Introduction to Python

HUDA NOORDEAN
Department of CSE
College of Engg. Trikaripur
Why should we learn Python?

▪ Python is a higher level programming language.

▪ Its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in
fewer lines of code.
▪ Python is a programming language that lets you work
quickly and integrate systems more efficiently.
▪ One can perform symbolic mathematics easily using
Python.
▪ It is available freely online.
Searching for
Python
Downloading
Python
Running Python
There are two modes for using the Python interpreter:
1) Interactive Mode
2) Script Mode
Options for running the program:
• In Windows, you can display your folder contents, and
double click on [Link] to start the program.
• In Linux or on a Mac you can open a terminal window,
change into your python directory, and enter the command
python [Link]
Python Interpreter

The program that translates Python instructions and then executes them is the
Python interpreter. When we write a Python program, the program is executed
by the Python interpreter. This interpreter is written in the C language.
Python IDLE
Python interpreter is embedded in a number of larger programs that make it
particularly easy to develop Python programs. Such a programming environment is
IDLE
( Integrated Development and Learning Environment).
Running Python
1) In interactive mode:
>>> print("Hello Students")
Hello Students
>>> a=10
>>> print(a)
10
>>> x=10
>>> z=x+20
>>> z
30
Interactive shell
Running Python

2) In script mode:
Programmers can store Python script source code in a file
with the .py extension, and use the interpreter to execute the
contents of the file.

For UNIX OS to run a script file [Link] you have to type:

python [Link]
IDLE shell
Data Types
 Data Types
Python has various standard data types:
▪ Integer [ class ‘int’ ] i=18
▪ Float [ class ‘float’ ] f=12.5
▪ Boolean [ class ‘bool’ ] b=True
▪ String [ class ‘str’ ] s=‘hello’
▪ Complex [ class ‘complex’] c= 2+4j
Int:
For integer or whole number, positive or negative, without decimals of
unlimited length.
>>> print(2465635468765)
2465635468765
>>> print(0b10) # 0b indicates binary number
2
>>> print(0x10) # 0x indicates hexadecimal number
16
>>> a=0b11
>>> print(type(a))
<class 'int’>
>>> print(a)
3
Float:
Float, or "floating point number" is a number, positive or negative.
Float can also be scientific numbers with an "e" to indicate the power of 10.
>>> y=2.8
>>> y
2.8
>>> print(0.00000045)
4.5e-07
>>> y=2.8
>>> print(type(y))
<class 'float'>
Boolean and String
Boolean:
Objects of Boolean type may have one of two values, True or False:
>>> type(True)
<class 'bool'>
>>> type(False)
<class 'bool'>
String:
>>> print(‘Science college’)
Science college
>>> type("My college")
<class 'str'>
Variables
One can store integers, decimals or characters in variables.
Rules for Python variables:
• A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
• A variable name cannot start with a number
• A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-
9, and _ )
• Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables)

a= 100 # An integer assignment

b = 1040.23 # A floating point
c = "John" # A string
STATEMENTS
• A statement is an instruction that the Python interpreter can execute.
• Two kinds of statements:
1. print
2. assignment
• When you type a statement on the command line, Python executes it and displays
the result.
• The result of a print statement is a value.
Example: i=1
print i+1 Output: 2
• Assignment statements don't produce a result.
Example: x=2 Here, x is assigned with a value 2
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS

• An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators.

• If you type an expression on the command line, the interpreter evaluates it and
displays the result:
>>> 1 + 1
2
>>> 17
17
>>> x
2
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION
• A boolean expression is an expression that is either true or false.
• One way to write a boolean expression is to use the comparison
operator = =, which compares two values and produces a
boolean value
>>> 5 == 5
True
>>> 5 == 6
False
print function
>>>type(print)
Output:
<class 'builtin_function_or_method'>

>>>print( ‘Good morning’ ) or print(“Good morning”)

Output:
Good morning

>>>print(“Workshop”, “on”, “Python”) or print(“Workshop on Python”)

Output:
Workshop on Python
print function
>>>a=15
>>>print(a)
Output:
15
>>>b=“Hello”
>>>b=‘Hello”
>>>print(b)
Output:
Hello
print function
# printing a string
name = “Rahul”
print(‘Hey ‘ + name)
Output:
Hey Rahul
print(‘Roll No: ‘ + str(34)) # “Roll No: ” + 34 is incorrect
Output:
Roll No: 34
# printing a bool True / False
print(True)
Output:
True
print function
str1 = ‘Python code’
str2 = ‘Matlab code’
print(str1)
print(str2)
Output: Python code
Matlab code
print(str1, end=’ ‘)
print(str2)
Output: Python code Matlab code
print(str1, end=’, ‘)
print(str2)
Output: Python code, Matlab code
input function
>>>type(input)
Output:
<class 'builtin_function_or_method’>

>>>x=input() #cursor waits for user to enter input

Output:
5

>>>x=input('Enter number : ‘)
Output:
Enter number : 5
Python Keywords

Python has a set of keywords that are reserved words that cannot be
used as variable names, function names, or any other identifiers:
Python has 35 keywords:
 OPERATORS AND OPERANDS
• Operators are used to perform basic
operation
>>>a=1
>>>b=2
>>>b+a
3
• Here, + is operator, a and b are operands.
• Python supports following operators

3. Logical Operators
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational / Comparison Operators 4. Bitwise Operators
3. Assignment Operator 5. Membership Operators
6. Identity Operators
Arithmetic Operators
• It performs operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus etc.
• Assume a=10 and b=20
Relational/Comparison Operators
• These operators compare the operands like greater than, less than, equal to etc.
Assignment Operator
• Assignment operator symbol = is used in program to assign value to a variable.
• Example: x=1 means value 1 is assigned to variable x
• Similarly, x+ = 5 means x = x+5
Logical Operators

• Logical operators are used to control the flow of a program.

• The logical operators are combined with Boolean expressions.
• Three types of Logical Operators
1. and
and will result True only if both operands are True

Operand A Operand B A and B

TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE FALSE
FALSE TRUE FALSE
FALSE FALSE FALSE
Logical Operators
2. or
or will result True if any of the operands is True
Operand A Operand B A or B
TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE TRUE
FALSE TRUE TRUE
FALSE FALSE FALSE

3. not
Operand A not A
not operator is used TRUE FALSE
to invert the truth
FALSE TRUE
table.
Bitwise Operators

• Bitwise operators manipulate directly on bits.

& Binary and

| Binary or
^ Binary Xor

~ Binary Ones compliment

<< Binary left shift

>> Binary right shift

6. Membership Operators
• It is used for testing whether the element is present or not.
• It is applied on strings, tuples, list and dictionary.
• Two membership operators are:
1. in 2. not in
Example:

>>>’h’ in “hello world”

True
>>>’a’ in “hello world”
False
>>>’a’ not in “hello world”
True
Operators
Addition + Subtraction -
Multiplication * Exponentiation **
Division / Integer division //
Remainder %
Binary left shift << Binary right shift >>
And & Or |
Less than < Greater than >
Less than or equal to <= Greater than or equal to >=
Check equality == Check not equal !=
Precedence of operators
Parenthesized expression ( ….. )
Exponentiation **
Positive, negative, bitwise not (unary operator) +n, -n, ~n
Multiplication, float division, int division, remainder *, /, //, %
Addition, subtraction +, -
Bitwise left, right shifts <<, >>
Bitwise and &
Bitwise or |
Membership and equality tests in, not in, is, is not,
<, <=, >, >=, !=, ==
Boolean (logical) not not x
Boolean and and
Boolean or or
Conditional expression if ….. else
Precedence of Operators
Example 1:

a=20 b=10 c=15 d=5 e=0

e = (a+b) * c/d
= (20+10) * (15/5) ( ) has highest priority
= 30 * 15 / 5 * / has next priority
= 450 / 5
= 90
Precedence of Operators

Example 2:

a=20 b=10 c=15 d=5 e=0

e=a+b*c
= 20 + 10 * 15 * highest priority
= 20 + 150 + next priority
= 170
Precedence of Operators
Examples:
a = 20, b = 10, c = 15 ,d = 5 ,e = 2
f = (a + b) * c / d
print( f) // 90.0

g = a + (b * c) / d – e // 48.0
print(g)

h = a + b*c**e
print(h) // 2270
Multiple Assignment
Python allows you to assign a single value to several variables
simultaneously.
a = b = c = 1.5
a, b, c = 1, 2, " Red“
Here, two integer objects with values 1 and 2 are assigned to
variables a and b respectively and one string object with the
value "Red" is assigned to the variable c.
STRINGS

• String is a collection of characters, a character represents letters and

it is enclosed with single or double quotes.
• Strings belong to compound data type in python.
• The bracket [ ] operator selects a single character from string.
>>> fruit = "banana"
>>> var = fruit[1]
>>> print var

Output: a
Special Use of + and * on strings

Examples:
print(2*' very ')
x = "Python is "
Output:
y = "awesome."
very very
z=x+y
print('It is',2*' very ','hot')
print(z)
Output:
Output:
It is very very hot.
Python is awesome.
Use of \”, \n, \t
Specifying a backslash (\) in front of the quote character in a
string “escapes” it and causes Python to suppress its usual
special meaning. It is then interpreted simply as a literal single
quote character:
>>> print(" \”Beauty of Flower\” ")
”Beauty of Flower”
>>> print('Red \n Blue \n Green ')
Red
Blue
Green
>>> print("a \t b \t c \t d")
a b c d
Comments
Single-line comments begins with a hash ( # ) symbol and is useful in mentioning that
the whole line should be considered as a comment until the end of line.

A Multi line comment is useful when we need to comment on many lines. In python,
triple double quote(“ “ “) and triple single quote(‘ ‘ ‘)are used for multi-line
commenting.
Example:
’’’ My Program to find
Average of three numbers ’’’
a = 29 # Assigning value of a
b = 17 # Assigning value of b
c = 36 # Assigning value of c
average = ( a + b + c)/3
print(‘Average value is ‘, average)
Thank You