Name: __________________________________________________________________________ HPC/CC

Semester 1 - UNIT 8 – Exponential & Logarithmic Functions (non-calculator)

Graphing:

An exponential function is defined as y b x , where b 0, b 1 .

Example 1: Complete the table and graph for y 2x 1 x

Example 2: Complete the table and graph for y 2

x y 2x x y 1 x
2

-2 -2
-1 -1
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3

This is an example of exponential __________________. This is an example of exponential __________________.

As x , y ______________________________. As x , y ______________________________.

As x , y ______________________________. As x , y ______________________________.

What is the y-intercept for the graph? _______________ . What is the y-intercept for the graph? _______________ .

What is the x-intercept for the graph? _______________ . What is the x-intercept for the graph? _______________ .

What is the equation of the asymptote? ______________ . What is the equation of the asymptote? ______________ .

What is the domain of the function? ________________ . What is the domain of the function? ________________ .

What is the range of the function? __________________ . What is the range of the function? __________________ .

In general, if b 1 , then the function is ______________. In general, if 0 b 1 , then the function is ____________.

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Practice:

1. Graph f x 3x and g x 3 x
(a) What transformation occurred that f x g x ?

_____________________________________________________

(b) What is the point of intersection of the two graphs? _________

(c) End behavior of f x ________________________________

(d) End behavior of g x ________________________________

2. Graph f x e x and g x ex (a) What transformation occurred that f x g x ?

_____________________________________________________

(b) What is the point of intersection of the two graphs? _________

(c) End behavior of f x ________________________________

(d) End behavior of g x ________________________________

1 x 1 x
3. Graph f x 2 and g x 2 2 (a) What transformation occurred that f x g x ?

_____________________________________________________

(b) What is the point of intersection of the two graphs? _________

(c) End behavior of f x ________________________________

(d) End behavior of g x ________________________________

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Transformations of Exponential Functions:

x h
An exponential function in the form f ( x) b x g ( x) a b k

a _________________________ in front of a _________________________

h _________________________ in front of x _________________________
k__________________________ Recall that transformation notation works right to left!

Example: Write the equation of image for y 3x after T2, 3 ry axis .

Practice:
1. Write the equation of image for y 2 x after T 1,4 rx axis .

2. Write the equation of image for y 4x 1

after T2, 3 rx axis .

3. Name the transformation which maps f ( x) 5 x 1 to g ( x) 5x 4 and state the domain and range of
g ( x) 5x 4 .

x
4. Write the equation of image for y 3 after T 1,4 rx axis .

5. Write the transformation which maps f ( x) 3x 1 to g ( x ) 3 x 4

.

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Logarithmic Graphs: A logarithmic function is defined as y logb x , where b 0, b 1 .

Example 1: Complete the table and graph for y log 2 x Example 2: Complete the table and graph for y ln x

x y log 2 x x y ln x

0 1
1 e
2 e2
4
8

As x , y ______________________________. As x , y ______________________________.

As x 0, y ______________________________. As x 0, y ______________________________.

What is the y-intercept for the graph? _______________ . What is the y-intercept for the graph? _______________ .

What is the x-intercept for the graph? _______________ . What is the x-intercept for the graph? _______________ .

What is the equation of the asymptote? ______________ . What is the equation of the asymptote? ______________ .

What is the domain of the function? ________________ . What is the domain of the function? ________________ .

What is the range of the function? __________________ . What is the range of the function? __________________ .

Exponential and Log Graph Practice Problems

Directions: Do not use a calculator for the questions on this sheet.

I. Sketch each of the following equations, identifying any roots, y-intercept, equations of asymptotes, and
domain and range.
1. f (x) = ex + 2 2. f (x) = ex + 5

Root:_________ Root:_________

y-int: _________ y-int: _________

Asymptotes: __________ Asymptotes: __________

Domain: _____________ Domain: _____________ 4

Range: __________ Range: __________

3. f (x) = ex – 3 4. f (x) = ex – 1
Root:_________ Root:_________

y-int: _________ y-int: _________

Asymptotes: __________ Asymptotes: __________

Domain: _____________ Domain: _____________

Range: __________ Range: __________

5. f (x) = ex – 4 6. f (x) = e x +3

Root:_________ Root:_________

y-int: _________ y-int: _________

Asymptotes: __________ Asymptotes: __________

Domain: _____________ Domain: _____________

Range: __________ Range: __________

11. f x ln x 2 12. f x ln x 5

Root:_________ Root:_________

y-int: _________ y-int: _________

Asymptotes: __________ Asymptotes: __________

Domain: _____________ Domain: _____________

Range: __________ Range: __________

13. f x ln x 3 14. f x ln x 1

Root:_________ Root:_________

y-int: _________ y-int: _________

Asymptotes: __________ Asymptotes: __________

Domain: _____________ Domain: _____________

Range: __________ 5
Range: __________
Logarithms:

Let’s recall what a logarithm actually is… A logarithm is _________________________________.

A logarithm is ___________________________of an exponential function.

In the equation x b y , y is called the logarithm of x. It is usually rewritten as y logb x .

(b is called the base of the logarithm)

Find the inverse of each in y = form.

1. f ( x) 2 x 2. f ( x) log3 x 3. f ( x) 8x 4. f ( x) log 7 x

An exponential equation can often be rewritten as a logarithmic equation and vice versa. This can be useful
when trying to evaluate an expression without a calculator.

Recall the rule for converting from logarithmic & exponentials: _________________________________

Ex. log 2 32 5 Ex. 43 64

Practice: Convert the following

2 3 1
1. log125 25 2. 3
3 27

Use the conversions above to evaluate the following logarithms, without a calculator.

1
3. log 7 4. log8 64
49

Note: We cannot take the logarithm of a number.

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Special Logarithms:

Common Logarithm: log10 x usually written as log x Natural Logarithm: log e x usually written as ln x

e is an constant, whose
value is approximately

This number becomes very important in certain

exponential and logarithmic applications.

Practice: Solve for x.

1. log x 8 3 2
2. log 8 x
3

3. log x 5 0.25 4. ln e x

Log Laws:

Common Logarithm Natural Logarithm

Logarithm of 1 log x 1 0 ln 1 0
Logarithm of the Base log x x 1 ln e 1
Multiplication log x AB log x A log x B ln AB ln A ln B
Division A A
log x log x A log x B ln ln A ln B
B B
Logarithm of a Power log x Ac c log x A ln A c c ln A

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Exponents and Logarithms of the same base:

Common Logarithm Natural Logarithm

log x x c c ln e c c

b logb c c e ln c c

**When evaluating an expression, an exponent and a logarithm of the same base will cancel each other out.**

Examples:

ln e x 5log5 (2 x 1)

eln( x 7)
log 9 96

log1025

Practice: Evaluate & simplify each expression.

1. log 25 125 2. log100 0.1

3. log 3 81 4. ln xe x

5. e x ln x
6. If f ( x) log 3 x , evaluate f (1)

7. log 10 9.725 8. 5 log 5 6

9. ln e 4 ln e 9 10. e 3 ln 4

2 log 4 2
11. log 4 161.2 12. 4

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Practice: Write as a single logarithm. Find the value of the expression.

1. log12 9 log12 16 2. log 6 12 log 6 3

3. log 3 9 log 3 27 log 3 243

Practice: Expand each expression as a difference, sum, and/or multiple of logarithms. Find the value of the
expression.

9 1
4. 4 log 3 5. log3 3 243
27 2

Practice: Write in terms of log a and log b .

6. log a 2b 7. log a b

3 a
8. log a 2b 9. log
b

9
 3
10. log a 2b 11. If. log10 3 x and log10 5 y , express log10 2
in
5
terms of x and y.

1
12. Solve for n: log 4 64 log 4 16 log 4 n 13. Solve for n: log 6 216 log 6 36 log 6 n
2

1
14. Solve for n: log 3 n log 3 log 3 9
3

4 y
15. If. log 2 x A and log 2 y B , express log 2 3
in terms of A and B.
x

10
Solving Equations:
1
1. ln e 3
x 2. log x 1
8
3
2
3. log 64 161 x

4. log16 x 3
4 5. log x 27 3
2 6. log 32 1
4 x

7. log10 1 x 3 8. log10 x 1 9. ln x 2 4

1
10. ln 2 11. 5 2 ln x 4 12. log 3 3 x 7
x

11
13. log 5 5 2 x 8 14. log x 2 log x 30 15. ln 4 x 3 ln x 2 ln 2

16. ln x 2 ln 2 x 3 2 ln x 17. log 2 x 1 log 2 2 x 2 18. log 2 39.87 x

19. log 2 x log 2 15 x 7 1 20. log 8.3 2091 x 21. 3 x 2

2x 2x
22. 5 3 23. 3e 5 24. 2e 3x 7

12
 4x
25. 3e 197.4 26. e 7 x 534.1 27. e x 2 xe x 0

x x
28. xe 2e 0 29. e 2 x 3e x 2 0 30. e 2 x ex 6

2x x ex 1
31. e 3e 2 32. 2 33. 4
1 ex 1 3e 2 x

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REVIEW:

1.) ln 14 = _______ . (Simplify your answer.) 2.) Evaluate: log3(1/9).

3.) Rewrite as a single logarithm: ln x 2 ln x 5 4.) If f (x) = 4ex – e-x, find f (ln 2).

1
log 4
2 2 1
5.) Simplify: 2 log 3 9 1
2 ln e 4 2
6.) Simplify: 2 ln e 2 1
log 3 9
ln e 2

7.) The domain of y = ln (x–7) is _______. The range is ________. The equation of the asymptote is ______.

8.) Change the equation 3x = 9 to logarithmic form.

A. logx9 = 3 B. log3x = 9 C. log39 = x D. logx3 = 9 E. log93 = x

5 3
9.) Solve logx5 = 3 for x. A. x = 3 B. x = 243 C. x = 5 D. x = 5 E. x = 125

x
10.) Which expression is equivalent to ln 5 ?
10
1 ln 5 x ln x 1 1
A. ln x ln 2 B. C. ln 5 D. E. ln x ln 10
5 ln x ln 10 10 5 ln 10 5 5

3
a
11.) If log a = m, log b = n, and log c = p, use the properties of logarithms to expand log . Express your
2
bc
answer in terms of m, n, and p.

In #’s 12-21, solve for x.

12.) 4e-6x = 5 13.) 23x-1 = 16 14.) 43x = 5

1
15.) log6 (x2 – 2x + 1) = 0 16.) log x 3
17.) log x + log (x+15) = 2
125

18.) log 2 x 1 log x 3 2 log 3 19.) ln(x+1) = 2 20.) 2ex – xex = 0

21.) e2x – 5ex + 6 = 0

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