5140 MLS-HAPP

LEC
CHAPTER 6: BONES AND TISSUES

CABACUNGAN, DAVE P.
CABUHAT, ERIC JR. M.
DELA CRUZ, CASPER VAN LUIS
ESTRADA, JAN LAURENCE S.

SUBMITTED TO: MA’AM ALYSSA

PUGUON-BALAJO

SEPTEMBER 10, 2024

6.1 Functions of the Skeletal System o Woven bone has random
collagen fibers and is
 The skeletal system includes bones, remodeled into lamellar bone.
cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. o Lamellar bone has parallel
 It supports the body, protects organs, collagen fibers in layers
enables movement, stores minerals (lamellae).
and lipids, and is involved in blood  Spongy and Compact Bone:
cell production. o Spongy bone contains spaces
filled with marrow and blood
6.2 Cartilage vessels, with trabeculae
providing strength.
 Chondroblasts create cartilage and o Compact bone is dense, with
develop into chondrocytes, which organized lamellae and canals
are located in lacunae surrounded by for nutrient exchange.
matrix.
 The matrix contains collagen for 6.4 Bone Anatomy
strength and proteoglycans to retain
water.  Long Bone Structure:
 Perichondrium surrounds cartilage: o The diaphysis is the shaft;
o Outer layer contains the epiphyses are the ends
fibroblasts. with the growth plate.
o Inner layer contains o Medullary cavity contains
chondroblasts. bone marrow: red marrow
 Cartilage grows through both produces blood cells, yellow
appositional and interstitial growth. marrow stores fat.
o Periosteum covers the bone
6.3 Bone Histology surface, with nerves, blood
vessels, and bone cells inside.
 Bone Matrix: o Perforating fibers secure the
o Collagen provides flexibility. periosteum, ligaments, and
o Hydroxyapatite offers tendons.
strength to resist o Endosteum lines bone
compression. cavities and contains bone-
 Bone Cells: forming cells.
o Osteoblasts produce bone  Flat, Short, and Irregular Bones:
matrix and become o These bones have a compact
osteocytes. bone outer layer with spongy
o Osteocytes reside in lacunae bone inside.
and connect through
canaliculi. 6.5 Bone Development
o Osteoclasts break down bone
with help from osteoblasts.  Intramembranous Ossification:
o Ossification happens via o Some skull bones, the
appositional growth. mandible, and clavicle
 Woven and Lamellar Bone: diaphyses develop from
membranes.
 o Osteoblasts produce spongy o Deficiencies in vitamins D
bone within membrane and C can affect
centers. mineralization and growth.
o Osteoblasts beneath the o Hormones like growth
periosteum form the compact hormone, thyroid hormone,
bone outer layer. estrogen, and testosterone
o Fontanels are areas not stimulate growth and
ossified at birth. epiphyseal plate closure.
 Endochondral Ossification:
o Most bones develop from a 6.7 Bone Remodeling
cartilage model.
o Cartilage matrix calcifies,  Remodeling converts woven bone to
chondrocytes die, and lamellar bone and allows bones to
osteoblasts produce spongy change shape, adapt to stress, and
bone. regulate calcium levels.
o Osteoblasts form compact
bone beneath the periosteum. 6.8 Bone Fracture Classification and
o Primary ossification centers Repair
form in the diaphysis,
secondary centers in the  Fractures are classified by trauma,
epiphyses. disease, or implants.
 Fracture repair begins with a
6.6 Bone Growth hematoma, followed by internal and
external callus formation.
 Growth in Length:  The calluses ossify into woven bone,
o Epiphyseal plate grows via which is eventually replaced by
interstitial cartilage growth compact bone.
and appositional bone
growth. 6.9 Calcium Homeostasis
o Bone length increases as the
diaphysis grows, ceasing  PTH increases blood calcium by
when the plate ossifies. promoting bone resorption,
 Growth in Width: increasing calcium absorption, and
o Appositional growth beneath reabsorption from urine.
the periosteum increases bone  Calcitonin decreases blood calcium
diameter. by reducing bone breakdown.
o Osteoblasts form ridges and
grooves, which grow into 6.10 Effects of Aging on the Skeletal
tunnels filled with osteons. System
o Osteoblasts lay down
circumferential lamellae,  Aging leads to bone matrix loss and
which can be remodeled. brittleness.
 Factors Affecting Bone Growth:  Spongy bone loss involves thinning
o Genetics determine bone of trabeculae; compact bone loss
shape and size. occurs from the inner surface.
 Bone loss increases fracture risk,
deformity, height loss, pain,
stiffness, and tooth loss.
 Exercise and supplements can help
prevent bone loss.