STARTING OF THREE PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
I. INTRODUCTION
An asynchronous motor has a high starting torque but it has the disadvantage of absorbing 4 to
8 times its nominal current. To reduce this current draw, several starting methods are available.
There are two types of actions: stator action and rotor action.
• Action on the stator: In this case 3 types of starting are possible:
- Star-delta starting.
- Starting by elimination of stator resistors.
- Starting by auto-transformers.
The disadvantage of these starts is that: the engine torque which is proportional to the square of
the voltage is reduced in the same ratio.
• Action on the rotor:
- Starting by elimination of rotor resistances.
This second way of proceeding does not have any functional drawbacks, the increase in the
resistance of the rotor results in an increase in the starting torque and a decrease in the starting
current.
Starters for three phase squirrel cage motor
Three phase squirrel cage motors are the most widely used motors in industry. About 80% of
the motors manufactured are squirrel cage motors. Simplicity, ruggedness and reliability of
such a motor make it the standard choice for alternating current, all purpose, and constant
speed applications. These motors are less expensive, require less maintenance than dc motors
of equal kilowatt rating and speed.
I. Direct on line starter
II.1. Principle
In this starting process, the asynchronous motor is directly connected to the power supply
network. The starting is carried out in a single step. The starting current can reach 4 to 8 times
the rated current of the motor. The very important torque: it can reach 1.5 times the nominal
torque.
II.2. Semi-automatic direct on line start with one direction of travel
II.2.1. Goal
We want to start a three-phase asynchronous motor in one direction of rotation. Stopping is
carried out by pressing an S0 push button and starting on an S1 push button.
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II.4. Semi-automatic direct start with two directions
II.4.1. objective
We want to start a three-phase asynchronous motor in two directions of rotation. The stop is
carried out by pressing an S0 push button and starting in direction 1 is carried out by pressing a
push button S1 and in direction 2 by pressing a button pusher S2.
3.2.3 Automatic Primary Resistor Type Starter
This starter also has two contactors marked START and RUN as in the case of semi-automatic
starter. Here, the time gap between closing of start contactor and run contactor is controlled
automatically with the help of an electrical timer. The time can be adjusted as per requirement.
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The power and control diagram for the starter is shown in
II.12. Star-delta starting
II.12.1. Principle:
The start-up is carried out in two stages:
• 1st step: Each winding of the stator is powered at reduced voltage using Y coupling. It
is the time required for the motor speed to reach 80% of its rated speed.
• 2nd step: Each stator winding is supplied with its nominal voltage changing the
coupling to delta.
Remark:
For this type of starting, it is therefore necessary to use a motor normally coupled in delta Δ
and all of the winding ends of which have exited on the terminal board.
II.12.2. Semi-automatic star-delta starting in one direction of operation:
a. Objective :
We want to start a three-phase asynchronous star-delta motor in one direction of rotation by
pressing a push button S1 and the stop is performed by pressing a push button S0.
b. Control circuit :
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Power diagram
Semi-automatic starting of a three-phase asynchronous by autotransformer
First, the motor is started on a star-coupled autotransformer; there fore the motor is supplied
with an adjustable reduced voltage.
The autotransformer star coupling is opened to switch to full voltage, which places inductors
on each line limiting the current peak.
These inductors are short-circuited to couple the motor directly to the network.
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