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Construction Of Hydraulic Structures First Edition 2018

Book · May 2019

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Mohammed Yousif Fattah Jaafar Maatooq

University of Technology, Iraq University of Technology, Iraq
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 Construction
Of
Hydraulic Structures

First Edition

2019

Mohammed Y. Fattah, Hassan A. Omran, Jaafar S. Maatooq

 Preface

Sociological changes, new technology in industry and commerce, new

building codes, other new laws and regulations, inflationary economies of
nations, and advances in building technology place an ever-increasing
burden on building designers and constructors. They need more and more
knowledge and skill to cope with the demands placed on them. The public
continually demands more complex buildings than in the past. They must
serve more purposes, last longer, and require less maintenance and repair.
As in the past, they must look attractive. Yet, both building construction and
operating costs must be kept within acceptable limits or new constructions
will cease.
To meet these challenges successfully, continual improvements in
building design and construction must be made. These challenges are more
pronounced in building of hydraulic structures. Building designers and
constructors should be alert to these advances and learn how to apply them
skillfully. One advanced note to building design is the adaptation of
operations research, or systems design, developed around the middle of the
twentieth century and originally applied with noteworthy results to the
design of machines and electronic equipment.
In the past, design of a new building was mainly an imitation of the
design of an existing building. Innovations were often developed
fortuitously and by intuition and were of rare occurrences. In contrast,
systems design encourages innovation. It is a precise procedure that guides
creativity toward the best decisions. As a result, it can play a significant role
in meeting the challenges posed by increasing building complexity and
costs.
 Civil engineering is that field of engineering concerned with planning,
design and construction of natural resource development, regional and local
water supply and storm water facilities, waste management facilities,
transportation facilities, tunnels, buildings, bridges, hydraulic structures,
and other structures for the needs of people. Persons who are qualified by
education and experience and who meet state requirements for practicing the
profession of civil engineering are called civil engineers.
The purpose of this book is to provide a detailed reference book for
construction professionals responsible for specifying and designing
hydraulic structures and their facilities and accessories. It provides detailed
information on the units of construction and materials and general
guidance on the selection of materials and equipment for the various
locations and site exposures. The book does not cover advanced structural
and hydraulic analysis and design, which is adequately covered elsewhere,
but does give guidance on the empirical design of hydraulic structures and
their accessories. The content of the book is extensive, not least this one,
could ever incorporate all practices experienced in an industry so diverse as
construction. The content is not exemplar and neither does it attempt to be
prescriptive. It is a prescriptive of construction principles including guidance
to processes and, where appropriate, associated design.

The authors
 Contents
Topic Page
Chapter One
Basics of Building and Construction
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Building Construction Requirements 2
1.3 Major Building Systems 2
1.4 Fundamental Factors in Buildings Construction 6
1.5 Architectural Maps and Sections 7
1.6 Focus Points in Dams Construction 7
1.7 Embankment Dam Types 9
1.8 Spillways and Gates 9
1.8.1 Spillways 9
1.8.2 Gates 10
1.9 Arch Dams 10
Chapter Two
Construction Materials
2.1 Cementitious Materials 13
2.2 Portland Cements 14
2.2.1 Modified Portland cements 18
2.2.1.1 Ordinary Portland cement 18
2.2.1.2 Portland pozzolan cements 19
2.2.1.3 Portland blast-furnace slag cements 19
2.2.1.4 Expansive cements 20
2.2.1.5 Rapid-hardening Portland cement 20
2.2.1.6 Extra-rapid-hardening Portland cement 21
2.2.1.7 Low heat Portland cement 21
2.2.1.8 White Portland cement 21
2.2.1.9 Portland-pozzolana cement 22
2.2.1.10 Portland blast-furnace cement 22
2.2.1.11 Sulphate-resisting Portland cement 22
2.2.1.12 Masonry cement 23
2.2.2 Specifications for Portland Cements 24
2.3 Limes 27
2.3.1 Hydraulic limes 27
2.3.2 Quicklimes 28
2.3.3 Making quicklime and hydrated lime 29
2.3.4 Hydraulic properties 30
2.3.4.1 Storage 31
2.3.4.2 Preparation of mortar mix 31
2.4 Low-Temperature Gypsum Derivatives 32
2.5 Concrete 33
2.5.1 Normal weight concrete 33
2.5.2 Concrete materials 36
2.5.2.1 Water 36
2.5.2.2 Water/cement ratio 37
2.5.2.3 Aggregates 38
2.5.2.4 Particle shape and texture 41
2.5.2.5 Particle grading 41
2.5.2.6 Lightweight aggregates 46
2.5.2.7 Hardness 47
2.5.2.8 Soundness 47
2.5.2.9 Heavyweight aggregates 47
2.5.2.10 Origin of sand 47
2.5.2.11 Types of sand 48
2.5.3 Reinforcement 50
2.5.3.1 Fiber reinforcement 51
2.5.3.2 Steel reinforcement 52
2.6 Admixtures for Concrete 53
2.6.1 Chemical and mineral admixtures 53
2.6.2 Water reducing admixtures 54
2.6.3 Air entraining admixtures 55
2.6.4 Set accelerating admixtures 55
2.6.5 Retarding admixtures 56
2.6.6 Corrosion inhibitors 56
2.6.7 Coloring admixtures 57
2.6.8 Fly ash 57
2.6.9 Blast furnace slag 60
2.6.10 Silica fume (Microsilica) 62
2.7 Mortars 63
2.7.1 Packaging and proportioning of mortar 63
2.7.2 Properties of mortars 63
2.7.3 Masonry cements 65
2.8 Concrete Masonry Units 66
2.9 Burned-Clay Units (Bricks) 68
2.10 Ceramic Tiles 68
2.11 Building Stones 69
2.12 Gypsumboard 70
2.13 Wood 71
2.13.1 Mechanical properties of wood 71
2.13.2 Plywood and other fabricated wood boards 73
2.14 Steel and Steel Alloys 75
2.14.1 Types of irons and steels 75
2.14.2 Types of irons 76
2.14.3 Types of structural Steels 78
2.14.4 Tensile properties of structural steels 79
Chapter Three
The Works of Brick and Stone
3.1 Clay bricks 83
3.2 Types of Brick 84
3.2.1 Solid brick 84
3.2.2 Perforated brick 85
3.2.3 Cellular brick 85
3.2.4 Frogged brick 85
3.2.5 Dimensions 85
3.2.6 Appearance 86
3.3 Types of Clay Bricks 87
3.3.1 Properties of good clay bricks 88
3.4 Compressive Strength and Absorption 90
3.4.1 Absorption 90
3.4.2 Initial rate of absorption 90
3.5 Calcium Silicate (Sandlime and Flintlime) Bricks 91
3.6 Concrete Bricks 92
3.6.1 Types of concrete bricks 92
1. Solid brick 93
3.6.2 Dimensions of concrete bricks 93
3.7 Blocks 93
3.7.1 Fired clay blocks 94
3.7.2 Concrete blocks 94
3.7.2.1 Dimensions of concrete blocks 95
3.7.2.2 Types of concrete blocks 95
3.7.2.3 Compressive strength of concrete blocks 96
3.8 Natural Stone 96
3.8.1 Processing 97
3.8.2 Strength 97
3.8.3 Selection of stone 97
3.8.4 Types of stone 99
3.8.5 Dimensions of stones 99
3.8.6 Durability of stones 100
3.9 Characteristics of Bricks and Blocks 100
3.9.1 Fired clay units 100
3.9.1.1 Moisture movements 100
3.9.1.2 Expansion 101
3.9.1.3 Thermal movements 101
3.9.2 Concrete and calcium silicate bricks and blocks 101
3.9.2.1 Moisture movements 102
3.9.2.2 Thermal movements 103
3.10 Specific Problems in Brick Construction 103
3.10.1 Fired clay bricks 103
3.10.1.1 Florescence 103
3.10.1.2 Soluble salts 104
3.10.2 Underfired bricks 104
3.10.3 Black heart bricks 105
3.10.3.1 Cracking/crazing of brick faces 106
3.10.3.2 Thumbing 106
3.10.4 Concrete bricks and blocks 106
3.10.4.1 Shrinkage 107
3.10.4.2 Frost resistance 107
3.10.4.3 Acid rain 107
3.10.4.4 Sulphate attack 108
3.10.4.5 Surface colour 108
3.10.4.6 Surface damage 108
3.10.4.7 Efflorescence 108
3.11 Mortars 108
3.11.1 Cements 109
3.11.2 Limes 110
3.11.2 Limes 111
3.11.4 Water 111
3.11.5 Mortars for brickwork and blockwork 112
3.11.5.1 Mortar for structural masonry 113
3.11.6 Mortar joints 113
3.11.6.1 Jointing and pointing 114
3.11.6.2 Joint profiles 117
3.11.7 Damp proof course (d.p.c.) 118
3.11.7.1 BS 3921: 1985 Clay bricks 119
3.11.7.2 Mastic asphalt 119
3.11.8 Epoxy resin/sand mortar 120
3.12 Brickwork Dimensions 124
3.12.1 Vertical brickwork dimensions 125
3.13 Brick Walls Classification 126
3.13.1 Link in bricks building 129
3.14 Stone Building 130
3.14.1 Classification of stone walls
Chapter Four
Construction Equipment
4.1 Introduction 134
4.2 Basic Considerations for Selection of Equipment 134
4.3 Earthmoving and Excavating Considerations 136
4.3.1 Tracks and tires 136
4.3.2 Buckets and blades 137
4.3.4 Earthmoving and excavating work 139
4.3.4.1 Earthmoving and excavating work activities 142
4.4 Earthmoving Equipment Selection 144
4.4.1 Bulldozers 144
4.4.2 Front-end loaders 146
4.4.3 Graders 147
4.4.4 Scrapers 148
4.4.5 Trucks 151
4.5 Excavators 152
4.5.1 Backhoes 156
4.5.2 Front shovels 157
4.6 Equipments of Casting Concrete 158
4.6.1 Mixtures 158
4.6.2 Transportation of concrete equipments 159
4.7 Rollers 166
4.8 Grouting Equipment 168
4.8.1 Purposes of pressure grouting 170
4.8.2 Problems related to strength 170
4.8.3 Problems related to permeability 171
4.8.4 Selection of methods of treatment 171
4.8.5 General requirements 171
4.8.6 Special requirements 172
Chapter Five
Water and Wastewater Treatment Projects
5.1 Drinking Water Purification Projects 174
5.1 Drinking Water Purification Projects 174
5.1.2 The elements of inlets 176
5.1.3 Sedimentation tanks 177
5.1.4 Filters 178
5.1.5 Flooring water tanks 182
5.1.6 Elevated tanks 183
5.2 Waste Water Treatment Plants 183
5.2.1 Screens 183
5.2.2 Sand basin tanks 184
5.2.3 Sedimentation tanks 185
5.2.4 Biological filters 185
5.2.5 Aeration tanks 187
5.2.6 Sludge treatment tanks 188
5.3 Project Services 188
Chapter Six
Arches, Beams, Openings and Windows
6.1 Arches 190
6.1.1 Stone or brick arches 190
6.1.2 The terms used in arches 190
6.1.3 Shapes of stones and bricks arches 192
6.1.4 Concrete and metal arches 195
6.1.5 Timber arches: 200
6.1.6 Arch construction 203
6.2 Beams 207
6.2.1 Concrete beams 210
6.3 Openings 214
6.3.1 Jambs 215
6.3.2 Sills 216
6.4 Windows 217
Chapter Seven
Dams Construction
7.1 Preface 220
7.2 Dams, Focus Pints 221
7.3 Types of Dams and Purposes 221
7.3.1 Classification of dams 222
7.4 Embankment Dams , Types and Characteristics 225
7.4.1 Embankment dam terminology 230
7.4.2 Embankment dam features 232
7.4.3 Investigation, design and construction 233
7.4.3.1 Investigation 234
7.4.3.2 Design 234
7.4.3.3 Construction 235
7.4.4 Failure of embankment dam 235
7.4.4.1 Sliding due to pore-water pressure 237
7.4.4.2 Seepage failure (hydraulic fracture) 238
7.4.4.3 Differential settlement, deformation and cracking 239
7.4.4.4 Earthquake damage 240
7.4.5 Principles of embankment dam design 242
7.5 Gravity Dams 244
7.5.1 Forces acting on gravity dam 245
7.5.2 Combination of forces for design requirements 249
7.5.3 Modes of failure, safety criteria 250
7.5.4 Design of gravity dam 252
7.5.5 Construction place of gravity dams 255
7.5.6 Construction of galleries in gravity dam 257
7.5.7 Cracking of concrete 259
7.5.8 Shear keys 260
7.5.9 Water stops 260
7.5.9.1 Installation of waterstops 266
7.6 Gates for Flow Control 267
7.6.1 Classification of gates 268
7.6.2 Commonly used hoists for gate operation 273
7.6.3 Structural design of commonly used gates 275
7.6.4 Hydraulic design of gate 279
7.7 Spillway Structures 287
7.7.1 Types of spillway 289
7.7.2 Free overfall (straight drop) spillway 289
7.7.3 Overflow (ogee) spillway 292
7.7.4 Shaft (drop inlet/morning glory) spillway 301
7.8 Stilling Basins and Energy Dissipaters 306
7.8.1 Types of hydraulic jump basins 308
7.8.2 Basin I 309
7.8.3 Basin II 311
7.8.4 Basin III 312
7.8.5 Basin IV 313
Chapter Eight
River Scouring Countermeasures
8.1 Introduction 315
8.2 River Scouring and Deposition Mechanism 316
8.3 Countermeasures to Protect Bridge Piers from Scour 317
8.3.1 Preface 317
8.3.2 Scour protection by using articulation concrete block 318
systems (ACBs)
8.3.2.1 Design method 320
8.3.2.2 Layout details for ACBs pier scour protection 321
8.3.3 Scour protection by rock riprap 323
8.3.3.1 Sizing rock riprap at bridge piers 324
8.3.3.2 Riprap shape and gradation 324
8.3.3.3 Riprap and filter layout dimensions 325
8.3.4 Flow altering devices 329
8.4 Countermeasures to Protect Bridge Abutment from Scour 331
8.4.1 Preface 331
8.4.2 Common forms of abutments 333
8.4.3 Scour processes and abutment failure mechanisms 334
8.4.3.1 Locations of abutment scour 335
8.4.3.2 Flow field 335
8.4.3.3 Common scour conditions causing abutment failure 337
8.4.4 Approach flow control 341
8.4.5 Guidelines for riprap use as a countermeasure at 344
abutment
8.4.5.1 Side slope 344
8.4.5.2 Riprap sizing 345
8.4.5.3 Extent of riprap protection 345
8.5 Guide Banks 347
8.5.1 Preface 347
8.5.2 Design guidelines 348
8.6 Stream Stabilization 353
8.6.1 Preface 353
8.6.2 Cross-vane 353
8.6.3 W-weir 354
8.6.4 J-hook vane 356
8.6.5 Design specifications 357
8.6.6 Applications 361
8.7 Riverbank Riprap Revetment 365
8.7.1 Preface 365
8.7.2 Shear stress method 366
8.7.3 Velocity method 367
8.7.4 Riprap gradation 369
8.7.5 Filter 370
8.7.6 Preventing riprap failure 371
8.7.7 River flow control structures (Spurs or Groynes) 372
8.7.8 Vanes 376
8.7.9 Bendway weirs 377
Chapter Nine
Construction of Water Conveyance Structures
9.1 Introduction 379
9.2 Crossing Structures 379
9.3 Crossing Canals across Natural Streams (Cross-Drainage 383
Works)
9.3.1 Conveyance structures carry canal flow over stream 386
9.3.2 Conveyance structures carry canal flow below stream 389
9.4 Transitions at Changes in Canal Cross-Sections 391
9.5 Culver Analysis and Structural Features 393
9.5.1 Barrel profile 395
9.5.2 Inlet and Outlet 398
9.5.3 Pipe collars 399
9.6 Design of Standard Culvert 400
9.6.1 Type of flow control 400
9.6.2 Operation and flow patterns 401
9.6.3 Discharge characteristics 405
9.6.4 Design procedure 407
9.7 Culvert Construction and Installation 408
9.8 Drop Structures for Irrigation Systems 409
9.9 Design Principles of Straight Drop Structure 414
Chapter Ten
Water Measurement Structures
10.1 Introduction 422
10.2 Sharpe Crested Weirs 423
10.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages 425
10.2.2 Requirements for sharp-crested weir 425
10.3 Rectangular Sharp-Crested Weirs 426
10.3.1 Description 426
10.3.2 Evaluation of discharge 428
10.4 Sharp Crested Weir with Triangular Control Section (V- 431
notch)
10.4.1 Description 431
10.4.2 Guide of measurements 433
10.4.3 Evaluation of discharge 433
10.4.4 Limits of application 436
10.5 Submergence Impact 436
9.2.8 Broad crested weirs 437
9.2.8.1 Description 437
10.6.2 Advantages related to construction and installation 438
10.6.3 Evaluation of discharge 446
10.6.4 Modular limit 448
10.6.5 Limit of application 450
10.7 Long-Throated Flumes 450
10.7.1 Description 450
10.7.2 Advantages of long-throated flume 452
10.7.3 Evaluation of discharge 453
10.7.4 Modular limit 459
10.7.4.1 Limits of application 459
10.8 Measurement of Head 460
10.8.1 Selection of head-measurement device 461
10.8.2 Gauges 462
10.8.3 Automatic recorders 465
10.9 Inspection Open Channel Measuring Structures 468
10.9.1 Causes the incorrect operation of sharp-crested weirs 468
10.8.2 Causes the incorrect operation of broad crested weirs 472
and flumes
References 477
 Construction of Hydraulic
Structures

First Edition

Dr. Mohammed Yousif Fattah

Professor of Geotechnical Engineering
University of Technology
Dr. Hassan Ali Omran
Assist. Prof. of Water Resources Engineering
University of Technology
Dr. Jaafar Sadeq Maatooq
Professor of Hydraulic Structures Engineering (IAHR
member)
University of Technology
Baghdad-Iraq
2019

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