23:07 Ce eS Tn 39 © 6 MM aow Ua Ua-loinr- 0c We BATT mee 6 KTM 0) sciences: Varta (economics) and Dandaniti (government), together forming a comprehensive guide on worldly prosperity and governance. It serves as a practical handbook for rulers and politicians, with Kautilya offering pragmatic solutions to the challenges faced by kings of his era. His work stands out as the first to discuss politics independently of religion, ethics, or morality, advocating for a strong, oUt Pace -Le NTNU L Cet The dating of the Arthashastra remains debated. The Arthashastra contains 15 books 150 chapters and over 180 topics, with R. P. Kangle calling it the “science of politics,’and D. D. Kosambi the “science of material gain.Origin of state and its function Kautilya explains that the state was formed when people, tired of the chaos and disorder (Matsya Nyaya, or "law of the fish’), chose Manu as their first king. They agreed Uir-Taar mele] (Meet Meli oes UROL m UT -MeLe-1T and one-tenth of merchandise and gold as revenue. This income allowed the king to protect and care for his people. Kautilya believed the state's role went beyond maintaining peace and order; it was to help individuals achieve their highest feXo) nN Le Lom nell Ce 10 a) Protection—safeguarding against internal and external threats, b) Maintaining Common Law—upholding ancient customs, c) Upholding Social Order—protecting the land’s dharma, and d) Promoting Welfare—recognizing that the king's happiness lies in his subjects’ Li) on oso For Kautilya, the king's duty was to protect with justice, understanding that his well-being was tied to the well-being of his people. OnePlus NSeyCOS aCe ey king, with only three or four appointed to SU Aue loyal, and of strong character, chosen Pere ea ee oe) their loyalty and rewards or punishes them Cea Janapada (Territory and People): The king ee CCR Ca territory with resources and loyal, Ce eC Poon ChE Oa Cee eee cL forests, deserts, or islands. They house Roe eT) orm Kosha (Treasury): A well-maintained treasury filled with precious resources, SCR Te Ly should be fair, ensuring funds are available for state needs without burdening the oad Poa) Peery Sea Le Cn Lu) Pao eg on loyalty and readiness to sacrifice for the Co Mitra (Allies): Allies support the king A oe nL) SOC one RE through gifts and diplomatic efforts, CO ery Cae aa COR) UCI co eeu CooCdeee ey perenne Sete ne ee Sn eee ee Re ae See Sao Per en nett eet ee rr) eee Intligence. Ce ee oe Se ee Ct See) nee ney eee eee iy ee ees cee ee eet Pen sce n ee ee ets ere ceed eee tte ee ees See a Se ee) ee tsPen eecCUeen e ec CETUS IRC eR rscury Ce cec mit n acct cary Tee RC Erte steer RSC een ieee euece eur! Sec heu re UR ULTe-l fe RAUL SOC ec menue acc justice, and effective administration. The Pym ERC CC cas Petree eet eer uer tr cy TTI cy PeUCM enue een Cne key eeuney} Eee cece euch Uae m ere nen men ee ue eR ace To ensure effective tax administration, Cem economic Cate een Re ec em eue aon Reema RUr nel eu ouI Eee SOM UR oun) Pen aere Ru nce overburdened by taxes, with special PSCC Cha Steck Te] Reece en meen Cole ee MR ROOT PMC RCA coe EU Tete eet iece Ore Me See Cae nese policies, Kautilya’s system aimed not only to secure state revenue but also to foster orc ee cue Dees Mae cur Reo uTs DeSean ca eM aCe NEY Cree ee ee tee) Cee cs