country
- Internal - crime, insurgence or rebellion, coup d’etat
- External - invasion of a country , terrorist bombings, kidnapping, etc
- AFP (Armed Forces of the Philippines) was formed to protect the people
from threats better
BRANCHES OF THE AFP
1. Philippine Army
- Defenders of the Philippines when it’s war and when rebellion to
overthrow the government happens
2. Philippine Navy
- Protects the Philippine waters, aka naval guards
3. Philippine Air Force
- Patrols the skies and use aircraft during rescue missions and disasters
4. Other Agencies
- Department of the INterior and Local Government (DILG)
- Under it is the Philippine National Police (PNP), Bureau of Fire Protection
(BJMP), and the {Philippine Public Safety College (PPSc)
- Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA)
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
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THE THIRD REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
- Started from 1946 to 1986
- Ruled by 6 presidents
ADMINISTRATION OF MANUEL A. ROXAS (MAY 1946 - APRIL 1948)
PROBLEMS FACED BY ROXAS
1. Poor state of the economy
2. National security threatened by the actions of the Huk (farmers turned guerrillas
against the ROxas administration)
3. Uniting the divided Filipinos
PROGRAMS AND POLICIES OF ROXAS
1. Electrification of the country
2. Vocational training
3. Easy term loans
4. Encouraging American capitalists to invest in the Philippines
5. Investigated the condition of the resources of the country
6. Expansion of production, establishing organizations for agricultural development
- Nation Rice and Corn Corporation
- National Coconut Corporation
- National Abaca and other Fibers Corporation
- National Tobacco Corporation
7. Rehabilitation Finance Corporation established to assist people and private
companies
SYSTEM OF THE ROXAS ADMINISTRATION
- Strictly pro US and anti communist
- Many agreements between the Philippines and US
1. Maintaining close relations between the two countries
2. Establishment of US bases in the country
3. Ensuring America’s aid during war
4. Making of party rights, giving US the right to use our natural resources
5. Making of the Bell Trade Acts
- Roxas had a heart attack after a speech, ending his term
ADMINISTRATION OF ELPIDIO QUIRINO (APRIL 1948 TO DECEMBER 1953)
PROBLEMS FACED BY QUIRINO
1. Poor economy
2. Communism
3. Prising of the Huk
4. Regaining the trust of the citizens that was lost because of Roxas’s corruption
PROGRAMS AND POLICIES OF QUIRINO
1. Economic Development
- Development of irrigation systems
- Constructions of roads
- Conduct of weekly feedback via radio and newspapers
- Establishment of the President’s Action Committee on the Social
Amelioration
- Opening of rural banks
- Establishment of the Central Bank of the Philippines
- Issuance of the Magna Carta of Labor and Minimum Wage Law
2. United States Economic Survey
- Led by Daniel Bell
- Aimed to investigate the economic situation of the Philippines
- Mission proposed to improve farming systems by using the scientific
method, setting of minimum wage, increase of the citizens’ taxes, building
of new industries and increase of technical and financial assistance from
US
AVERTING THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM
- First meeting of Asian nations to discuss the prevention of communism
- Quirino being an active member of the UN
FACING THE CHALLENGES POSED BY THE HUK MOVEMENT
- Having to curb the spread of assaults by the Huks
- Proclamation to surrender their weapons within 50 days and allow the Huk leader
and other members part of the Democratic Alliance to regain their seats and
receive their three year pay
- Quirino instructed his brother to talk with the Huk leader, Taruc and negotiate
with him
1. Giving amnesty to the Huk embers
2. Repealing the Bell Trade Act and the MBA
3. Stopping government corruption
4. Promoting democratic freedom of the people
5. Implementing genuine land reform
(DID NOT FULLY SUCCEED)
- Quirino had to military offense against the Huks and appointed Ramon Magsaysay
as National Defense Secretary, who then proceeded to make the Huk members
surrender their weapons through the Economic Development Corps
- Peace and security were restored after the end of the Huk movement, and the
role of Magsaysay was well recognized
THE ADMINISTRATION OF RAMON MAGSAYSAY (DECEMBER 1953 TO
MARCH 1957)
