HL Structure 2.1-2.
2 [134 marks]
1. [Link].TZ0.2
Broccoli is a rich source of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). To investigate the
importance of storage temperature of ascorbic acid, a sample of broccoli
was stored at different temperatures, from 5 °C (refrigerator
temperature) to 75 °C at 10 °C intervals. A simple colourimetric method
based on the reaction of colourless ascorbic acid, AA with a reagent, R,
that produces a coloured complex, AAR, was used to measure the
ascorbic acid content.
AA (aq) + R (aq)
colourless
(a)
A calibration curve with pure ascorbic acid and appropriate amounts of
the reagent, R, was prepared by dilutions with water of an initial
aqueous solution of 100 μg/cm−3 ascorbic acid in water, AA (aq)
[[N/A]]
(a.i)
Calculate the volumes of pure ascorbic acid solution required for each
point of the calibration curve; point 4 of the curve is shown as an
example.
[2]
([Link])
The resulting calibration curve is shown:
Suggest a range of absorbance values for which this curve can be used
to calculate ascorbic acid of broccoli accurately.
[1]
([Link])
Suggest what should be used as a blank for spectrophotometric reading.
[1]
([Link])
Discuss why it is important to obtain a value of R 2 close to 1 for a
calibration curve.
[2]
(b)
After 3 days, the broccoli samples were removed from storage and 1.0 g
of each sample was blended with 100.0 cm3 of water. The filtered
solution was mixed with the reactant in the same proportions as
that used for the calibration curve in a cuvette and measured.
[[N/A]]
(b.i)
The sample stored at 5 °C showed an absorbance of 0.600. Determine
the concentration of ascorbic acid in the sample solution by
interpolation and using the line equation.
interpolation in
graph: ................................................................................................
..........................
using line
equation: ...........................................................................................
..................................
[2]
([Link])
Suggest which of the two methods will provide a more accurate value.
[1]
(c)
Suggest why water was chosen to extract ascorbic acid from the spinach
leaves with reference to its structure.
[2]
(d)
The content of ascorbic acid in broccoli was calculated in mg per 100 g
of broccoli for all values of temperature and plotted.
[[N/A]]
(d.i)
Estimate the % change in ascorbic acid concentration when stored for 3
days storage at 5 °C and 20 °C.
[1]
([Link])
Estimate how much ascorbic acid will remain after 6 days storage at 20
°C in the same experimental conditions, stating any assumption
made for the calculation.
[3]
2. [Link].TZ1.1
What happens as ice melts at 0 °C?
I. Molecules gain kinetic energy and temperature increases.
II. Added energy overcomes hydrogen bonds between molecules.
III. Molecules gain sufficient energy to move from fixed positions.
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
[1]
3. [Link].TZ1.9
Which type of substance has the following properties?
A. ionic
B. metallic
C. simple molecular
D. giant molecular
[1]
4. [Link].TZ1.10
Which species have resonance structures?
I. CH2CHCH3
II. O3
III. NO3−
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
[1]
5. [Link].TZ1.11
Which combination best describes NO2−?
[1]
6. [Link].TZ1.12
What is the molecular geometry of BrF5?
A. trigonal bipyramidal
B. octahedral
C. square-based pyramidal
D. T-shaped
[1]
7. [Link].TZ2.11
What is the geometry around a carbon atom in graphene?
A. Hexagonal
B. Pyramidal
C. Tetrahedral
D. Trigonal planar
[1]
8. [Link].TZ2.12
What is the correct number of bonding pairs of electrons in ethanedioic
acid, (COOH)2?
A. 7
B. 8
C. 9
D. 18
[1]
9. [Link].TZ2.14
What are the numbers of sigma and pi bonds in propanenitrile,
CH3CH2CN?
[1]
10. [Link].TZ2.15
Which molecule is non-polar?
A. XeF2
B. IF5
C. SF2
D. PF3
[1]
11. [Link].TZ1.1
A powder has the following percentage composition by mass:
30.0 % sucrose, C12H22O11
45.0 % citric acid, C6H8O7
25.0 % sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3
In the presence of water, the powder effervesces as the citric acid
reacts with the sodium hydrogencarbonate:
3NaHCO3 (s) + C6H8O7 (aq) → Na3(C6H5O7) (aq) + 3CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l)
[N/A]
[[N/A]]
(a.i)
Determine the limiting reactant when 1.00 g of this powder reacts.
[3]
([Link])
Determine the volume, in dm3 at SATP, of carbon dioxide released in the
reaction in (a)(i). Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.
[2]
([Link])
Calculate the percentage yield obtained by a student who collected
0.043 dm3 of carbon dioxide from 1.00 g of the powder.
If you did not obtain an answer to (a)(ii), use 0.068 dm 3, but this is not
the correct value.
[1]
(b.i)
State the number of acidic hydrogens in the citric acid molecule shown.
[1]
([Link])
Deduce the structural formula of the conjugate base of citric acid.
[1]
([Link])
Predict, giving a reason, the strength of citric acid.
[1]
([Link])
Explain why sodium citrate solutions are basic.
[1]
(c)
Calculate the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration, [H +] =
0.0025 mol dm−3
[1]
(d)
Describe the bonding in solid sodium citrate.
[2]
(e)
State, giving a reason, how the lattice and hydration enthalpies would
differ if potassium ions were present instead of sodium ions.
[2]
12. [Link].TZ1.2
A student investigated the use of hand sanitising gel containing propan-
1-ol as a camping
fuel.
[N/A]
[[N/A]]
(a.i)
Calculate the heat energy absorbed by the water, in J. Use sections 1
and 2 of the data booklet.
[1]
([Link])
Calculate the percentage uncertainty of your answer in (a)(i).
[2]
([Link])
Suggest a way to reduce the random uncertainty of the answer.
[1]
(b.i)
Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of propan-1-ol, in kJ mol −1, stating
one assumption.
If you did not obtain an answer to (a)(i), use 30 000 J, though this is not
the correct value.
[3]
([Link])
Calculate the percentage error, using section 14 of the data booklet.
[1]
([Link])
Suggest the main source of error, and a way to reduce it.
[1]
(c)
The student also investigates a second gel containing ethanol, with the
same percentage by mass as the propan-1-ol in the first gel.
Determine whether the second gel would release more or less energy
per gram than the first gel. Use section 14 of the data booklet.
[3]
(d)
Ethanol and propan-1-ol are members of a homologous series.
[[N/A]]
(d.i)
State the names of the class of compound and the functional group of
this series.
[2]
([Link])
State the strongest intermolecular force present in ethanol and propan-
1-ol.
[1]
([Link])
Predict an intermolecular force which would be stronger in the next
member of the homologous series, butan-1-ol.
[1]
(e)
Butan-2-ol is optically active.
[[N/A]]
(e.i)
Sketch two enantiomers of butan-2-ol to show the relationship between
them.
[2]
([Link])
Deduce the organic products when butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol are
separately heated under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate
(VI).
[2]
(f)
Propan-1-ol can be produced from 1-chloropropane.
[[N/A]]
(f.i)
Identify a nucleophile which could be used for this reaction.
[1]
([Link])
Sketch the mechanism of the reaction between 1-chloropropane and the
nucleophile in (f)(i), using curly arrows.
[3]
(g)
Ethyl ethanoate can be produced from ethene via a three-step synthetic
route.
step 1: CH2CH2 + H2O → CH3CH2OH
step 2: CH3CH2OH + [O] → CH3COOH
step 3: CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH → CH3COOCH2CH3 + ____
[[N/A]]
(g.i)
State the conditions necessary for the reaction in step 1.
[1]
([Link])
Identify the type of reaction occurring in step 3.
[1]
([Link])
Identity the second product formed in step 3.
[1]
13. [Link].TZ1.4
The water-gas shift reaction is another way to manufacture hydrogen.
CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇌ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) ΔH = −41 kJ mol−1
[N/A]
[[N/A]]
(a.i)
State the oxidation state of carbon in carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide.
[1]
([Link])
Identify the oxidising and reducing agents, and the species oxidised and
reduced, in the forward reaction.
[2]
(b)
[N/A]
[[N/A]]
(b.i)
Draw the Lewis structure of carbon dioxide.
[1]
([Link])
Annotate the Lewis structure in (b)(i) to show the polarity of the bonds
by adding the symbols δ+ and δ− as appropriate
[1]
([Link])
Explain the molecular geometry and polarity of the carbon dioxide
molecule.
[2]
([Link])
State the hybridization of the carbon atom in carbon monoxide and in
carbon dioxide.
[1]
(b.v)
State the number of σ and π bonds in a carbon monoxide molecule.
[1]
([Link])
Determine the bond enthalpy of carbon monoxide, in kJ mol −1. Use
section 12 of the data booklet and the equation:
CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇌ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) ΔH = −41 kJ mol−1
[2]
14. [Link].TZ1.5
Successive ionization energies of an element (E) are shown. E is not the
real symbol of the
element.
[N/A]
[[N/A]]
(a)
Identify the group of the periodic table in which element E is located,
giving a reason.
[1]
(b)
Element E forms an oxide EO3. Two possible Lewis structures are shown.
[[N/A]]
(b.i)
Show which structure is most likely, using the concept of formal charge.
[3]
([Link])
Write the balanced equation for the reaction of EO 3 with water.
[1]
(c)
A strong acid was titrated with 0.01 mol dm−3 ammonia solution, NH3
(aq). The pH curve for the titration is shown.
[[N/A]]
(c.i)
Identify the best indicator for this titration, using section 18 of the data
booklet.
[1]
([Link])
Sketch on the following graph the curve expected if 0.01 mol dm −3 NaOH
(aq) is used instead of the 0.01 mol dm−3 NH3 (aq).
[2]
15. [Link].TZ1.103
Caesium chloride, CsCl, has the ionic lattice structure shown.
(a.i)
Demonstrate, using sections 9 and 17 of the data booklet, how this type
of bonding could be predicted.
[2]
([Link])
Outline the nature of the forces holding this structure together.
[1]
([Link])
Outline why caesium chloride crystals are very brittle.
[1]
(b)
Justify why caesium chloride is diamagnetic.
[1]
(c)
Caesium metal is produced by electrolysis of molten caesium chloride.
[[N/A]]
(c.i)
Outline why caesium can only be produced by electrolysis.
[1]
([Link])
State the half-equation for the formation of caesium by electrolysis.
[1]
([Link])
Determine the charge, in C, required to produce 1.00 g of caesium.
Use sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.
[2]
(d)
Caesium metal and Cu–Ni nanoparticles are combined as the
heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of long-chain alcohols.
[[N/A]]
(d.i)
Compare and contrast homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
[2]
([Link])
State why many heterogeneous catalysts involve nanoparticles.
[1]
([Link])
Nanoparticles are often produced by chemical vapour deposition (CVD).
Suggest why this is carried out in an inert atmosphere.
[1]
([Link])
Suggest one ethical concern about the use of nanoparticles.
[1]
(e)
Caesium metal has a body centred cubic, BCC, structure.
[[N/A]]
(e.i)
Deduce the number of metal atoms in the unit cell.
[1]
([Link])
The side of the unit cell, α, is 614 pm (6.14 × 10−8 cm). Calculate the
volume of the unit cell.
[1]
([Link])
Determine the density of caesium metal, in g cm −3. Use your answers to
(e)(i), (e)(ii) and sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.
[2]
(f)
Caesium-137, a dangerous radioisotope, can be removed from
radioactive waste by forming a complex ion with a polydentate
ligand.
Outline why this complex ion is more stable than one in which caesium
forms bonds to many monodentate ligands.
[1]
(g)
The iminodiacetate ion, shown below, is an example of a polydentate
ligand. Circle the atoms that bond to a metal ion.
[1]
16. [Link].TZ1.109
Green algae are a rich source of pigments such as chlorophylls and
carotenoids.
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to investigate the presence
of the carotenoid lutein in an algae extract. A chromatogram with 6
coloured spots was obtained.
(a)
Determine if lutein is present by calculating Rf values of the spots and
comparing them with the data in the table.
[1]
(b)
Explain, with reference to their structures, why chlorophylls and
carotenoids are coloured. Use section 35 of the data booklet.
[2]
17. [Link].TZ1.113
Methane clathrate looks like ice but burns when ignited because it turns
back to water and methane.
(a)
Write an equation for the complete combustion of methane.
[1]
(b)
The formula of methane clathrate is (CH4)4(H2O)23 and its molar mass is
478.7 g mol−1. Calculate the specific energy of methane clathrate.
Use sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data booklet.
[2]
(c)
Suggest why methane clathrate has a lower specific energy but higher
energy density than methane.
[2]
(d)
Methane has both symmetric and asymmetric stretching modes as
illustrated.
Symmetric stretch
Asymmetric stretch
State, giving a reason, which of these modes is responsible for
greenhouse gas activity.
[1]
(e)
There are significant quantities of methane clathrate on the ocean bed
and in arctic permafrost layers.
Suggest why burning methane clathrate is preferable to allowing the
methane it contains to escape into the atmosphere.
[1]
(f)
The graph shows the increase in temperature and the level of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere.
[Source: Van der Werf, G., Global temperature anomaly. [graph] Available
at: [Link] [Accessed 3 April 2019]. Source adapted.]
Discuss how this data could be used to both support and refute the
theory that carbon dioxide is a cause of global warming.
[2]
18. [Link].TZ2.2
In the stratosphere, ozone is decomposed by ultraviolet radiation.
O3 (g) → O2 (g) + O (g)
(a)
State the full electron configuration of an oxygen atom and the number
of unpaired electrons in that atom.
[2]
(b.i)
Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure for the ozone molecule.
[1]
([Link])
Deduce the formal charge on each of the three oxygen atoms by adding
them to your Lewis (electron dot) structure in (b)(i).
[2]
([Link])
Predict the shape and bond angle of the ozone molecule.
[2]
([Link])
State the hybridization state of the central oxygen atom in ozone.
[1]
(c)
Suggest a value, in pm, for the bond lengths in the ozone molecule and
explain your answer. Use section 11 of the data booklet.
[2]
(d)
Explain the dependence of the dissociation of diatomic oxygen, O 2, and
ozone, O3, on the wavelength of UV radiation.
[2]
(e)
The concentrations of ozone molecules and chlorine monoxide, ClO, free
radicals were measured.
[Source: Rowland, F.S., 2006. Stratospheric ozone depletion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361(1469), pp. 769–790. [e-
journal]
Available at: [Link] [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Source adapted.]
[[N/A]]
(e.i)
Outline the relationship between the concentrations of ozone and ClO,
free radicals.
[1]
([Link])
Comment, based on this graph, on the conclusion that the hole in the
ozone layer is caused by ClO free radicals.
[2]
([Link])
When a chlorine emission spectrum is produced, there is a strong line at
453 nm.
Determine the energy of the photon of light emitted in J, using sections
1 and 2 of the data booklet.
[2]
© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2024
