Correctional Administration

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS

Chapter 1

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the topic, the students should be able to:
1. Know and understand the concept of Correctional Administration
2. Identify the Relationship of Corrections to the Criminal Justice System
3. Generalize the approaches of Correction
4. Compare and Contrast the primary Schools of penology

Lesson 1. BASIC TERMS TO REMEMBER

PENOLOGY
- The study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes
the study of control and prevention of crime through punishment of
criminal offenders.
- The term is derived from the Latin word “POENA” which means pain or
suffering and “POENALIS” which means punishment.
- Penology is otherwise known as Penal Science. It is actually a division of
criminology that deals with prison management and the treatment
of offenders, and concerned itself with the philosophy and practice of
society in its effort to repress criminal activities.
- Penology has stood in the past and, for the most part, still stands for the
policy of inflicting punishment on the offender as a consequence of
his wrongdoing.

THREE DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY

1. SOCIOLOGY OF LAW – deals with understanding the nature of criminal law
and its procedure of administration
2. CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY – concerned with determining causes and factors of
crime occurrence
3. PENOLOGY / PENAL SCIENCE – deals with management and
administration of inmates.

PENAL MANAGEMENT
- Refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of
confinement as in jails or prisons.

CORRECTION
- A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody,
supervision and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
- It is that field of criminal justice administration which utilizes the body of
knowledge and practices of the government and the society in general
involving the processes of handling individuals who have been
convicted of offenses for purposes of crime prevention and control.
- It is the study of jail/prison management and administration as well as
the rehabilitation and reformation of criminals.
- It is a generic term that includes all government agencies, facilities,
programs, procedures, personnel, and techniques concerned with
the investigation, intake, custody, confinement, supervision, or treatment
of alleged offenders.

CORRECTION AS A PROCESS
- Refers to the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him
or her from repeating his deviant or delinquent actions without the
necessity of taking punitive actions but rather the introduction of individual
measures of reformation.
CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION
- The study and practice of a systematic management of jails or prisons
and other institutions concerned with the custody, treatment, and
rehabilitation of criminal offenders

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INSTITUTIONAL NON-INSTITUTIONAL
CORRECTIONS CORRETIONS
The reformation and The reformation and rehabilitation of
rehabilitation of criminal criminal offenders are provided in
offenders are held inside a community / outside prison
correctional institution or penal
establishment
BJMP, DSWD, BUCOR Parole, Probation, Executive
Jails And Prisons Clemencies
FAQ’S

BLUE-FLU – the practice of uniformed personnel of taking sick leave EN MASSE to

back-up their demands from improved working conditions, salary increments, and
other items on their agenda

COMPETENT AUTHORITY – refers to the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals,

Regional Trial Court, Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court, Municipal
Circuit Trial Court, Sandigan Bayan, Military Courts, House of Representatives,
Senate, Commission on Elections, Bureau of Immigration and Deportation and
Board of Pardons and Parole.

CARPETA – refers to the institutional record of an inmate which consist of his

mittimus/commitment order, the prosecutor’s information and the decision of the
trial court, including the appellate court, if any.

COMMITMENT – the entrusting for confinement of an inmate to a jail by

competent authority for investigation, trial and/or service of sentence.

CLASSIFICATION – refers to the assigning or grouping of inmates according to

their sentence, gender, age, nationality, health, criminal records, etc.
- a method by which diagnosis, treatment, planning and execution of
treatment programs are coordinated to an individual.
- the process of assigning inmates to types of custody or treatment
programs appropriate to their needs.
Also known as = DIVERSIFICATION

COMMITMENT ORDER – a written order of the court or any other competent

authority consigning an offender to a jail or prison for confinement.

CONTRABAND – any article, item, or thing prohibited by law and/or forbidden by

jail rules.

TYPES OF CONTRABAND
1. ILLEGAL CONTRABAND – prohibited by law
2. NUISANCE CONTRABAND – prohibited only by jail rules

COED INSTITUTION – or co-correctional institution that hold both male and

female offenders who interact and share the facility except for sleeping areas.
They study, eat, dance, work and engage in leisure activities within one campus.

CONVICT BOGEY – society exaggerated fear of the convict and ex-convict which
is usually far out of proportion to the real danger they present.

DETERRENCE – a crime-control strategy that uses punishment to prevent others

from committing similar crimes.

DIVERSIFICATION – administrative device of correctional institutions of providing

varied and flexible types of physical plants for more effective control of treatment
programs of its diversified population.

DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION – a crime strategy that focuses on keeping the

offenders in the community rather than placing them in long-term institution.

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DETERMINATE SENTENCE – a fixed period of incarceration imposed on the

offender by the court

ESCAPE – an act of getting out unlawfully from confinement or custody by an

inmate.
- Evasion of service of sentence (Art. 157, RPC
- is derived from the Greek word ESCAPIO and from the Latin word
ESCAPIUM which means BY CHANCE OR ACCIDENT.

EXPUNGEMENT – the process by which the record of crime conviction is

destroyed or sealed after expiration of statutory required time.

FURLOUGH – authorization that permits inmate to leave containment, for

emergency family crises, usually accompanied by correctional officer. Crises
include “death bed”.

RULES ON FURLOUGH
 Not more than 30 km radius from the prison facility
 More than 3o km but you can return in daylight time
 Duration is for maximum of 3 hours only
 Cannot join the funeral procession
 Request at least 3 days before the date of visit
 Approved by the trial court
 Inmates confined in maximum security prison compounds are disqualified to
avail the privilege of furlough

HALF-WAY HOUSES – are non-confining residential facilities for adjudicated

adults or juvenile or those subject to proceedings. They are alternative to
containment for person not suited for probation that need period for re-adjustment
to the community after imprisonment

TYPES OF HALF WAY HOUSE

1. HALFWAY OUT – prerelease facility used to orient the prisoner before release
for adjustment purposes in coping in the outside.
a. PRE-RELEASE – place for parole eligible
b. PAROLEES – granted parole but needs assistance in coping outside.

2. HALFWAY IN – consisting of prisoners who are half way in prison includes:

a. Probation Violators
b. Parole Violators

Note: half way house in NBP are joint project of Asia Crime Prevention
Foundation, Nagoya Japan West Club and UNAFEI, from the Japanese end,
and the Asia Crime Prevention Inc., DOJ, NAPOLCOM, Muntinlupa Lions Club, and
other NGO’s on the side of the Philippines

INDETERMINATE SENTENCE – sets minimum and maximum period of

incarceration.

INSTRUMENT OF RESTRAINT – a device, contrivance, tool, or instrument used to

hold back, keep in, check, or control an inmate; e.g. hand cuffs, leg irons

JAILBREAK - the escape from jail by more than two (2) inmates by the use of
force, threat, violence or deceit or by breaching security barriers such as by
scaling the perimeter fence, by tunneling and/or by other similar means or by
burning or destructing of the facility or a portion of the facility with or without the
aid of jail officer or any other person.

MITTIMUS – a warrant issued by a court bearing its seal and the signature of the
judge, directing the jail or prison authorities to receive inmates for custody or
service of sentence imposed therein.

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OPERATION GREYHOUND – a surprise and unannounced invasion of a cell inside

a prison facility conducted by uniformed personnel of the prison establishment to
search for any type of contraband.

PENANCE – an ecclesiastical punishment inflicted by an ecclesiastical court for

some spiritual offense.

PENITENTIARY – a prison, correctional institution, or other place of confinement

where convicted felons are sent to serve out the term of their sentence.

PRISON RECORD – refers to information containing an inmate’s personal

circumstances, the offense he committed, the sentence imposed, the criminal case
numbers in the trial appellate courts, the date he commenced service of his
sentence, the date he was received for confinement, the place of confinement, the
date of expiration of his sentence, the number of previous convictions, if any, and
his behavior and conduct while in prison.

PROSELYTIZING – coercing an inmate to change and practice other religion

PRISONIZATION – process by which an inmate learns through socialization; the

rules and regulation of the penitentiary culture.

REHABILITATION – a program of activity directed to restore an inmate’s self-

respect thereby making him a law-abiding citizen after serving his sentence. To
change an offender’s character, attitude or behavior patterns so as to diminish his
or her criminal propensities.

RESTORATION – refers to a victim-oriented approach to crime that emphasizes

restitution (compensation) for victims. This intervention advocates restoring the
victim and creating constructive roles for victims in the criminal justice process,
rather than focus on the punishment of criminals.

WEEK-END CONFINEMENT / DELAYED SENTENCE – offender is allowed to

retain current employment and permit sentences to be served during weekends.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON CORRECTIONS

13TH CENTURY – SECURING SANCTUARY

- In the 13th C, a criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refugee in a
church for a period of 40 days at the end of which time, he has compelled
to leave the realm by a road or path assigned to him.

BENEFIT OF THE CLERGY

- In the 13th Century, a compromise between the church and the king,
wherein any member of the clergy brought to trial in the king’s court shall
be claimed from the jurisdiction by the bishop or chaplain representing him
and placed under the authority of the ecclesiastical court.
- It was provided for the clergies in Europe during the 12 th Century by giving
them exemption for criminal punishment

1468 (ENGLAND) – Torture as a form of punishment became prevalent.

16TH CENTURY
- Transportation of criminals in England, was authorized. At the end of the
16th C, Russia and other European Countries followed this system. It
partially relieved overcrowding of prisons. Transportation was abandoned
in 1835.

PIRACY ACT OF 1717

- was an act of the parliament of Great Britain that established a 7 years
penal transportation to North America as a possible punishment for those
convicted of lesser felonies

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17TH C TO LATE 18TH C – Death Penalty became prevalent as a form of

punishment.

GAOLS - (Jails) – pretrial detention facilities operated by English Sheriff.

GALLEYS – long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails, usually
rowed by criminals. A type of ship used for transportation of criminals in the 16 th
century.

HULKS – decrepit transport, former warships used to house prisoners in the 18 th

and 19th century. These were abandoned warships converted into prisons as
means of relieving congestion of prisoners. They were also called “floating hells”.

GULAGS
- the term Gulag of Igorot mountain tribe according to the linguist, refers to
a wooden-fence where convicted felons were imprisoned by the elders.
- At the height of the Banawe Rice-Terraces construction, thetribe’s chieftain
considers it a crime for any able-bodied male who refuses to work at the
terraces, if found guilty of such idleness, he will be sent to the Gulag.

GULAG OF GERMANY - this is infamous Gulag prison of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in

Germany, where thousands of Jews were man-slaughtered during the reign of
Adolph Hitler.

GULAG OF RUSSIA - this is synonymous for corrective labor camp, a penal

institution established in 1918 after the Russian Revolution. It was the most feared
prison during the reign of Joseph Stalin on 1934 to 1947.

PENOLOGICAL THEORIES
The first attempt to explain crime was made by the Athenian philosopher,
Aristotle. In his book “Nicomedean Ethics”, he discusses corrective justice, thus
– “punishment is a means of restoring the balance between pleasure and pain”.

THE EMERGENCE OF SECULAR LAW

4th A.D. - Secular Laws were advocated by Christian philosophers who recognizes
the need for justice. Some of the proponents these laws were St. Augustine and
St. Thomas Aquinas.

LAWS WERE DISTINGUISHED:

1. External Law (Lex Externa)
2. Lex Divina (Divine Law)
3. Natural Law (Lex Naturalis)
4. Human Law (Lex Humana)

All these laws are intended for the common good, but the Human law only
become valid if it does not conflict with the other two laws.

THE JUDEAN—CHRISTIAN THEORY

Following the Secular Theory of punishment was the Judean or Christian
Theory, which was at its fullest development during the death of Christ in 30 A.D.
This theory of expiation believes that punishment has a redemptive purpose of
repelling sin advocated by the devil.

THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF PENOLOGY

1. THE CLASSICAL / JURISTIC SCHOOL
- it maintains the “doctrine of psychological hedonism” or “free will”. That
the individual calculates pleasures and pains in advance of action and
regulates his conduct by the result of his calculations.
Basis of criminal liability – absolute human free will
Purpose of punishment – retribution

2. THE NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL

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- it maintained that while the classical doctrine is correct in general, it

should be modified in certain details. Since children and lunatics cannot
calculate the differences of pleasures from pain, they should not be
regarded as criminals; hence, they should be free from punishment.
RESULT OF THE NEO-CLASSICAL THEORY
 Exempting circumstances admitted
 Reduction of punishment for partial freedom of the will – only partial
responsibility
 Punishment was mitigated for lack of full responsibility
 It represented the reaction against the severity of the classical theory of
equal punishment irrespective of circumstances
3. THE POSITIVIST/ITALIAN SCHOOL
- the school that denied individual responsibility and reflected non-punitive
reactions to crime and criminality. It adheres that crimes, as any other act,
is a natural phenomenon. Criminals are considered as sick individuals who
need to be treated by treatment programs rather than punitive actions
against them.
- treats criminals as sick individuals
- purpose of punishment is treatment is rehabilitation

Lesson 2. Punishment
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the topic, the students should be able to:
1. Trace the History of Punishment
2. Identify the ancient forms of punishment
3. Compare punishment from penalty

REDRESS (COMPENSATION) OF A WRONG ACT

RETALIATION (PERSONAL VENGEANCE)
- the earliest remedy for a wrong act to any one (in the primitive society).
The concept of personal revenge by the victim’s family or tribe against the
family or tribe of the offender, hence “blood feuds” was accepted in the
early primitive societies.

FINES AND PUNISHMENT

- Customs has exerted effort and great force among primitive societies. The
acceptance of vengeance in the form of payment (cattle, food, personal
services, etc) became accepted as dictated by tribal traditions. As tribal
leaders, elders and later kings came into power, they begun to exert their
authority on the negotiations. Wrongdoers could choose to stay away from
the proceedings (Trial by ordeal) but if they refuse to abide by the law
imposed, they will be declared to be an outlaw.

EARLY CODES
1. BABYLONIAN AND SUMERIAN CODES
CODE OF KING HAMMURABI (HAMMURABIC CODE)
- Babylon, about 1990 BC, credited as the oldest code prescribing savage
punishment, but in fact, Sumerian codes (Code of King Ur-Nammu)
were nearly one hundred years older.
- applied the doctrine of Lex Talionis (Law of Retaliation)
- believed in the philosophy of Tit for Tat

2. ROMAN AND GREEK CODES

a. JUSTINIAN CODE– 6th C A.D., Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code of
law. An effort to match a desirable amount of punishment to all possible
crimes. However, the law did not survive due to the fall of the Roman
Empire but left a foundation of Western legal codes.

* THE TWELVE TABLES (XII TABULAE), (451-450 BC) – represented the

earliest codification of Roman law incorporated into the Justinian Code. It is the
foundation of all public and private law of the Romans until the time of

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Justinian. It is also a collection of legal principles engraved on metal tablets

and set up on the forum.

b. GREEK CODE OF DRACO – In Greece, the Code of Draco, a harsh code that
provides the same punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it
incorporates primitive concepts (Vengeance, Blood Feuds).

* The Greeks were the first society to allow any citizen to prosecute the offender in
the name of the injured party.

c. THE BURGUNDIAN CODE (500 A.D) – specified punishment according to the

social class of offenders, dividing them into: nobles, middle class and lower
class and specifying the value of the life of each person according to social
status.

EARLY CODES (PHILIPPINE SETTING)

The Spanish Civil Code became effective in the Philippines on December 7,
1889, the “Conquistadores” and the “Kodigo Penal”(The Revised Penal Code
today, 1930) was introduced by the Spaniards promulgated by the King of Spain.
Basically, these laws adopted the Roman Law principles (Coquia, Principles of
Roman Law, 1996).

Sometimes called as – “LEY ENGICIAMIENTO CRIMINAL”

Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices influenced laws during the
Pre-Spanish Philippines. There were also laws that were written which include:

a. THE CODE OF KALANTIAO (promulgated in 1433) – the most extensive and

severe law that prescribes harsh punishment in Aklan and Panay Islands.
b. THE MARAGTAS CODE (by Datu Sumakwel of Ilo-ilo)
c. SIKATUNA LAW (Bohol)

Lesson 3. Development of Correctional Concepts and Standards

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the topic, the students should be able to:
1. Trace the development of prison
2. Know and discuss the start of the so-called Age of Enlightenment and
Reforms
3. Know and Discuss the Reformatory movement
4. Trace and discuss the golden age of penology

EARLY PRISONS
1. MAMERTINE PRISON / CARCERE MAMERTINO
- the only early Roman place of confinement which is built under the main
sewer of Rome in 64 B.C
- Other places of confinement in the history of confinement include
FORTRESSES, CASTLES, and TOWN GATES that were strongly built purposely
against roving bands of raiders.

2. The most popular workhouse was the BRIDEWELL WORKHOUSE (1557) in

London which was built for the employment and housing of English prisoners.
- Named after St. Bridget Well

3. WULNUT STREET JAIL

- originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia. It was converted
into a state prison and became the first American Penitentiary.
4. ERGASTALUM
- it is an ancient prison wherein prisoner are attached to workbenches and
are forced to do hard labor in the period of their imprisonment.

5. MAISON DE FORCE (1627)

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- a house of correction in Ghent, Belgium which separate adult from

juveniles and women from men, an innovation to prison system during the
1600s. established by Jean Jaques Villian (Father of Penitentiary Science)

6. SING-SING PRISON
- was the third prison built by New York State. It is a maximum security
prison inflicted aside from floggings, denial of reading materials and
solitary confinement. The shower bath was a gadget so constructed as to
drop a volume of water on the head of a locked naked offender.
The force of icy cold water hitting the head of the offender caused so
much pain and extreme shock that prisoners immediately sank into coma
due to the shock and hypothermia or sudden drop in body
temperature

7. ALCATRAZ (THE ROCK) - 1850

- the prison is located on an island in San Francisco Bay. It was built for
the military in the 1850's and used by them, as a fort and a prison
until 1933 when it passed to the Department of Justice thru the
recommendation of Dir. John Edgar Hoover and became a civil prison
until it was closed in1963 thru the writings of James Bennet
- The hardest prison in history where number 1 public enemies are
imprisoned like Al Capone.
FAMOUS ESCAPEES OF ALCATRAZ (1962)
1. Frank Morris
2. Clarence and
3. John Anglin

OLIN GUY BLACKWELL - last warden of the Alcatraz prison.

8. DEVIL'S ISLAND
- French penal colony from 1852 to 1959 where political prisoners are exiled

9. ROBBEN ISLAND
- A prison complex located at the coast of Capetown South Africa which
serve as a refugee camp for people afflicted with leper before converted
into a prison.

10. PORT ARTHUR

- located in Tasmania, Australia, is a penal colony which is the destination
for the hardest English prisoner during the middle of the 19th century.

11. NEW GATE PRISON

- not a real prison but an abandoned copper mine of Simsbury Connecticut.
Inmates are confined underground (Black hole of horrors).

EARLY PRISONS IN THE PHILIPPINES:

- During the Pre-Spanish period, prison system in the Philippines was tribal in
nature. Village chieftains administered it. It was historically traced from the
early written laws.
- Established in 1847 pursuant to Section 1708 of the Revised
Administrative Code and formally opened by Royal Decree in 1865, the first
BILIBID PRISON was constructed and became the central place of
confinement for Filipino Prisoners by virtue of the Royal decree of the
Spanish crown.
- In 1936, the City of Manila exchanges its Muntinlupa property with the
Bureau of Prisons originally intended as a site for boys’ training school.
Today, the old Bilibid Prison is now being used as the MANILA CITY JAIL,
famous as the “MAY HALIQUE ESTATE”.

PUNISHMENT
- It is the REDRESS (COMPENSATION) that the state takes against an
offending member of society that usually involve pain and suffering.
- It is also the penalty imposed on an offender for a crime or wrongdoing.

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- The authoritative imposition of something negative or unpleasant on a

person in response to behavior deemed wrong by law.

PENALTY AND THE MODERN PERIOD OF CORRECTION

PENALTY
- is defined as the suffering inflicted by the state against an offending
member for the transgression of law.

ANCIENT FORMS OF PUNISHMENT

1. DEATH PENALTY / CAPITAL PUNISHMENT – affected by burning, beheading,
hanging, breaking at the wheels, pillory and other forms of medieval
executions.
DEATH CONVICT- This refers to an inmate death penalty/sentence
imposed by the Regional Trial Court is affirmed by the Supreme Court.

2. PHYSICAL TORTURE / CORPORAL PUNISHMENT– affected by maiming,

mutilation, whipping and other inhumane or barbaric forms of inflicting pain.
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT – the infliction of physical pain as a form of
punishment.

3. SOCIAL DEGRADATION – putting the offender into shame or humiliation.

4. PILLORY - a wooden framework with holes for the head and hands, in which
offenders were formerly imprisoned and exposed to public abuse.

5. BANISHMENT OR EXILE / OSTRACISM / OUTLAWRY – the sending or

putting away of an offender which was carried out either by prohibition against
coming into a specified territory such as an island to where the offender has
been removed.
- Presently known as DESTIERRO

METHODS OF DEATH PENALTY EXECUTED IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. GARROTE
- This became popular when three (3) friar’s priests, commonly addressed as
GOMBURZA, were executed in 1872 by the Spanish colonial rulers for
exposing the venalities of the church
- An iron collar attached upon a scaffold formerly used in Spain and Portugal.
The convict is seated on the improvised chair with both hands and feet
tied. Then, the victim’s neck is placed on the collar attached to it, finally,
the iron collar is slowly tightened by the screw at the back chair by the
executioner until the death convict is pronounced dead.
- This method of execution was abolished in the Philippines by virtue of Act
451.
CAUSE OF DEATH – Asphyxia or blockage of the passage of oxygen.

2. MUSKETRY / FIRING SQUAD –

- Our national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal, died due to the alleged rebellion to the
Spanish government. Drug Lord Lim Seng met his death sentence by firing
squad in 1973 at Fort Bonifacio during Martial Law.

3. BEHEADING / DECAPITATION
- Apprehended guerillas were beheaded by Samurai Sword at the Japanese
Kempetei Garrison in 1943.
- Derived from the Latin word “DE” meaning FROM, and “CAPUT” meaning
a HEAD. Instead of using an axe, the method employed is by use of a
sword and the practice is widespread in China and Muslim States.

4. HANGING
- The famous tiger of Malaysia Yamashita died of hanging from 13 th footstep
platform in 1946.
- Mostly, the execution is conducted at dawn. The executioner will place a
cloth over his head. Steel weights are strapped to the legs of the death

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convict to ensure that he/she will die quickly. Then the rope will be placed
around the neck of the convict, and finally, the platform will be removed
CAUSE OF DEATH – asphyxia

5. ELECTRIC CHAIR / SILIA ELECTRICA

- The Muntinlupa electric, which was originally used way back 1926, is chair
has claimed more than seventy (70) offenders convicted of capital offenses
since its installation four (4) decades ago.
- The convict is seated on a chair made of electrical conducting materials
with strap of electrodes on wrist, ankle and head. Upon orders, the levers
will be pulled-up and the fatal volts of alternating current pas the body until
the convict dies. If ever the convict is still alive, the lever shall be pulled
again until he is pronounced dead.

6. LETHAL INJECTION / INTRAVENOUS POISONING

- While the 1987 Constitution abolished death sentence, however, Congress
in 1996 passed RA 7659 as amended by RA 8177 that imposes death
penalty for heinous crime by lethal injection.
- Developed in 1924 by an anesthesiologist in Nevada. Components of
chemicals used in Lethal Injection are: Non-lethal Dose / SODIUM
THIOPENTAL – a sleep inducing barbiturate commonly used in surgery to
put the patient asleep; Lethal Dose / PANCURONIUM BROMIDE – a drug
capable of paralyzing the muscles; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE – capable
of stopping heartbeat within seconds, this is commonly used in Heart-by-
pass operations.
LEO ECHEGARAY – 1st Filipino person who was executed thru lethal
injection
CAUSE OF DEATH – Cardiac arrest / heart attack

OTHER FORMS OF EXECUTION

1. STONING TO DEATH / LAPIDATION
- It is a form of execution wherein the condemned person is pelted with
stones.

2. CRUCIFIXION
- A person convicted to death was nailed on the cross with both hands and
feet to add ignominy to his agony and humiliation. He was crowned with
the specter of spines of vines in his head. Then the Roman pears were
thrusts to his flesh body and died of asphyxiation.

3. BURNING AT STAKE
- Form of execution wherein the convict is tied in pole and then set on fire
alive.

4. PILLORY
- Bouvier’s dictionary defines pillory as a wooden machine, in which the neck
of the doomed culprit is inserted thereof and usually executed in public as
a means of punishing offenders in Europe and Colonial America.
- Pillory is a wooden frame with three (3) curved holes in it (two for the left
and right wrists and the middle curved hole is for the neck) and mounted
on the post upon a platform. The condemned man is left to die at the
mercy of unfriendly weather. Other similar form with holes for the
offender’s feet is called a STOCK.

5. FLAGELLATION
- X-designed log were cross-joined and declined at 65 degrees backward.
The hooded doomed-man was tied on the cross-x with both hands spread
upward while the feet were spread apart. The con-man is bear naked
except in the skimpy short pants
- The whipping rod is made of stripped hard leather with brass button in laid
across and embedded at the tips. At the given signal, six men will whip 30
lashes each alternately and will continue, except upon the intercession of

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the victim or the State. This intervention of the aggrieved party to stop is
tantamount to pardon and the man shall be released to freedom.

6. GUILLOTINE
- A device for cutting-off people’s head developed in 1972 by Dr. Joseph
Ignacio Guillotin, a member of the French National Assembly, he
proposed that all executions must be uniform and painless.

7. GAS CHAMBER
- Invented after World War I by a medical Corp’s Officer of the US Army as an
alternative to electric chair. In medical term, the convict will die from
HYPOXIA which means death due to the cutting-off of oxygen in the
brain.

8. IMPALEMENT - (IMPALING)
- a form of capital punishment, is the penetration of an organism by an
object such as a stake, pole, spear or hook, by complete (or partial)
perforation of the body, often the central body mass. Killing by piercing the
body with a spear or sharp pole.

EARLY FORMS OF PRISON DISCIPLINE

1. HARD LABOR – also known as penal servitude where inmates are given
productive works.
2. DEPRIVATION – deprivation of everything except the bare essentials of
existence
3. MONOTONY – giving the same food that is “off” diet, or requiring the
prisoners to perform drab or boring daily routine.
4. UNIFORMITY – “we treat the prisoners alike”. “ the fault of one is the fault of
all”.
5. MASS MOVEMENT – mass living in cell blocks, mass eating, mass recreation,
mass bathing.
6. DEGRADATION – uttering insulting words or languages on the part of prison
staff to the prisoners to degrade or break the confidence of prisoners.
7. CORPORAL PUNISHMENT – imposing brutal punishment or employing
physical force to intimidate a delinquent inmate.
8. ISOLATION OR SOLITARY CONFINEMENT / BARTOLINA – non-
communication, limited news, “ the lone wolf”.
BJMP = 1 TO 7 DAYS
BUCOR = 1 MONTH TO 2 MONTHS
UN RULES = 22 hours – 15 days

CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT

1. IMPRISONMENT / ISOLATION / INCARCERATION / COMMITMENT /

INCAPACITATION–
- putting the offender in prison for the purpose of protecting the public
against criminal activities and at the same time rehabilitating the prisoners
by requiring them to undergo institutional treatment programs.

DURATION OF PENALTIES
1. DEATH PENALTY – Capital punishment
2. LIFE IMPRISONMENT – life time imprisonment for SPL
3. RECLUSION PERPETUA – 20 yrs and 1 day up to 40 years
4. RECLUSION TEMPORAL – 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 years imprisonment
5. PRISION MAYOR – 6 yrs and 1 day to 12 years
6. PRISION CORRECTIONAL – 6 months and 1 day to 6 years
7. ARRESTO MAYOR – 1 month and 1 day to 6 months
8. ARRESTO MENor – 1 day to 30 days
9. BOND TO KEEP THE PEACE – discretionary on the part of the court.

2. PAROLE

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- a conditional release of prisoners after serving part of his/her sentence in

prison for the purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her to free life under
the guidance and supervision of a parole officer.

3. PROBATION
- a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offense, the
penalty of which does not exceed six years imprisonment, is released
subject to the conditions imposed by the releasing court and under the
supervision of a probation officer.

4. FINE
- an pecuniary amount given as a compensation for a criminal act.

5. DESTIERRO
- the penalty of banishing a person from the place where he committed a
crime, prohibiting him to get near or enter the 25-kilometer perimeter.

PURPOSES/JUSTIFICATIONS OF PUNISHMENT (RADIRR)

1. RETRIBUTION (PERSONAL VENGEANCE / REVENGE)
- the punishment should be provided by the state whose sanction is violated,
to afford the society or the individual the opportunity of imposing upon the
offender suitable punishment as might be enforced. Offenders should be
punished because they deserve it.

2. ATONEMENT OR EXPIATION
- it is punishment in the form of group vengeance where the purpose is to
appease the offended public or group.

3. DETERRENCE
- punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing to others what would
happen to them if they violate the law. Punishment is imposed to warn
potential offenders that they can not afford to do what the offender has
done.

4. INCAPACITATION AND PROTECTION

- the public will be protected if the offender has being held in conditions
where he cannot harm others especially the public. Punishment is effected
by placing offenders in prison so that society will be ensured from further
criminal depredations of criminals.

5. REFORMATION OR REHABILITATION
- it is the establishment of the usefulness and responsibility of the offender.
Society’s interest can be better served by helping the prisoner to become
law abiding citizen and productive upon his return to the community by
requiring him to undergo intensive program of rehabilitation in prison.

6. REINTEGRATION –
- it is the act wherein inmates were able to return to their homeland.

VI. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT / AGE OF REASON

- 18th Century is a century of change. It is the period of recognizing
human dignity. It is the movement of reformation, the period of
introduction of certain reforms in the correctional field by certain person,
gradually changing the old positive philosophy of punishment to a more
humane treatment of prisoners with innovational programs.

JURIDICAL CONDITIONS (LEGAL REQUISITES) OF PENALTY (CCC-LE-PP)

Punishment must be:
1. CERTAIN – no one must escape its effects.
2. CORRECTIONAL – changes the attitude of offenders and become law-abiding
citizens.
3. COMMENSURATE WITH THE OFFENSE – different crimes must be punished
with different penalties (Art. 25, RPC).

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4. LEGAL – the consequence must be in accordance with the law.

5. EQUAL – equal for all persons.
6. PRODUCTIVE OF SUFFERING – without however affecting the integrity of
the human personality.
7. PERSONAL – the guilty one must be the one to be punished, no proxy.

THE PIONEERS CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM:

1. WILLIAM PENN (1614-1718)
- He fought for religious freedom and individual rights
- He is the first leader to prescribe imprisonment as correctional
treatment for major offenders.
- He is also responsible for the abolition of death penalty and torture
as a form of punishment.

2. CHARLES MONTESIQUIEU (Charles Louis Secondat, Baron de la Brede

et de Montesiquieu)
- (1689- 1755) A French historian and philosopher who analyzed law as an
expression of justice. He believe that harsh punishment would
undermine morality and that appealing to moral sentiments as a better
means of preventing crime.

3. VOLTAIRE (Francois Marie Arouet)

- (1694- 1778) He was the most versatile of all philosophers during this
period. He believes that fear of shame was a deterrent to crime. He
fought the legality-sanctioned practice of torture.

4. CESARE BONESA, MARCHESE DE BECCARIA (F-RE-D)

- He wrote an essay entitled “An Essay on Crimes and Punishment”, the
most exiting essay on law during this century. It presented the humanistic
goal of law.
- “let the punishment fit the crime”
- Freewill
- Retribution
- Deterrence

5. JEREMY BENTHAM (PHUF)

- the greatest leader in the reform of English Criminal law. He believes that
whatever punishment designed to negate whatever pleasure or gain the
criminal derives from crime, the crime rate would go down.
- Design the Panoptican Prison (Cylindical Prison)
- Hedonism – people will seek pleasure and avoid pain
- Proposed the philosophy of utilitarianism
- Advocated the imaginary mathematical formula of felicific calculus
- Bentham was the one who devise the ultimate PANOPTICAN PRISON – a
prison that consists of a large circular building containing multi cells around
the periphery. It was never built.
Panopticon – to see everything or to observe

6. JOHN HOWARD (1726 – 1790) – (ASSS)

- the sheriff of Bedsfordshire in 1773 who devoted his life and fortune to
prison reform. After his findings on English Prisons, he recommended the
following:
o abolition of fee system by which jailers obtained money from
prisoners
o single cells for sleeping
o segregation of women
o segregation of youth - provision of sanitation facilities
- Father of prison reform in the world, great prison reformer
- a philanthropist and the first English prison reformer

7. ELAM LYNDS
- warden of the Auburn and later of Sing Sing (which he built), was one
of the most influential persons in the development of early prison discipline

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in America. He is described as having been a strict disciplinarian who

believe that all convicts were cowards who could not be reformed until
their spirit was broken. To this end he devised a system of brutal
punishments and degrading procedures, many of which remained as
accepted practice until very recent times

8. JEAN JACQUES VILLAIN

- Father of Penitentiary Science
- pioneered classification to separate women and children from hardened
criminals.

9. JAMES V. BENNETT
- Director of Federal Bureau of Prisons, Wrote about closing of Alcatraz
Prison , Built the Federal Correctional Institution in Seagoville Texas

10. ELIZABETH FRY

- An English reformer sometimes referred to as the "angel of prisons"
because of her driving force behind new legislation to treat prisoners
humanely

THE REFORMATORY MOVEMENT

1. ALEXANDER MOCANOCHIE
- He is the Superintendent of the penal colony at Norfolk Island in
Australia (1840) who introduced the “Mark System”. A system in which a
prisoner is required to earn a number of marks based on proper
department, labor and study in order to entitle him for a ticket for leave
or conditional release which is similar to parole.
- Father of parole (in Australlia)

2. MANUEL MONTESIMOS
- The Director of Prisons in Valencia Spain (1835) who divided the
number of prisoners into companies and appointed certain prisoners
as petty officers in charge, which allowed good behavior to prepare the
convict for gradual release.

3. DOMETS OF FRANCE / FREDERICK AUGUST DEMETS

- established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys in 1839 providing
housefathers as in charge of these boys. The boys were housed in cottages
with house fathers as in charge. The system was based on re-education
rather than force. When discharge the boys were place under the
supervision of a patron.

4. SIR EVELYN RUGGLES BRISE

- The Director of the English Prison who opened the Borstal Institution for
young offenders. The Borstal Institution is considered as the best reform
institution for young offenders today.
- Borstal Reformatory – the first juvenile reformatory in England. The
Borstal Institution of England is today considered best reform
institutions for young offenders.
NEW YORK HOUSE OF REFUGE - the first juvenile reformatory in USA.
5. WALTER CROFTON – He is the Director of the Irish Prison in 1854 who
introduced the Irish system that was modified from the Mocanochie’s mark
system.
- Progressive mark system
- Irish System
- Father of parole in Ireland

4 STAGES OF IRISH SYSTEM

a. The first stage of the Irish system was solitary confinement for nine
months at a certain prison
b. The second stage was an assignment to the public works at Spike
Island. The prisoner worked his promotion through a series of the grades,
according to a mark system

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c. In the third stage the prisoner without custodial supervision and was expose
to ordinary temptations of freedom.
d. The final stage was the release on supervision under conditions
equivalent to present day parole.

6. ZEBULON BROCKWAY
- The Director of the Elmira Reformatory in New York (1876) who
introduced certain innovational programs like the following: training
school type - compulsory education of prisoners - casework methods -
extensive use of parole - indeterminate sentence
- The ElMIRA REFORMATORY (THE HILL) is considered forerunner of
modern penology because it had all the elements of a modern system.
Extensively used Non-institutional Corrections. A new institutional
program for boys from 16 to 30 years of age.
- ESTABLISHED ON 1876

GOLDEN AGE OF PENOLOGY – 1870 – 1880

Events: (ACA – IPPC – ER – CIW)
1. The National Prison Association, now American Correctional Association
(ACA), was organized and its first annual Congress was held in Cincinati, Ohio.

2. The first International Prison Congress (IPC) was held in London.

Representative of the government of the United States and European countries
attended it. As a result of this congress, the International Penal and
Penitentiary Commission, an inter-governmental organization was
established in 1875 with headquarters at The Hague.
3. The Elmira Reformatory, which was considered as the forerunner of modern
penology, was opened in Elmira, New York in 1876. The figures of Elmira were a
training school type of institutional program, social casework in the institution,
and extensive of parole.
4. The first separate institutions for women were established in Indiana and
Massachusetts.

THE TWO RIVAL PRISON SYSTEM IN THE HISTORY OF CORRECTION

A. AUBURN PRISON SYSTEM
- the prison system called the “Congregate System” / GROUP SYSTEM
- The prisoners are confined in their own cells during the night and
congregate work in shops during the day. Complete silence was
enforced.
HARD WOOD SHOPS – place where prisoners do their labor

B. PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SYSTEM (S-S-S)

- the prisons system called “Solitary System” / SILENT SYSTEM /
SEPARATE SYSTEM. Prisoners are confined in single cells day and
night where they lived, they slept, and they ate and receive religious
instructions. Complete Silence was also enforced. They are required to read
the Bible.
- In 1934, the League of Nations adopted the “Standard Minimum Rules
for the Treatment of Prisoners “, drafted by the IPCC. The League
requested all governments to give the greatest possible publicity to the
Rules; to take the necessary measures in order that they might be
observed; and to submit regular reports regarding their application and
regarding the prison reforms achieved in the respective countries

Chapter 2. Jail and Prison Defined/Distuinguised

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the topic, the students should be able to:
1. Know and discuss the concept of prison and jail
2. Compare and contrast the different types of jail
3. Know the different classification of prisoners
4. Know the etymology of prison and jail
5. Know and identify the different operating and non-operating correctional
facilities in the Philippines

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6. Know and discuss the admission procedures in Jail/Prison

7.
PRISON
- A penitentiary, an institution for the imprisonment (incarceration) of persons
convicted of major/ serious crimes.
- A building, usually with cells, or other places established for the purpose of
taking safe custody or confinement of criminals.
- A place of confinement for those for those charged with or convicted of
offenses against the laws of the land.
- a public building or other place for the confinement of person, whether as a
punishment imposed by the law or otherwise in the course of the
administration of justice
- As defined in the BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS OPERATING MANUAL, it also
refers to a penal establishment under the control of the Bureau of Corrections
and shall include the New Bilibid Prison, the Correctional Institution for Women,
Leyte Regional Prison, and the Davao, San Ramon, Sablayan, and Iwahig Prison
and Penal Farms.

WHO IS A PRISONER / INMATE?

- A prisoner is a person who is under the custody of lawful authority. A person,
who by reason of his criminal sentence or by a decision issued by a court, may
be deprived of his liberty or freedom.
- A prisoner is any person detained/confined in jail or prison for the commission
of a criminal offense or convicted and serving in a penal institution.
- A person committed to jail or prison by a competent authority for any of the
following reasons: To serve a sentence after conviction – Trial – Investigation

INMATE – (brief definition) either a prisoner or detainee confined in jail.

- (as defined in Bureau of Corrections Operating Manual) refers to a national
prisoner or one sentenced by the court to serve a maximum term of
imprisonment of more than three (3) years or to a fine of more than one
thousand pesos (P1, 000.00); or regardless of the length of the sentence
imposed by the court, to one sentenced for violation of the Customs Law or
other laws within the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Customs or enforceable by it,
or violation of immigration and election laws; or to one sentenced to serve two
(2) or more prison sentences in the aggregate exceeding the period of three (3)
years, whether or not he has appealed. It shall include a person committed to
the Bureau by a court or competent authority for safekeeping or similar
purpose. Unless otherwise indicated, “inmate” shall also refer to a “detainee.”

PERSON DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY - Refers to a detainee, inmate, or prisoner, or

other person under confinement or custody in any other manner. However, in
order to prevent labeling, branding or shaming by the use of these or other
derogatory words, the term “prisoner” has been replaced by this new and neutral
phrase

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF PRISONERS

1. DETENTION PRISONERS
- those detained for investigation, preliminary hearing, or awaiting
trial. A detainee in a lock up jail. They are prisoners under the
jurisdiction of Courts.
- ALSO KNOWN AS “DETAINEE” – person who is confined in prison
pending preliminary investigation, trial or appeal; or upon legal
process issued by the competent authority.
- a person accused before a court or competent authority who is
temporarily confined in jail while undergoing investigation, awaiting
final judgment.
\
2. SENTENCED PRISONERS
- offenders who are committed to the jail or prison in order to serve their
sentence after final conviction by a competent court. They are prisoners
under the jurisdiction of penal institutions.

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3. PRISONERS WHO ARE ON SAFEKEEPING

- includes non-criminal offenders who are detained in order to protect the
community against their harmful behavior. Ex. Mentally deranged
individuals, insane person.

SAFEKEEPING – the temporary custody of a person for his own protection, safety,
or care; and/or his security from harm, injury or danger for the liability he has
committed.

JAIL VS PRISON

CATEGORIES JAIL PRISON

Purpose Accept inmates who Accepts inmates who
committed minor committed major
offense offense
Agency BJMP BUCOR
Department DILG DOJ
Law RA 6975 Act 1407
RA 9263 EO 292
RA 10575
Date of January 2, 1991 November 1, 1905
Creation
Powers Accepts Detainees Accepts offenders with
and Convicts with 3 above 3 years
years of imprisonment
imprisonment
Jurisdiction Controls all City, Supervised all seven (7)
Municipal and District insular prisons in the
Jails Country

Agency Head C, BJMP Director General (USec)

(Director Rank)
Local Head Warden Superintendent
Personnel Jail Officers Correction Officers
Uniform of Yellow Max – Tangerine
Inmates Med – Blue
Min – Brown
CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCED PRISONERS
1. INSULAR OR NATIONAL PRISONERS
- Those sentenced to suffer a term of sentence of 3 years and 1 day to life
imprisonment.
- Those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment cited above but
appealed the judgment and unable to file a bond for their temporary
liberty.

2. PROVINCIAL PRISONERS
- Those persons sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 6 months
and 1 day to 3 years or a fine not more than 1,000 pesos, or both; or
- Those detained therein waiting for preliminary investigation of
their cases cognizable by the RTC.

Note:
PROVINCIAL JAIL (1910) - under the office of the Governor. Where the
imposable penalty for the crime committed is more than six months but
not more than 3 years and the same was committed within the
municipality, the offender must serve his or her sentence in the provincial
jail. Where the penalty imposed exceeds three years, the offender shall
serve his or her sentence in the penal institutions of the Bureau of
Corrections.

3. CITY PRISONERS
- Those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 1 day to 3 years or
a fine of not more than 1,000 pesos or both.

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- Those detained therein whose cases are filed with the MTC.
- Those detained therein whose cases are cognizable by the RTC and under
Preliminary Investigation.

4. MUNICIPAL PRISONERS
- Those confined in Municipal jails to serve an imprisonment from 1 day to 6
months.
- Those detained therein whose trials of their cases are pending with the
MTC.

CLASSIFICATION OF PRISONERS ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF SECURITY:

1. SUPER MAXIMUM-SECURITY PRISONERS (INAPPLICABLE TO THE
PHILIPPINE SETTING)
- A special group of prisoners composed of incorrigible, intractable, and
highly dangerous persons who are the source of constant disturbances
even in a maximum-security prison.
- They wear orange color of uniform.

2. MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISONERS

- The group of prisoners whose escape could be dangerous to the public or
to the security of the state.
- It consists of constant troublemakers but not as dangerous as the super
maximum-security prisoners. Their movements are restricted and they are
not allowed to work outside the institution but rather assigned to industrial
shops with in the prison compound
- They are confined at the Maximum-Security Prison (NBP Main Building),
they wear orange color of uniform.
- Prisoners includes those sentenced to serve sentence 20 years or more, or
those whose sentenced are under the review of the Supreme Court, and
offenders who are criminally insane having severe personality or
emotional disorders that make them dangerous to fellow offenders or staff
members.

3. MEDIUM SECURITY PRISONERS

- Those who cannot be trusted in open conditions and pose lesser danger
than maximum-security prisoners in case they escape.
- It consist of groups of prisoners who may be allowed to work outside the
fence or walls of the penal institution under guards or with escorts.
- They occupy the Medium Security Prison (Camp Sampaguita) and they
wear blue color of uniforms. Generally, they are employed as agricultural
workers.
- It includes prisoners whose minimum sentence is less than 20 years and
life-sentenced prisoners who served at least 10 years inside a maximum
security prison.

4. MINIMUM SECURITY PRISONERS

- A group of prisoners who can be reasonably trusted to serve sentence
under “open conditions”.
- This group includes prisoners who can be trusted to report to their work
assignments without the presence of guards.
- They occupy the Minimum Security Prison (Camp Bukang Liwayway) and
wear brown color uniforms.

CLASSIFICATION OF INMATES AS TO PRIVILEGES

1. 3RD CLASS – committed for three or more time as sentenced prisoner.
2. 2ND CLASS – newly arrived inmate, demoted from 1st class or promoted from
3rd class
3. 1ST CLASS – known for character and credit for work while in detention or one
promoted from 2nd class
4. COLONIST – after one year after being promoted from 1 st class who served
with good conduct the 1/5 of his maximum sentence or served 7 years of his
life sentence.

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PRIVELEGES OF A COLONIST
1. Automatic commutation to 30 years of life imprisonment
2. Deduction of 5 days / month
3. Wear civilian clothes
4. Can live with his family
5. Subsidy from the Government
6. Transportation allowance
7. Use of Prison facilities

ORIGIN OF THE WORD PRISON

- the word prison was derived from the Greco-Roman word PRESIDIO
- “PRE” means BEFORE and SIDIO means INSIDE. It is synonymous to a
fenced-cave or dungeon.

THE PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM

- The Philippine prison system is patterned after the Federal Bureau of Prisons
of the United States. It is a bureau within the Department of Justice.

BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS
- Bureau of Prisons was created under the Reorganization Act of 1905 (Act
No. 1407 dated November 1, 1905) as an agency under the Department of
Commerce and Police.
- Bureau of Prisons was renamed Bureau of Corrections under Executive
Order 292 (Administrative Code) passed during the Cory Aquino
Administration. It states that the head of the Bureau of Corrections is the
Director of Prisons who is appointed by the President of the
Philippines with the confirmation of the Commission of Appointments.

RA 10575 - Also known as The “Act Strengthening The Bureau of Corrections and
Providing Funds Therefore” Also Known as BuCor Law of 2013”
- The Bureau of Corrections has general supervision and control of all
seven (7) national / insular prisons or penitentiaries. It is charged with
the safekeeping of all Insular Prisoners confined therein or committed to the
custody of the Bureau.

BP 28 - law that change the name penal colony to penal farm

KEY POSITIONS
The BuCor shall be headed by a Director (Rank -Undersecretary) who shall be
assisted by three (3) Deputy Directors (Rank – Asst. Director): one (1) for
administration, one (1) for security and operations and one (1) for
reformation, all of whom shall be appointed by the President upon the
recommendation of the Secretary of the DOJ: Provided, That the Director and the
Deputy Directors of the BuCor shall serve a tour of duty not to exceed six (6)
years from the date of appointment:

MINIMUM QUALIFICATION FOR CORRECTION OFFICERS

1) A citizen of the Republic of the Philippines;
2) A person of good moral character;
3) Must have passed the psychiatric/psychological, drug and physical test for the
purpose of determining his/her physical and mental health;
4) Must possess a baccalaureate degree from a recognized learning institution;
5) Must possess the appropriate civil service eligibility;
6) Must not have been dishonorably discharged or dismissed for cause from
previous employment;
7) Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an offense or crime
involving moral turpitude; and
8) Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters (1.62) m. in height for
male, and one meter and fifty-seven centimeters (1.57) m. for female:
9) That a new applicant must not be less than twenty-one (21) or not more than
forty (40) years of age.

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THE SEVEN OPERATING CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

- Prior to the establishment of Bilibid Prison, prisoners were confined in jails
under the jurisdiction of Commandancias where law enforcement units were
stationed. Commandancias were established in practically every province of
the country.

1. BILIBID PRISONS

a. OLD BILIBID PRISON (CARCEL Y PRESIDIO CORRECTIONAL) – the main insular

penitentiary during the Spanish regime. This was constructed in 1847 and
was formally inaugurated in 1865 by virtue of the Royal Decree of the
Spanish Crown. This is located at Azcaraga St. (now Recto Ave.) then famous
“May Haligue Estate” at nearby Central Market at Oroquieta St.. This was
constructed in radical spokes-of-a-wheel form with a tower in the center
spoke for easy command and control.

COMPOSED OF 2 COMPOUNDS:

1. CARCEL – 600 INMATE CAPACITY

2. PRESIDIO – 527 INMATE CAPACITY

Commonwealth Act No. 67 was enacted, appropriating one million

(P1,000.000.00) pesos for the construction of a new national prison in the southern
suburb of Muntinlupa, Rizal in 1935. The old prison was transformed into a
receiving center and a storage facility for farm produce from the colonies

In 1936, the City of Manila exchanged its Muntinlupa property with that of the
Bureau of Prison lot, the Muntinlupa property was intended as a site for Boys
Training School, but because it was too far, the City preferred the site of the Old
Bilibid Prison, the present site of Manila City Jail (BJMP).

b. NEW BILIBID PRISON, Muntinlupa City (Approximately 552 hectares) –

this is where the Bureau of Corrections Central Office. The New Bilibid
Prison has a capacity of 3,000 Prisoners. Within the complex are the three
(3) security camps administered by a Penal Superintendent and assisted by
as Asst. Superintendent in each Camp.
- The New Bilibid Prison has a capacity of 3,000 Prisoners.

THE THREE (3) SECURITY CAMPS

a. MAXIMUM SECURITY COMPOUND (Main Building) is for prisoners whose

sentences are 20 years and above, life termers or those under capital
punishment, those with pending cases, those under disciplinary punishment,
those whose cases are on appeal, those under detention, and those that do not
fall under medium and minimum security status.
= wears tangerine shirt
= not allowed to do furlough
- This type of institution is characterized by thick all enclosures, 18 to 25
feet high. On top of the wall are catwalks along which the guards patrol
at night. At corners and strategic places are tower posts manned by
heavily armed guards.

b. MEDIUM SECURITY COMPOUND (also known as Camp Sampaguita) is

for prisoners whose sentences are below 20 years (computed from the
minimum sentences per classification interpretation) and those classified for
colony assignment.

- This type of institution is usually enclosed by two layers of wire fence.

The inner fence is 12 to 14 feet high with curb and the outer fence is
8 to 12 feet high. The two fences are from 18 to 20 feet apart. Usually
the top portion of the fence is provided with barbed wire.

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c. MINIMUM SECURITY COMPOUND (also referred to as Camp Bukang

Liwayway) is an open camp with less restrictions and regimentation. This is
for prisoners who are 65 years old and above, medically certified as invalids
and for those prisoners who have six months or less to serve before they are
released from prison.

 The lethal injection chamber is also located here.

 This type of institution is usually without a fence, and if there is one, its
purpose is to keep away the civilian population from entering the
institution rather than preventing escapes.

The New Bilibid Prison specializes in the industrial type of vocational training. It
operates a furniture shop, shoe repairing shop, blacksmith and tinsmith
shop, auto mechanics and automobile body building shop, tailoring,
electronics, watch-repairing carpentry, and rattan furniture shop. It is also
engaged in track gardening, poultry, piggery and animal husbandry.

2. SAN RAMON PRISON AND PENAL FARM, Zamboanga del Sur – founded
by Capt. Ramon Blanco, a member of the Spanish Royal Army and named
the prison facility after his patron saint. This was initially intended for the
confinement of political prisoners during Spanish era. It was closed
during the Spanish-American War and was reopened during the American
occupation. It has three facilities (maximum, medium, minimum). The penal
farm was designed to promote agro-industrial activities.
On August 21, 1869, the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in
Zamboanga City was established to confine Muslim rebels and recalcitrant
political prisoners opposed to the Spanish rule. The facility, which faced the Jolo
sea had Spanish-inspired dormitories and was originally set on a 1,414-
hectare sprawling estate.

Land area: Currently approximately 1,546 hectares

Principal product: Copra, rice, coffee, etc.
Year established: 1869 – 1870

- 2nd oldest prison after OBP

San Ramon has an average population of 1,200 prisoners

3. IWAHIG PRISON AND PENAL FARM (Luhit), Puerto Princesa, Palawan

The Americans established in 1904 the LUHIT PENAL SETTLEMENT (now

Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm) on a vast reservation of 28,072 hectares. It would
reach a total land area of 40,000 hectares in the late 1950s. Located on the
westernmost part of the archipelago far from the main town to confine
incorrigibles with little hope of rehabilitation, the area was expanded to 41,007
hectares by virtue of Executive Order No. 67 issued by Governor Newton
Gilbert on October 15, 1912.

- ENVISIONED BY : Gov. Luke E. Wright

- ORDERED BY: Gov. Forbes

- Envisioned as an institution for incorrigible criminals, however, the first

contingent of prisoners to be confined revolted against the authorities.
- On November1, 1905 under the Reorganization Act 1407, the policy was
changed, instead of putting hardened criminals, well behaved and obedient
inmates were sent to the colony
- The farm is predominantly designed for agro-industrial activities. Within its
area are four (4) sub-colonies: (CIMS)

1. Central sub-colony
2. Inagawan sub-colony
3. Montible subcolony
4. Sta. Lucia sub-colony

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- All these colonies are administered by a Penal Supervisor

- It administers the Tagumpay Settlement, which is approximately 1, 000
hectares, with six hectares homestead lots distributed to inmates who
desired to live in the settlement after service of sentence.
- One of the best open institutions in the world.

Date established: Nov. 16, 1905

By virtue of: Reorganization Act of 1407
Land area: Approximately 36, 000 hectares – 41,007 (1912)
Principal product: rice, corn, copra and other forest product

- Largest penal colony

- Prison without walls
- The most open prison facility
- The best and the finest prison

4. CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION FOR WOMEN, Mandaluyong City

- The only female institution in the Philippines
- Since 1934, a female Superintendent was assigned to supervise the prison
facility.
- LOCATED AT WELFARE VILLE MANDALUYONG CITY
Year established: 1931
By virtue of: Act 3579 which was passed on Nov. 27, 1929
Vocational activities: Dress making, beauty culture, handicrafts
Capacity: 200
Trivia
First Women's Prison - opened in Indiana 1873. Based on the reformatory
model.

5. LEYTE REGIONAL PRISON, Abuyog, S. Leyte

Date established: Jan. 16, 1973
- under Proclamation No. 1101
- It is a prison facility, which has a receiving and process station.
- It has three security facilities – maximum, medium, minimum
- Because of its terrain, prison agro-industrial activities could not be fully
developed.
- Youngest prison
- Built during martial law - Ferdinand Marcos
- Fastest growing prison
- Max capacity – 500 prisoners

6. SABLAYAN PRISON AND PENAL FARM, Sablayan, San Jose, Mindoro

Occidental
- With four sub-colonies within the prison compound:
1. Central sub-colony
2. Pusog sub-clony
3. Pasugui sub-colony
4. Yapag sub-colony

- This penal farm is intended for agro-industrial activities

Land area: Approximately 16, 408.5 hectares
By virtue of: Proclamation no. 72
Date established: Sept. 26, 1954
Principal product: Rice

- NEAREST PENAL COLONY IN MANILA

7. DAVAO PRISON AND PENAL FARM, Tagum, Davao del Norte

- The Davao Penal Colony was established on January 21, 1932, in accordance,
with Act No. 3732 and Proclamation No. 414, series of 1931. With two sub-
colonies:

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1. Panabo sub-colony
2. Kapalong sub-colony
- Administer the Tanglaw Settlement for those inmates who desire to live
within the compound
- 30,000 HECTARES
- First headed by: GEN. PAULINO SANTOS
- RICHEST AND HIGHEST INCOME EARNER
- BIGGEST BANANA AND ABACA PLANTATION

NON – OPERATIONAL PRISONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. FORT BONIFACIO - A committee report submitted to then President Carlos P.

Garcia described Fort Bonifacio, formerly known as Fort William McKinley, as
a military reservation located in Taguig, which was established after the
Americans came to the Philippines. The prison was originally used as a
detention centre for offenders of US military laws and ordinances.

5. CORREGIDOR PRISON - In 1908 during the American regime, some 100

prisoners were transferred from the Old Bilibid Prison to Corregidor Island to
work under military authorities. This move was in accordance with an order
from the Department of Instructions, which approved the transfer of inmates
so they could assist in maintenance and other operations in the stockade.

6. BONTOC PRISON -The Philippine Legislature during the American regime

passed Act No. 1876 providing for the establishment of a prison in Bontoc in
Mountain Province. The prison was built for the prisoners of the province and
insular prisoners who were members of the non-Christian tribes of Mountain
Province and Nueva Vizcaya.

ADMISSION PROCEDURES IN PRISON

1. RECEIVING – the new prisoner is received at the RDC. The new prisoner
usually comes from a provincial or city jail where he was immediately
committed upon conviction by the court, and escorted by the escort platoon
during his transfer to the National Prison.
2. CHECKING OF COMMITMENT PAPERS – the receiving officer checks the
commitment papers if they are in order. That is, if they contain the signature
of the judge or the signature of the clerk of court, and the seal of the court.
3. IDENTIFICATION / BOOKING– the prisoner’s identity is established
through the picture and fingerprint appearing in the commitment
order. This is to ensure that the person being committed is the same as the
person being named in the commitment order.
4. SEARCHING / SHAKEDOWN (PRUBS)– this step involves the frisking of the
prisoner and searching his personal things. Weapons and other items
classified as contraband are confiscated and deposited to the property
custodian. Other properties are deposited with the trust fund officer under
recording and receipts.
a. PAT – patting of subjects clothing
b. RUB – patting of body over the clothing including the groin, buttocks and
breast
c. STRIP – naked search
d. BODY CAVITY SEARCH – expose body cavities like anus and vagina to look
for contrabands.
5. BRIEFING AND ORIENTATION – the prisoner will be brief and oriented on
the rules and regulations of the prison before he will be assigned to the RDC or
the quarantine unit.
6. Issuance of Clothes and Equipment - from the receiving office, the new
prisoner goes to the supply room where he receives his prison uniform,
mosquito net and beddings.
7. Assignment to Quarters - after the prisoner is issued his clothing’s and
beddings, he is sent to the quarantine unit. The quarantine may be a unit of
the prison or a section of the Reception Center.

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BUCOR’S DIRECTORATE FOR RECEPTION AND DIAGNOSTICS

(FORMERLY RECEPTION AND DIAGNOSTIC CENTER)

This is a special unit of prison (Camp Sampaguita where new prisoners

undergo diagnostic examination, study and observation for the purpose of
determining the programs of treatment and training best suited to their
needs FOR A TOTAL PERIOD OF 60 DAYS and the institution to which they
should be transferred.

It is composed of the following staff members:

1. PSYCHIATRIST – responsible in the examination of the prisoner’s mental and

emotional make-up.
2. PSYCHOLOGIST – responsible to conduct study on the character and behavior
of the prisoners.
3. SOCIOLOGIST – study the social case situation of the individual prisoner.
4. EDUCATIONAL COUNSELOR – conducts orientation classes in order to change
inmates’ attitude towards education and recommends educational program for
the prisoner.
5. VOCATIONAL COUNSELOR – to test the prisoner’s special abilities, interest
and skills and recommends for the vocational course best suited to the
prisoner.
6. CHAPLAIN – encourage the prisoner to participate in religious activities.
7. MEDICAL OFFICER – conducts physical examination and recommends medical
treatment of prisoners.
8. CUSTODIAL-CORRECTIONAL OFFICER – recommends the transfer and type
of custody of inmates.

THE QUARANTINE CELL OR UNIT

This may be a unit of the prison or a section of the RDC where the prisoner
is given thorough physical examination including blood test, x-rays, vaccinations
and immunity for 5 to 10 days. This is for the purpose of insuring that the prisoner
is not suffering from any contagious disease, which might be transferred to the
prison population.

THE NATIONAL CORRECTIONS CONSCIOUSNESS WEEK

 Every last week of October

 By virtue of Proclamation Number 551 signed on March 15, 1995, by former
President Fidel V. Ramos

WHAT IS A JAIL?

JAIL – is a place for locking-up of persons who are convicted of minor offenses or
felonies who are to serve a short sentence imposed upon them by a competent
court, or for confinement of persons who are awaiting trial or investigation of
their cases.
– a place of confinement for inmates under investigation, awaiting or
undergoing trial or serving sentence.
– is a building or place of confinement of arrested or sentenced persons. It is
usually made up of cells which are made up of small rooms or enclosures
where prisoners are actually kept or confined (People vs. Caricaban, 13672-
CR, Sept. 9, 1965)

ORIGIN OF THE WORD JAIL

- It is said to have been derived from the Spanish word JAULO / CAULA which
means a CAGE.
- It is also said to have been derived from the French word GAOL pronounced
as “geole”, a place for the arrested criminals.

TYPES OF JAILS (LOW)

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1. LOCK-UP JAILS – is a security facility, common to police stations, used for

temporary confinement of an individual held for investigation.
2. ORDINARY JAILS – is the type of jail commonly used to detain a convicted
criminal offender to serve sentence less than three years.
3. Workhouses, Jail Farms or Camp – a facility that houses minimum custody
offenders who are serving short sentences or those who are undergoing
constructive work programs. It provides full employment of prisoners, remedial
services and constructive leisure time activities.

BUREAU OF JAIL MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY (BJMP)

The BJMP exercises supervision and control over all cities and municipal jails
throughout the country. The enactment of Republic Act no. 6975 created the BJMP
and further amended by RA 9263 of the BFP and BJMP Professionalization
Act of 2004. It operates as a line bureau under the Department of the Interior
and Local Government (DILG).

J/DIR. CHARLES MONDEJAR - the first chief of the BJMP way back its
establishment

MISSION

To enhance public safety by ensuring humane safekeeping and development

of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL) in all district, city, and municipal jails for their
integration to society.

VISION

A premier institution highly regarded by society for the secure and humane
treatment of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL) by its competent and motivated
corps.

OBJECTIVES OF THE BJMP:

1. To improve the living conditions of the offenders in accordance with the

accepted standards set by the United Nations.
2. To enhance rehabilitation and reformation of offenders in preparation for their
eventual reintegration into the mainstream of society upon their release.
3. To professionalize jail services.

BJMP CORE VALUES

PRO.T.E.C.S.
PRO - Professionalism
T - Teamwork
E - Efficiency / Competence
C - Commitment
S - Self-Discipline

POWERS, FUNCTIONS AND ORGANIZATION OF THE BJMP

A. Powers:

The Bureau shall exercise supervision and control over all districts,
city and municipal jails to ensure a secured, clean, sanitary and adequately
equipped jail for the custody and safekeeping of city and municipal prisoners,
any fugitive from justice or persons detained awaiting investigation or trial and/or
transfer to the National Penitentiary, and any violent, mentally ill person who
endangers himself or the safety of others.

B. Organization and Key Positions in the BJMP:

The BJMP, also referred to as the Jail Bureau, was created pursuant to
Section 60, R.A. no. 6975, and initially consisting of uniformed officers and

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members of the Jail management and Penology service as constituted under P.D.
no. 765.

The Bureau shall be headed by a chief with the rank of Director, and
assisted by a Deputy Chief with the Rank of Chief Superintendent.

The Central Office is the Command and Staff HQ of the Jail Bureau
composed of 3 Command Groups, 6 Coordinating Staff Divisions, 6 Special Staff
Groups and 6 Personal Staff Groups namely:

1. Command Group
- Chief, BJMP (Director Rank)
- Deputy C/BJMP (Admin and Operation)
- Chief of Directorial Staff

2. Coordinating Staff Groups

- Administrative Division
- Operations Division
- Logistics Division - EQUIPMENT
- Finance Management Division - COMPTROLLERSHIP
- Research Plans and Programs Division
- Inspection and Investigation Division

3. Special Staff Groups

- General Services Unit – REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE
- Health Services Unit
- Chaplain Services Unit – SPIRITUAL SERVICES
- Community Services Unit
- Finance Services Unit
- Hearing Office
4. Personal Staff Groups
- Aide-de-Camp
- Intelligence Office
- Public Information Office
- Legal Office
- Adjudication Office
- Internal Audit

REGIONAL OFFICE:
At the Regional Level, each Region shall have a designated Regional
Director for Jail management and Penology.

PROVINCIAL LEVEL:
In the Provincial Level, there shall be designated a Provincial Jail
Administrator to perform the same functions as the ARDs province wide.

DISTRICT OFFICE:
In the District Level, where there are large cities and municipalities, a
district jail with subordinate jails, headed by a District warden may be
established as necessary.

CITY AND MUNICIPAL OFFICE:

In the City and Municipal level, a city or municipal Warden shall head
each jail.

FUNCTIONS OF A JAIL WARDEN OR PRISON SUPERINTENDENT

1. DECISION MAKING - is important in the prison setting. The warden limits his
role to considering policy matters and major problems. He delegates with
confidence, to well-trained subordinate executives, sufficient authority for
management of daily operations in line with established policy.

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2. CONTROL PRISON OPERATIONS AND ACTIVITIES - It has always been

important to insure that the program and policy are carried out and avoid
mismanagement by incompetent personnel or by individual or group of
inmates getting into positions of power. The warden depends more on sound
organizational planning, written manual policies and procedures, and an
effective communications system than controlling operations by constant
personnel inspection of all areas and frequent contact with all personnel and a
large number of inmates.

3. PUBLIC RELATION - The warden today provides leadership to involve all

personnel in a program aimed at gaining public understanding, goodwill and
community acceptance.

4. PERSONNEL PROGRAM - It is the warden’s responsibility to provide

leadership and assign responsibility for recruitment, selection, training and
supervision of personnel.

EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP - must be constantly demonstrated by the

administrative head. He must offer leadership and motivation to his staff in his
personal drive, knowledge and sincerity of purpose and must tie together all
programs or discipline in cementing a meaningful administrative course.

RANK CLASSIFICATION OF THE BJMP (RA 9263)

RANK POSITION APPOINTING RECOMMENDING

AUTHORITY AUTHORITY
DIRECTOR C, BJMP
C/SUPT. DEPUTY PRESIDENT DILG SEC.
C, BJMP
SR. SUPT RD DILG SECRETARY C, BJMP
SUPT ASST. RD
C/ INSP WARDEN
SINSP WARDEN C, BJMP IMMEDIATE
INSP WARDEN SUPERIOR
JO1 - SJO4 JAIL GUARDS RD

The BFP and the BJMP shall be respectively headed by a Chief who shall
be assisted by two (2) deputy chiefs, one (1) for administration and one (1)
for operations, all of whom shall be appointed by the President upon
recommendation of the Secretary of the DILG from among the qualified
officers with at least the rank of senior superintendent in the service (RA
9263 Sec. 3)

NOTE: All uniformed personnel of the BJMP shall be trained in the National Jail
Training Institute under the Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC-NJTI)

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

A. WARDEN
- Direction, Coordination, and Control of the Jail
- Responsible for the:

Security, safety, discipline and well-being of inmates

The office of the warden may organize the following units:

1. Intelligence and Investigation Team

– It gathers, collates and submits intelligence information to the office of the
warden on matter regarding the jail condition.

2. Jail Inspectorate Section

- Inspect jail facilities, personnel, prisoners and submit reports to the warden.
3. Public Relation Office

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- Maintain public relation to obtain the necessary and adequate public support.

B. ASSISTANT WARDEN
- The office of the Assistant Warden undertakes the development of a
systematic process of treatment.
- Chairman of the Classification Board and Disciplinary Board.

Note: Once the inmate has undergone the registration process; he/she will be
temporarily housed at the Inmate Classification and Counseling Unit (ICCU)
in jails where it is available. The inmate shall stay at the ICCU for a minimum
period of thirty (30) days but not exceeding sixty (60) days or until the
completion of the classification process. At the ICCU, the newly committed inmate
will undergo assessment by the different health professionals.

ICCU – Equivalent of Reception and Diagnostic Center of BuCor

C. ADMINISTRATIVE GROUPS

The administrative groups take charge of all administrative functions of

the jail bureau.
1. PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT BRANCH
- Assignment of personnel
- Procedures of selection
- Preparation of personnel reports
- Individual record file

2. RECORDS AND STATISTICS BRANCH

- Keep and maintain booking sheets and arrest reports
- Keep an orderly record of fingerprints and photographs
- Present/ Prepare statistical data of inmates

3. PROPERTY AND SUPPLY BRANCH

- Take charge of the safekeeping of equipments and supplies and materials
needed for the operation of the jail.

4. BUDGET AND FINANCE BRANCH

- Take charge of all financial matters such as budgeting, financing,
accounting, and auditing.

5. MESS SERVICE BRANCH

- Take charge of the preparation of the daily menu, prepares and cook the
food and serve it to inmates.

6. GENERAL SERVICE BRANCH

- Responsible for the maintenance and repair of jail facilities and
equipment. It is also task with the cleanliness and beautification of the jail
compound.

7. MITTIMUS COMPUTING BRANCH

- Tasked to receive court decisions and compute the date of the full
completion of the service of sentence of inmates.

MITTIMUS – is a warrant issued by a court directing the jail or prison authorities

to receive the convicted offender for the service of sentence imposed therein or
for detention.

D. SECURITY GROUPS - The security groups provides a system of sound custody,

security and control of inmates and their movements and also responsible to
enforce prison or jail discipline.

1. ESCORT PLATOON

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a) ESCORT SECTION – to escort inmate upon order of any judicial body; upon
summon of a court; or transfer to other penal institutions. Ratio of 1:2 (one
inmate: 2 jail officers)
b) SUBPOENA SECTION – receives and distribute court summons, notices,
subpoenas, etc.

2. SECURITY PLATOON – a three (3) working platoon shifts responsible for

overall security of the jail compound including gates, guard posts and towers.
They are also responsible for the admitting and releasing unit.

JAIL MANNING LEVEL

1. CUSTODIAL RATIO – 1 personnel for every 7 inmates

2. COURT ROOM RATIO – 2 personnel for every 1 inmate
3. ESCORT RATIO – 1 personnel for every 1 inmate plus one personnel for high
risk inmate
4. LONG DISTANCE TRAVEL – Minimum of 3 personnel
5. REFORMATION OFFICER RATION – 1 personnel to 24 inmates

E. REHABILITATION PURPOSES GROUPS:

- This group provides services and assistance to prisoners and their families to
enable them to solve their individual needs and problems arising from the
prisoners’ confinement.
1. MEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES BRANCH - Provides medical and physical
examinations of inmates upon confinement, treatment of sick inmates and
conduct medical and physical examinations and provide medicines or
recommends for the hospitalization of seriously ill prisoners or inmates. It also
conducts psychiatric and psychological examinations.

2. WORK AND EDUCATION THERAPY SERVICES - It take charge of the job and
educational programs needed for rehabilitation of inmates by providing them
job incentives so they can earn and provide support for their families while in
jail.

EDUCATION – CORNERSTONE of rehabilitation or the most important

program of rehabilitation

3. SOCIO- CULTURAL SERVICES - It takes care of the social case work study of
the individual prisoners by making interviews, home visits, referral to
community resources, free legal services, and liaison works for the inmates.

4. CHAPLAINCY SERVICES - It takes charge of the religious and moral

upliftment of the inmates through religious services. This branch caters to all
religious sects.

5. GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING SERVICES - Responsible for the individual

and group counseling activities to help inmates solve their individual problems
and to help them lead a wholesome and constructive life.

BJMP MANUAL SECTION 30

PUNISHABLE ACTS

1. MINOR OFFENSES:
a. Bartering and Vending
b. Personal Services
c. Untidy Appearance
d. Littering
e. Groundless complaints;
f. Reporting complaints on behalf of other inmates;
g. Late in headcount
h. Waste of food.

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2. LESS GRAVE OFFENSES:

a. Absent in prison labor
b. Failure to render assistance to an injured personnel or inmate and in putting
out fires inside the jail;
c. Improper behavior during religious, social and other group functions;
d. Profanity
e. Malingering
f. Spreading rumors
g. Failure to give due respect to any BJMP personnel;
h. Forcing to render personal service to him/her and/or to others;
i. Exchanging uniforms and wearing unauthorized uniforms
j. Loitering
k. Unauthorized use of telephone
l. Vandalism
m. Withholding information
n. lewd or pornographic literature and/or photographs;
o. absent in headcount
p. Failure to turn over any implement/article/s issued after work detail.

3. GRAVE OFFENSES:
a. Malicious lying
b. Keeping or concealing keys or locks
c. Direct / indirect bribery
d. Possession of contrabands
e. Tattooing others or allowing him/her to be tattooed
f. Extortion
g. Punishing or inflicting injury or any harm upon himself/herself or other
inmates;
h. Concealing or withholding information on plans of attempted escapes;
i. Unruly conduct and flagrant disregard for discipline and instructions;
j. Escaping, attempting or planning to escape from the institution or from any
guard;
k. Helping, aiding or abetting others to escape;
l. Fighting, causing any disturbance or participating therein and/or agitating to
cause such disturbance or riot;
m. Indecent, immoral or lascivious acts by himself/herself or others and/or
allowing himself/herself to be the subject of such indecent, immoral or
lascivious acts;
n. Willful disobedience to a lawful order issued by any BJMP personnel;
o. Assaulting any BJMP personnel;
p. Damaging any government property or equipment;
q. Participating in kangaroo court, an unauthorized or irregular court conducted
with disregard for or perversion of legal procedures as a mock court by the
inmates in a jail/prison;
r. Affiliating with any gang or faction whose main purpose is to foment
regionalism or to segregate themselves from others;
s. Failing to inform the authorities concerned when afflicted with any
communicable disease, such as tuberculosis, sexually-transmitted diseases,
etc.;
t. Engaging in gambling or any game of chance;
u. Committing any act which violates any law or ordinance, in which case, he/she
shall be prosecuted criminally in accordance with law; and
v. Committing any act prejudicial to good order and discipline.

Any personnel, especially warden, found to be allowing and tolerating any

violation mentioned above will be immediately relieved from his/her designation
without prejudice to his or her being administratively charged.

Section 26. DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DISCIPLINARY BOARD – The

Board is tasked to investigate the facts of an alleged misconduct referred to it. It
shall hold sessions as often as necessary in a room, which may be provided for the

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purpose. All cases referred to it shall be heard and decided within forty-eight
(48) hours from the date of receipt of the case.

DISCIPLINARY PUNISHMENTS IN JAIL / PRISON

1. Counsel and reprimand

2. Reduced Diet
3. Loss of Privileges
4. Loss of Good Conduct Time Allowance
5. Close Confinement

THE TREATMNENT PROGRAMS

A. The Institutionalized Treatment Programs

1. PRISON EDUCATION – the cornerstone of rehabilitation. It is the process

or result of formal training in school or classrooms intended to shape the
mind and attitude of prisoners towards good living upon their release.

2. WORK PROGRAMS / LIVELIHOOD PROGRAMS – these are programs

conducive to change behavior in morale by training prisoners for a useful
occupation. It is purposely to eliminate idleness on the part of prisoners, which
may contribute to “Prison stupor”, and it affects the incidence of Prison riot.

a. INDUSTRIAL PROGRAMS – concerned in goods or products production

b. AGRICULTURAL PROGRAMS – concerned in crops and farm activities and
programs

3. RELIGIOUS SERVICES IN PRISON / SPIRITUAL PROGRAMS- The purpose

of this program is to change the attitudes of inmates by inculcating religious
values or belief.

4. SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL PROGRAMS - The only leisure program that

is conducted during free time schedule.

5. MEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES - Medical and health services includes:

Mental and physical examination - Diagnosis and treatment – Immunization –
Sanitary - inspections - Participation in training

6. COUNSELING AND CASEWORK

PENAL SERVITUDE / PRISON LABOR

PENAL SERVITUDE – a punishment, which consist of keeping an offender in

confinement and compelling him to labor.
-Also known as PRISON LABOR
-Penal servitude is being conducted in HARD WOOD SHOPS

Types:
1. LEASE SYSTEM - The state turns the prisoners over to a private lease.
The latter feeds, clothes, guards, and houses and disciplines the prisoners.
This system prevailed in the southern states of the United States. These
systems no longer exist. (Private Controlled with Less Government
Supervision)
2. CONTRACT SYSTEM - The state, under this system, retains control of the
prisoner and the contractor merely engages with the state for the labor of
the inmates, which is performed within or near the prison. The contractor
supplies the raw material and supervises the work and pays the institution
the stipulated amount for the services of the prisoners. This system no
longer exists too. (Government Controlled with Private Paying
Contractor)

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3. PRICE-PIECE SYSTEM - Under this system the contractor supplies the raw
materials and pays the state a determined amount for the work done on
each article produced. The institution retains control of the inmates
including the daily quantity of work required. This system has also been
abolished. (Government Controlled prison with Private company
partnership paying per piece of work)
4. PUBLIC ACCOUNT SYSTEM - In the Public Account System, the state buys
the raw material, manufactures and sells the products and assumes all the
risks of conducting a manufacturing business. Today, prison-made products
cannot be sold in the open market. (Full Government Control)
5. STATE-USE SYSTEM - Under this system, the state conducts the
manufacture of the article but the use of the article is limited to state owned
institutions. The principle of the system is that the state produces articles or
merchandise for its own consumption alone and in the process, affords the
prisoner opportunities to train for a vocation. (Government Manufactures
for its own consumption)
6. PUBLIC WORKS AND WAYS SYSTEM — Prison labor is used in the
construction and repair of public buildings, roads, bridges, flood control,
reforestation, clearing land, preventing soil erosion, etc. The system does
not involve the application of prison labor to the production of consumption
goods. (inmate in public works)

MODES AND GUIDELINES OF RELEASE – The following modes and guidelines

shall be observed when inmates are to be released from detention.

a. An inmate may be released through:

 SERVICE OF SENTENCE – released by director
 ORDER OF THE COURT – thru probation or acquittal
 PAROLE – by BPP
 PARDON – released by the order of the President
 AMNESTY - released by the order of the President and Congress

b. Before an inmate is released, he/she shall be properly identified to ensure

that he/she is the same person received and will be released. His/her marks
and fingerprints shall be verified with those taken when he/she was
received.

Any changes or differences in his/her distinguishing marks and scars shall be

investigated to ascertain his/her real identity in order to prevent the mistaken
release of another person.

c. No inmate shall be released on a mere verbal order or an order relayed by

telephone. The release of an inmate by reason of acquittal, dismissal of case,
payment of fines and/or indemnity, of filing of bond, shall be effected only
upon receipt of the Release Order served by the court process server.

The Court Order shall bear the full name of the inmate, the crime he/she
was charged with, the criminal case number and such other details that will
enable the officer in charge to properly identify the inmate to be released.

 Upon proper verification from the court of the authenticity of the Order, an
inmate shall be released promptly and without unreasonably delay.
 Under proper receipt, all money earned and other valuables held in trust when
first admitted, shall be returned to the inmate upon release.
 The released inmate shall be issued a Certification of Discharge from jail by
the Warden/Wardress or his/her authorized representative.

PREGNANT FEMALE INMATE

Pregnant women must be given special considerations and if ever that the
child was born, the said child will have to stay to his/her mother for not more than
1 year (for BuCor) or 1 month (for BJMP)

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CAN AN INMATE GET MARRIED?

 Yes
 but it should Be held inside the jail
 Request must be produced to the superintendent
 Expenses must be shouldered by the inmate
 Solemnized by the prison chaplain
 No media coverage
 No jail personnel sponsors and witness

MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS ABOUT INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION

 The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the treatment of offenders
prescribes that penal institution should not exceed 1,200 inmates.
Smaller institutions should however not be too small as to make operating cost
too expensive.
 Super Security Facility - A small portion of any prison population consists of
incorrigibles, recidivists, escape artists, and chronic troublemakers. This
category of prisoners should be confined in a unit or institution separate from
the general population.

BUCOR’S TEAMS UNDER RIOT AND DISORDERS

 GROUP 1 – anti riot assault with shields, head gear, gas mask and baton to
disperse the rioters and leaders
 GROUP 2 – backup team with tear gas and gas grenades
 GROUP 3 – fire arms team, use firearms with permission of the guard in
charge

BASIC POINTS ON DEALING WITH JAILBREAKS

(SALVARI VITAS)

S – Sound the alarm (control center)

A – Ask for assistance of the nearest police station and medical team
L – Lock all inmates in their respective cells
V – Visitor out or kept in a secured area
A – All members of the custodial force must be issued fire arms
R – Ready to plug-off escape routes
I – Issue Anti-riot equipment
V – Visit the scene and engage
I – Initiate dispersal and use gas grenades with permission of the officer in charge.
T – Tactical teams as last resort
A – accounting of inmates and personnel
S – save the injured

Chapter 3. Salient Feature of RA 10575

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the topic, the students should be able to:
1. Know other miscellaneous topics on Institutional Corrections under RA
10575

SALIENT POINTS ON RA 10575

“BUCOR LAW OF 2013”

CLASSIFICATION OF DORMITORY

1. TYPE A DORMITORY – above 500 inmate capacity and lot area of more than
1.5 hectares
2. TYPE B DORMITORY – 101 to 500 inmate capacity and lot area of 1.5
hectares
3. TYPE C DORMITORY – 1 to 100 inmate capacity and lot area of 3,000 sq. m.

CELL CAPACITY (1 Cell : 4.7 sq. meters per inmate : 10 maximum inmate per cell
: 5 Maximum Beds by 2 floors)

For ULS-CCje Instructional Material use only! 33

 Correctional Administration

1. IDEAL HABITABLE FLOOR AREA PER INMATE = 4.7 square meters

2. MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INMATES PER CELL = 10
3. MAXIMUM NUMBER OF BUNKS BEDS = 5 units two level

KEY POSITIONS

The BuCor shall be headed by a Director who shall be assisted by three

(3) Deputy Directors: one (1) for administration, one (1) for security and
operations and one (1) for reformation, all of whom shall be appointed by the
President upon the recommendation of the Secretary of the DOJ who shall
have a tenure of 6 years.

BUCOR MANNING LEVEL

1. 1:7 for three (3) shifts and

2. reformation personnel-to-inmate ratio of 1:24 for one (1) shift.
3. reformation ratio is broken down into the following:
a. MORAL AND SPIRITUAL PERSONNEL-TO-INMATE ratio is 1:240; (1
priest : 240 inmates)
b. EDUCATION AND TRAINING PERSONNEL-TO-INMATE ratio is 1:120;
(1 teacher : 120 inmates)
c. WORK AND LIVELIHOOD PERSONNEL-TO-INMATE ratio is 1:180; (1
vocational officer : 180 inmates)
d. SPORTS AND RECREATION PERSONNEL-TO-INMATE ratio is 1:225; (1
sports officer : 225 inmates )
e. HEALTH AND WELFARE PERSONNEL-TO-INMATe ratio is 1:80; and ( 1
health officer : 80 inmates )
f. BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION PERSONNEL-TO-INMATE ratio is 1:150. (1
Behavior Mod Officer : 150 Inmates )

BUCOR OFFICERS BASIC QUALIFICATION

All of the requirements asked by law is very much the same as of the PNP,
BFP and BJMP but only differs in mandatory AGE requirement which is 21 to 40
years old for the BuCor.

COUNTING OF INMATES - Prisoners should be counted four times a day or

oftener. During change of shifts, guards on duty must be certain that all prisoners
are present and accounted for. In counting prisoners at night, the guard should
"see flesh and hear voice" before recording them as present.

For ULS-CCje Instructional Material use only! 34