Jagannath International Management School
MOR, Pocket-105, Kalkaji, New Delhi-110019
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved under Section 2(f) of UGC Act 195)
Business Research Methodology Lab File
BBA 213
Submitted in partial fulfillment of
Bachelors Of Business Administration 2023- 2026
BBA III Semester
Batch: 2023-2026
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Dr. Shivani Sharma Name: MANSI
Assistant Professor Enrollment No:35624501723
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INDEX
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE
NO.
1. INTRODUCTION TO MS EXCEL
1.1 Basic Information 4
1.2 Benefits 5
1.3 Create Workbook and Spreadsheet 6-7
1.4 Naming and Adding 8-10
1.5 Data Entry 11
2. EXCEL FORMULAE
2.1 Sum 12
2.2 Average 13
2.3 Standard Deviation 14
2.4 Count, Count A, Count Blank 15-17
2.5 Correlation 18
3. DATA ANALYSIS IN EXCEL
3.1 T-Test 19
3.2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 20
3.3 Regression 21
4. INTRODUCTION TO SPSS
4.1 Entering Data in Data View and Variable View 22-23
4.2 Selecting measures (Nominal, Ordinal, Scale) 24-25
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5. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
5.1 Descriptive Analysis 26-27
Frequency Analysis 28-29
5.2
6. INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
6.1 T-Test 30-33
6.2 Correlation 34-35
6.3 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 36-41
6.4 Regression 42-43
7 Saving and Copying Results from Output
Window
7.2 QUESTIONNAIRE
7.1 Linking to Google Sheet 43
7.2 Response Sheet 44
7.3 Summary 45
8. QUESTIONNAIRE
8.1 Linking to Google Sheet
8.2 Response Sheet
8.3 Summary
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1. INTRODUCTION TO MS EXCEL
1.1 Basic information
Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft, used
primarily for organizing, analyzing, and visualizing data. It's widely used for tasks
such as financial analysis, data tracking, calculations, and creating reports.
Key features include:
Functions like SUM, AVERAGE, IF, and VLOOKUP for calculations.
Charts for visualizing data (bar, line, pie, etc.).
PivotTables for summarizing large datasets.
Sorting and Filtering tools for data management.
Formulas for performing calculations across cells.
Macros to automate tasks.
Collaboration via cloud services (OneDrive, SharePoint).
Short cut keys
Ctrl+c= copy
Ctrl+p=paste
Ctrl+z=undo
File Formats: the primary file extension for Excel is .xlsx, but older
versions use .xls. Other formats include .csv (Comma Separated
Values) and .xlsm (for workbooks with macros).
Collaboration:Excel supports collaboration through OneDrive or
SharePoint, allowing multiple users to work on the same document
simultaneously. Users can also add comments and track changes.
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1.2 Benefits of MS EXCEL
1. Data Organization and Management
Efficient Data Storage: Excel provides a clear and structured way to organize
large sets of data in rows and columns, making it easy to find, manage, and
update information.
Data Sorting and Filtering: You can sort and filter data to quickly find specific
information, improving data management.
2. Powerful Calculations and Analysis
Built-in Functions: Excel has a wide variety of functions (SUM, AVERAGE, IF,
VLOOKUP, etc.) that allow users to perform complex calculations and data
analysis without needing to manually compute values.
Advanced Formulas: Supports custom formulas and complex mathematical,
statistical, financial, and logical operations.
3. Data Visualization
Charts and Graphs: Excel makes it easy to create visual representations of
data (e.g., bar, line, pie charts) to help identify trends and insights.
Conditional Formatting: Highlights data with color coding to make important
trends or outliers stand out.
4. Time-Saving Automation
Macros: You can automate repetitive tasks by recording macros or writing VBA
code, saving significant time on manual tasks.
Templates: Pre-built templates for common tasks (budgets, invoices, financial
reports) can speed up work.
5. Data Sharing and Collaboration
Cloud Integration: Excel supports cloud services like OneDrive and
SharePoint, allowing multiple users to work on the same document in real-time,
improving collaboration.
Comments and Track Changes: Teams can leave comments and track
changes to ensure effective collaboration and feedback.
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1.3 Create Workbook and Spreadsheet
Workbook
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Spreadsheet
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1.4 Naming and Adding
1. Naming Cells or Ranges in Excel (Step-by-Step)
Naming cells or ranges makes it easier to reference data in formulas.
Steps to Name a Cell or Range:
1. Select the Cell or Range:
o Click on a single cell (e.g., A1) or drag to select multiple cells (e.g., A1)
2. Go to the Name Box:
o The Name Box is located to the left of the formula bar (just above the grid of cells).
o It typically shows the cell reference (like A1).
3. Type a Name:
o Click inside the Name Box and type a name (e.g., SalesData).
o Important: No spaces in the name! Use underscores (_) if needed (e.g., Sales_Data).
4. Press Enter:
o After typing the name, press Enter to assign the name to the selected range.
Adding Data in Excel (Step-by-Step)
Adding data means entering values into cells, adding rows or columns, and entering formulas.
Steps to Add Data to Cells:
1. Select a Cell:
o Click on any cell where you want to enter data (e.g., A1).
2. Type the Data:
o For text: Just type the words (e.g., "Product A").
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o For numbers: Type the number (e.g., 100).
o For a date: Type a date (e.g., 01/01/2024).
3. Press Enter:
o Press Enter to confirm your entry and move to the next row, or press Tab to move to the next cell in the row.
Steps to Add Rows or Columns:
1. Insert Rows:
o Right-click the row number (e.g., row 2 to insert above).
o Choose Insert from the menu.
2. Insert Columns:
o Right-click the column letter (e.g., column B to insert before).
o Choose Insert from the menu.
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Steps to Add Formulas:
1. Select the Cell for the Formula:
o Click on a cell where you want the result (e.g., C1).
2. Enter the Formula:
o Start with = (equals sign), then type the formula. For example:
To add values in cells A1 and B1: =A1+B1
To calculate the sum of a range (e.g., A1 to A10): =SUM (A1:A10)
3. Press Enter:
o After typing the formula, press Enter to calculate the result
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1.5 Data Entry
INPUT
OUTPUT
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2.EXCEL FORMULAE
2.1 Sum (Input)
(Output)
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2.2 Average(input)
(output)
13
2.3 Standard Deviation(input)
(Output)
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2.4 Count, Count A, Count Blank
Count (input)
(Output)
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COUNTA(input)
(Output)
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Count Blank(input)
(Output)
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2.5 Correlation
(Input)
(Output)
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3.DATA ANALYSIS IN EXCEL
3.1 T-Test (Input)
(Output)
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3.2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
(Output)
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3.3 Regression
INPUT
OUTPUT
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4.INTRODUCTION TO SPSS
4.1 Entering Data in Data View and Variable View
Variable View
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Data view
DATA VIEW
Data View
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4.2 Selecting measures (Nominal, Ordinal, Scale)
1. Nominal Measurement (Categorical)
• Definition: Nominal data represents categories that have no inherent order. It is simply used for labeling
variables without a quantitative value.
• Examples: Gender, Marital Status, Eye Color, Political Affiliation.
• SPSS Selection:
o When defining your variable in SPSS, choose Nominal from the "Measure" dropdown.
o In the "Variable View" tab, under the "Measure" column, select Nominal for variables that represent categories.
• Statistical Tests: Chi-square tests, mode, frequency distributions.
2. Ordinal Measurement (Ranked or Ordered)
• Definition: Ordinal data involves categories that have a meaningful order, but the intervals between them are
not necessarily equal.
• Examples: Likert scale responses (e.g., strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree), education
level (high school, bachelor’s, master’s, etc.), satisfaction ratings.
• SPSS Selection:
o In the "Variable View" tab, select Ordinal from the "Measure" dropdown for variables that have a meaningful
order but don't have consistent intervals between categories.
• Statistical Tests: Median, percentiles, Spearman's rank correlation, non-parametric tests (e.g., Mann-Whitney U
test, Kruskal- Wallis test).
3. Scale Measurement (Continuous or Interval/Ratio)
• Definition: Scale data (also called continuous or interval/ratio) has both order and equal intervals between
values. This type of data is the most precise, and its values can be meaningfully added, subtracted, or averaged.
• Examples: Height, weight, age, income, test scores.
• SPSS Selection:
o In the "Variable View" tab, select Scale for variables that are continuous and where the intervals between values
are equal (such as age or test scores).
• Statistical Tests: Mean, standard deviation, correlation, regression analysis, t-tests, ANOVA.
______________
Steps to Set Measurement Levels in SPSS:
1. Open SPSS and go to the Variable View.
2. Locate the column titled Measure.
3. For each variable, choose one of the following:
o Nominal: For categorical, unordered data.
o Ordinal: For ordered categories with unequal intervals.
o Scale: For continuous data with meaningful intervals.
4. If you need to modify the level of measurement for a variable, click in the "Measure" column for the variable and
select the appropriate option from the dropdown menu.
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5.DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
5.1 Descriptive Analysis
Mean,median and mode
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5.2 Frequency Analysis
Steps:
1. Go to Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies.
2. Select the categorical variable(s) you want to analyze (e.g., Gender, Marital Status).
3. Move the selected variables to the Variables box.
4. Click OK.
Output:
• SPSS will create a Frequency Table that shows:
o Frequency: The count of cases for each category.
o Percent: The percentage of cases in each category.
o Valid Percent: Percent based on valid cases (excluding missing data).
o Cumulative Percent: Running total of valid percent.
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6.INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
6.1 T-test(Independentsamples)
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T test(paired samples)
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6.2 Correlation
34
35
6.3 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
One way ANOVA
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37
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Two way Anova
39
40
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6.4 Regression
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8.Saving Results from Output Window
8.1Questionnaire
A questionnaire is a structured list of questions used to collect information from respondents
regarding their opinions, experiences, or attitudes. Questionnaires are versatile tools that can
gather both quantitative and qualitative data, making them popular in various research fields,
including market research and social and health sciences. They are particularly useful for
collecting standardized data that can be analyzed for patterns and insights.
8.2LinkingtoGooglesheet
To link a Google Form to Google Sheets:
Open the form in Google Forms.
In the top left, under "Responses," select “Summary.”
In the top right, click on “More” and choose the “Select response destination” option.
Pick an option: Create a new spreadsheet in Google Sheets for responses.
Click “Create” or “Select” to finalize
8.3Responsesheet
The response sheet in Google Sheets automatically records answers from the Google Form,
allowing easy access to and organization of the data for further analysis.
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8.4 Summary
OpenyourGoogleForm>ClickResponses>
ClickSummary.DependingonthequestioNtypeand
theformresponses,thesummaryisdisplayedasapiechart,barchartorjustalistofansw
ers.
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