CDI 2  1908- Legal medicine was thought in all

medical schools in the Philippines.

 1919- Department of Legal Medicine and
Ethics of the University of the Philippines
 Legal Medicine
was created under Dr. Sixto de los Angeles
-A branch of medicine, otherwise known as
as the chief.
“Forensic Medicine” an application of
 1945- After the liberation of Manila,
medical science.
Criminal Investigation Laboratory Division
was created with Dr. Mariano Lara as chief
Medico Legal Officer.
The Medico Legal System is used in the
Philippines, at present which is handled by a
IMPORTANT PERSONS IN THE FIELD OF “Medico-legal Officer” who is a registered
LEGAL MEDICINE physician duly qualified to practice medicine in the
Philippines.
IMHOTEP (2980 B.C)
-The earliest “Medico Legal” expert The NBI or National Bureau of Investigation and
-He was the Chief physician and architect of PNP or Philippine National Police have their own
king Zoser of Egyptand the builder of the medico-legal office.
first pyramid.
 Medico-legal Officer- The one who
investigates medico-legal cases of death,
ANTISTHIUS
physical injuries, rape and other sexual
- The first police surgeon performed the
crimes.
autopsies to “Juluis Caear”

PAULUS ZACCHIAS (1584-1659)

WHAT ARE SO-CALLED MEDICO LEGAL
- A papal physician, is regarded as the
CASES?
“Father of Forensic Medicine”
- 1. Injuries or death involving persons who
Dr. GREGORIO T. LANTIN have no means of being identified.
-The first Chief medico legal of the 2. Persons pronounced as “Dead on arrival”
Philippine Commonwealth. 3. Death under the following circumstances;
-Death occurring within 24 hours of
Dr. ENRIQUE V. DELOS SANTOS admission when the clinical cause of death is
- The first chief of medico legal division unknown or undetermined.
of the Bureau of Investigation. -Unexpected sudden death especially when
the deceased was in apparent good health.
-Death due to natural disease but associated
IMPORTANT YEAR/ HISTORY OF LEGAL with physical evidence, suspicious of foul
MEDICINE play.
-Death as result of violence, accident,
 1858- The first medical textbook printed
suicide or poisoning.
including pertinent instruction related to
-Death due to improper negligent of another
medico legal practice and include the in pre
person.
curriculum of College of Medicine UST.
 1895- Medico-legal laboratory was
established in the city of Manila.
 Victims of Physical Injuries caused by any of  Exhumation (hukayin)
the following;  Death Certificate
 Birth Certificate
-Physical Violence such as gunshot wound,
stab wound, etc.
-Vehicular Accident
MEDICO EXPERT OPINION- A physician on
-Asphyxia (there is interference in the
account of his training and expertise can give his
process of respiration resulting to
own opinion on a set of medical facts.
impairment of normal exchange of
respiratory gases. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE- these are articles and
-Accident, Homicide, or Suicide. materials which are necessary in crime investigation
-Poisoning and detection, this will aid in establishing the
-Cases of Child abuse, domestic violence, identities of the criminal and the circumstances
rape alcoholism and drug addiction. surrounding the commission of the crime.
Cases involving the mental capacity of the patient. CORPUS DELICTO OFFICE-means the body of
the crime or actual commission of the crime
-Iatrogenic cases brought about by negligent
charged, objects or substance which maybe a part of
acts or omission of the hospital staff resulting in
the body of crime.
violation of rights of patients or leading to the
patient’s physical and mental incapacitation, ASSOCIATE EVIDENCE- evidence which the
physical injury and death. suspect to the commission of the crime. Examples
are weapon used, finger and foot
TRACING EVIDENCE- physical evidence which
TYPES OF MEDICAL EVIDENCE
may help in locating the whereabouts of the
1. Real, autoptic or object evidence- made or perpetrators of the crime. Ex. Are the ship manifest,
known or addressed to the sense of court. It airlines, physicians clinical records showing
is the best and highest form of proof. medical treatment of suspect for injuries sustained
Ex. Human Skeletal remains in an encounter.
2. Testimonial Evidence- form of evidence
taken orally or in writing the answers to
questions propounded by the counsel and EVIDENCE NECESSARY FOR CONVICTION
presiding officer.
3. Experimental Evidence- a medical witness Direct Evidence
may be permitted to conduct experiment on Circumstantial Evidence
laboratory animal to prove his allegations on
certain position he had previously stated in Prima facie Evidence
full view of the court. Corroborative Evidence
4. Documentary Evidence- a written evidence
presented to the court by the expert witness Expert Evidence
about the subject matter in dispute. Relevant Evidence
Corpus delicti
MEDICAL DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
MAYBE IN THE FORM OF;
A. Medical Certification or report on;
 Physical examination report
 Autopsy report
METHOS OF PRESERVING EVIDENCE KINDS OF CONFESSION
Photography an audio-visual recording  EXTRA JUDUCIAL CONFESSION-
CONFESSION MADE OUTSIDE THE
Sketching
COURT DURING PRELIMINARY
Description INVESTIGATION.
-Voluntary extra judicial confession- a
Testimony from the witness or witnesses confession voluntarily made outside the
courts in his free will without using force,
intimidation, violent, threat, promise, or
MEDICO LEGAL ASPECT IN rewards.
INVESTIGATION -Involuntary extra judicial confession-
Methods of deception detection; confession done outside the court wherein
the accused made the statement at which is
Use of Polygraph or Lie Detector or Keeler’s not of his own freewill or influenced by
Test- An instruments that record several other person or given as a result of force,
physiological responses such as BP, PR, Respiration intimidation, violence, threat, promise or
and skin conductivity. reward.
Use of drugs;  EXTRA JUDICIAL CONFESSION-
CONFESSION MADE INSIDE THE
Narco-Synthesis or narco-analysis- uses COURT. IT IS CONCLUSIVE AND
anesthetic drugs like sodium penthotal or sodium MAYBE CONSIDERED TO BE A
amythal to get information from the subject. MITIGATING CIRCUMTANCES TO
Administration of Truth Serum- hyoscine CRIMINAL LIABILITY.
hydrobromide given hypodermically in repeated
doses until a state delirium is induced.
IDENTIFICATION OF A PERSON AND
MATERIAL:
3.Use of Alcoholic Beverages- information was Identification- the recognition of an individual
taken from the subject while under the influence of as determine by characteristics which
alcohol. distinguish that individual from all others.
Stimulus Association Test- subject will be Law of Multiplicity of evidence In
interviewed wherein a group of stimulus words, Identification- states that the greater the
objects or person will be presented to the subject. similarities and dissimilarities, the greater is the
Use of Hypnotism (mesmerism)- the subject is probability of the conclusion to be correct.
under the control of hypnotist.

Points to consider in identifying a person:

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF “GUILT” a. Face
1. Color range, sweating, fidgeting, -Hippocratic faces
breathing. -Myxedema Faces
2. Inability to look straight, dryness of the -Mongolian Faces
mouth, swearing to the truthfulness of his
assertions.
CRIMINOLOGY 5
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

MARRIAGE
 MARRIAGE-  A special contract of permanent
union between a man and a woman
entered in accordance with the law
FORMS OF MARRIAGE for the establishment of conjugal and
1. MONOGOMY family life.
2. POLYGAMY  Social union of legal contract
between individuals that creates
TWO TYPES OF POLYGAMY kinship.
 Institution in which interpersonal
 POLYANDRY
relationships, intimate or sexual, are
 POLYGYNY
acknowledged by the variety of
ways, depending in the culture or
demographic.
KINDS OF MARRIAGE
-“Matrimony” or “wedlock”
 ADOPTIVE MARRIAGE
 SORORATE MARRIAGE -Socially or ritually recognized union between
 LEVIRATE MARRIAGE spouses that establishes nights and obligations
 GHOST MARRIAGE between those spouses, as well as between them and
 ENDOGAMY MARRIAGE any resulting biological or adopted children and
 EXOGAMY affinity.
-A union by two persons bounded by affection
towards each other.
KINDS OF RESIDENCE
Latin “maritare”, to provide with a
 NEULOCAL RESIDENCE
husband or wife.
 PATRILOCAL RESIDENCE
“maritari”, to get married
 MATRILOCAL RESIDENCE
 AVUNCULOCAL RESIDENCE
 BILOCAL RESIDENCE
 MARRIAGE LICENSE FORMS OF MARRIAGE
 SAME SEX MARRIAGE 1. MONOGOMY
 DOWRY
-marriage if one male and one female.
-individual has only one spouse during their lifetime
or at any one time.
2. POLYGAMY
- marriage between one person of one sex and a
minimum of two persons of the other sex.
-includes more than two partners.
a. types of polygamy;
 Polyandry- marriage of one woman to two 5.Endogamy Marriage
or more men.
- Norms which dictate that an individual
 Polygyny- marriage of one man to two or
should marry from a member of one’s clan
more women.
or ethnic group.
 Plural marriage- Group marriage
- However, parents may contrive to have their
(Multilateral Marriage)- In which more
children marry within the religious group or
than two persons form a family unit, with all
social class.
the members of the group marriage being
considered to be married to all other
members of the group marriage. All share
parental responsibility for any children in 6.Exogamy
the said marriage. - Prescribes that one marries outside of one’s
clan or ethnic group.

KINDS OF MARRIAGE
RESIDENCE AFTER MARRIAGE
1. Adoptive Marriage
1.Neolocal Residence
- Practiced in Japan
- If the family does not have a son to - The newly married couple lives in their
preserve the surname, the prospective owns residence.
son-in-law adopts the family name of the
2.Patrilocal Residence
Bride’s parents before marriage.
- The Bride’s family name isn’t changed. - The newly married couple moves in with the
husband’s parents. “Virilocal Residence”
2.Sororate Marriage
3.Matrilocal Residence
- Sister-in-law marriage
- A man remarries his deceased wife’s sister. - The newly married couple moves in the
wife’s parents. “Uxorilocal Residence.
3.Levirate marriage
4.Bilocal Residence
- Reverse of sororate marriage.
- Woman marries the deceased husband’s - The newly married couple shifts residence
brother. from matrilocal to patrilocal residence.
- There is a similar custom of the ancient - The reason may be financially, parent’s
Jews. wishes, or some other reasons.
3.Ghost Marriage 5.AVUNCULOCAL RESIDENCE
- Similar to Levirate Marriage. - One in which a married couple traditionally
- The children of the woman who married the lives with the man’s mother eldest brother.
deceased husband brother are considered
“sired” by the dead husband. Meaning, the
second husband or the brother is only a
surrogate or who substituted for his brother.
 combining properties. Community property, when
marriage ends up in divorce, each own half.
Marriage License
4.Taxation
- A document issued, either by any church or
state authority, authorizing a couple to -some countries, spouses are allowed to average
marry. their incomes, this is advantageous to a married
- Began to be issued in the middle ages, to couple with a disparate incomes. (Such averaging
permits marriage which would otherwise would cause a married couple with roughly equal
illegal. personal incomes to pay more total tax than they
would as two single persons.) Marriage Penalty
COMMON LAW MARRIAGE
- Sui iuris marriage, informal
marriage, marriage by habit and Termination of Marriage
repute, or marriage in fact, is a legal
1. Death
framework in a limited number of
2. Divorce (after, one spouses may have to pay
jurisdictions where a couple having
alimony)
formally registered their relation as a
3. Annulment
civil or religious marriage.
- A marriage that is considered valid Alimony- Maintenance or Spousal Support
by both partners but hasn’t formally
recorded with a state or religious - Obligation established by divorce law in
registration, or celebrated in formal many countries that is baded on the premise
religious service. that both spouses have an absolute
obligation to support each other during the
Same-sex marriage marriage/ civil union unless they are legally
separated.
- A legally or socially recognized
marriage between two persons of the
biological sex or social gender.
- “Gay marriage” or “Gender neutral
marriage”
FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS OF
MARRIAGE
1.Dowry
-wasn’t an unconditional gift, but was usually a part
of a wider marriage settlement.
2. Bride Price and Dower
-in other cultures , the groom or his family was
expected to pay a price to the bride’s family for the
right to marry the daughter (dower) which was
payable to the bride. KETUBAH in Jewish
tradition.
3. Modern Customs
-for some countries, each marriage partner has the
choice of keeping his or her property separate or
REPUBLIC ACTS
R.A 10630- Strengthening the Juvenile Justice
System
R.A 10627- Anti- Bullying Act of 2013
R.A 9745-Anti-torture Act of 2009
R.A 9523- Child legally available for adoption
R.A 9372-Human Security Act of 2007
R.A 9346- Prohibiting of Death Penalty Law
R.A 9344- establishing the Juvenile Justice and W.S
R.A 9262- VAWC
R.A 9255- An act allowing illegitimate children to
use the surname of their father.
R.A 9208- Anti-trafficking in persons Act of 2003
R.A 9003- Ecological Solid waste Management
R.A 8552- Domestic adoption Act of 1998
R.A 8505- Rape Victim Assistance and Protection
Act of 1999.
R.A 8369- Family Courts Act of 1997
R.A 8043- Inter-country adoption act of 1995
R.A 7610- Special protection of children against
child abuse
R.A 6972- Brgy. Level total Development and
Protection of Children Act.
R.A 6809- An act lowering the majority of age from
21 to 18 yrs old.
P. D 603- Child and Youth Welfare Code