Chapter4

Slide1

7a ne7ke liom 3an l choke performance lama n2oul kelmet choke 7ada seme3 bl choke chou bte3mol
choke hie we need to add a choke always wel choke hie mana a separate unit bteje hek wa7da l choke
it’s a part from the Christmas tree this part 3enda a certain role chou houe hayda l role hayda lrole is
controlling the flow rate wen betkoun hayde l choke fi 7ada y2ele on the wellhead on the surface on the
wellbore ana bade 7eta 3ala l wellhead

3ala lpoint c la2eno ana bade 2e3mol l control 3al flow mn ta7et 3al well head w akid 3ende other
control valve 3al platform la2eno iza sar 3ende 7ari2 ta7et byoula3 kl chi iza ma knt 7atet l Christmas
tree w ana aslan wen bade 2e3mol control 3al pressure hon 3al c so once for all we can control the
pressure by using the choke yalle hie part mn l Christmas tree 3ala kl wellhead so bs 2e3mol control 3al
pressure bkoun 3am 2e3mol control 3al flow Q

Slide 2

Hayde hoe l choke it’s a device used to control the flow it is placed where you canot adjust the flowrate
when u need to control the flowrate u need to place a choke

Slide 3

Ra7 ne7ke 3an choke ne7na wa2ta ne2dar net7akam bl pressure on the wellhead ana fe3lian 3a chou
3am be3mol control 3am be3mol control lal production rate tb iza ma 3melet control lal q chou bi sir
3ende chou momkn ysir fi 3ende iza ma t7akamet bi hal pressure aw bi hal Q ta7et bi lreservoir bado
ysir fi 3ende slugging ne7na chou 3am yetla3 ma3na bi hal tube 3am yetla3 water oil gas w impurities so
ne7na iza ma 3melna control la hol ra7 ysir fi 3ende slugging ra7 ysaker hal tube kello sawa ra7
yetjama3o hol kellon w ysakroule l tube ra7 ybatel fi 3ende production fr exemple iza 3elle l q ktir
ye3ne sar fi 3ende a huge delta p tala3et more oil mn ta7et bs hayda l oil ma3o water w ma3o gas w
ma3o sand mch l oil li ra7 ye3mele hal slug wala l gas lsand houe ra7 ysakerle l tube

Cheyfin hon 3ende bl image hayda li mnsami coning 3am ye3mele chalk l cone hon so hayda mn wara
chou sar hayda bi sir lama ma koun 2eder 2et7akam bl flow ra7 ysir fi 3ende hayda l cone ra7 sir 3am
2es7ab more water ye3ne serna bi new problem li houe separation of water from oil and gas so I have to
control it

Slide 4
Lama ne7ke 3an choke bade 2e7ke 3an 2 types of choke awal type yalle houe fixed choke w tene type
yalle houe adjustable choke leh ana bade sometimes 2esta3mel fixed w lech aw2at bade 2esta3mal
adjustable choke

Lets talk about fixed choke chou l ma2soud bi fixed fixed ye3ne you can not control the production rate
u can not change the orifice size chou lhadaf taba3a tb ma ana kl hadafe 2et7akam bi hal q chou 3melet
iza jit 7atayta w ma 2deretr 2et7akam bl q okay it is more resistant to erosion ok chou l erosion

Erosion and abrasion

3am bi sir 3ende friction 3ala hal surface 3am be5sar chwayet material mena la2eno flow awe 3am sir fi
3ende chwayet pores bs ba3da surface ma2boule

Bs lama oul erosion 5alas kasarta 5elset sar fi 3ende failure ta2et l material so lama n2oul more resistant
to erosion ye3ne btet7amal flow a2wa ma bete2 ma bisir 3ende hal failure bi ser3a

Tayeb la nerja3 3al chole hek type of choke chou bada tse3edne in real ana mch kl lwa2et hadafe 2ene
2e3mol control ana 2aw2at bi koun hadafe 2ene 5alli constant so ana hon bi koun hadafe 2ene 7afez
3ala constant flow mch kl chway yetla3 3ende flowrate 8er 3an l tene hala2 bet2ele eno with time bado
y5ef l flowrate bado yet8aya bade rou7 3ala artificial gas lift method hon ma betfidne bs ana fi 3ende
fatra 7a ykoun fia l flow sebet so in this case b3ouz hayde l fixed choke aymata ana bi koun fi 3ende
fixed flow 7kineha hayde lama ykoun fi 3ende edgewater leh bade rou7 edfa3 masare aktar w 7et
adjustable choke la2 brou7 3ala fixed choke chou lfare2 bayneton iza btetala3o bi albo betle2o kl chi
fixed ye3ne size taba3 l orifice houe fix ma fie ana to change the orifice size be2dar 2ate3 fia flow x
la2eno bechtria 3ala ases eno 3ende flow x ma fie 8ayer ba2a t8ayar l flow badak tkeb l choke w tjib
choke tenye

Slide 5

Chou ye3ne adjustable choke hone fi 3ena a certain replacable orifice ye3ne ana l orifice taba3e fie
fekko w 8ayro wa2ta li bade tayeb hala2 chou bi se3edne hayda l mawdou3 bi se3edne ktir 5souse
wa2ta ana bade 2e3mol control 3ala l flow w 3ala l pressure bi hayde l cases ma fie rou7 3ala l fixed kif
bi sir hal control bs b8ayer bl orifice b8ayer l diameter taba3o ye3ne ana bs le2e 2eno hal flow bado
yet8ayar beje bfek my orifice w brakeb wa7ad tene bye3tine hal 2ad flow rate la2eno 3erfin eno with
time l flow bado yet8ayar ymkn sar fi 3ende skin damage yemkn l q uantity 5afet fi many factors bi
8ayroule l flow

Slide 6

If you place now a choke on the wellhead it means what ? it means that you fixed the wellhead pressure
yalli samayneha pwf now the flowing from the bottomhole to the wellhead can be controlled the
pressure the flowrate ken be controlled akid 3ende loss bl sar fie raye7 rase w 2e3mol calculation w ana
merte7

Slide 7

Lama ne7ke 3an delta p wen hon hie difference of pressure ben l inlet wel outlet taba3 l choke ana by
determining this delta p I can determine the flow tb ra7 t2ouloule I can find the flow for all the fluid la2
hayda li ra7 nchufo liom mch kl fluid mtl ba3don mch kl flow regime mtl ba3don ana iza badkon 3ende 2
different flow regime w ma chi esmo equation la 2elon tnayneton kl regime elo equation ana fi 3ende
sonic flow wel subsonic flow hol l 2 regimes li bye2ta3o through the choke ye3ne ma fie eje oul ana
3ende hal 2ad delta p ye3ne hal ad flow la kl regimes no

Slide 8

To differentiate between the 2 flow regimes we have to calculate the mach number which is the ratio of
the spped of the fluid to the speed of the sound ye3ne ana 3am chouf iza ana az8ar mn l speed of the
sound aw akbar ye3ne iza 3ende low mach number ye3ne 3ende a subsonic flow la2eno 2a2al mn
ser3ed lsound speed of the sound in the fluid ntebho metel ma cheyfin hon 3ende different regimes
3am rou7 mn incompressible fluid la subsonic lal sonic etc tb we need to know how to control the fluid
the flow in a sonic and a subsonic regime la2eno ana iza tle3et bi subsonic regime ma fie 2e3mol control
lal flow bi zet ltari2a li be3mela bl sonic regime kello byet8ayar

Slide 9

Hone li 3am nchoufo when you have a sonic flow chou 3am bi sir 3ena when you have a sonic flow you
are not able by changing downstream pressure to change q ana iza b8ayer l pressure ad ma 8ayera ma
ra7 2e2dar 2et7akam bi Q ana fi 3ende machkale bl sonic flow ana mch 2eder 8ayer l q chou ma 8eyaret
bl pressure lama n2oul ma fi 3ena effect of pressure p2 3ala p1 ye3ne iza sar 3ende te8yir bl p2 ma ra7
2e2dar la7zo bl p1 aw bl q you canot control q q is fixed regardless p2 7a tdalla hie zeta hayde mnsamia
discontinuity of pressure ma 3ende relation between the 2 pressure bet8ayer bl p2 ma 3am bi sir
3endak chi bl p1 so I can not control my q

Slide 10

How you can know the point at wich you have a changes from sonic to subsonic flow at sonic flow ne7na
3erfin eno q canot be affected bs in a subsonic I will have a change in q it will be affected you need to
define chi esmo critical point before this point I will have a sonic flow after this point I will have a
subsonic flow hayda li 3am choufo bi hayde l formula so ana kl hadafe le2e hal critical point fi 3ende k
yalli hie specific heat ratio so everything is dependen on the downstream to upstream ratio p out / p in
p2/p1 if I am in a sonic flow ra7 2a3ref eno p2 is not affectin p1 hala2 my critical point is related to what
it is more related to the physical properties of the fluid so ana bade eje etala3 3al pressure ratio iza
as8ar mn l critical point aw akbar leh ta 2a3ref l regime taba3e iza sonic or subsonic

Slide 11

Ana iza betala3 hone 3am choufa edeme chou 3ende hon 3ende same flow same velocity q constant
hayde chou hie its my critical point tb hon chou sar 3ende ken sonic flow sar sub sonic now p2 can affect
p1 the velocity of the fluid is less than v of the sound after 0.55 you decrease the production wand you
stop at p2=p1 you stop the production

D yalle cheyfinon hene diameters insie the choke akid d2 as8ar mn d1

Slide 12

Hala2 I need to choose the diameter and what choke I will choose so I need some formulas this is the
formula that I can use so hon bkoun 2aw2at 3am dawer 3ala diameter li bye3tine l q yalli bade ye so I
can control everything la2eno mtl ma cheyfin ana fie 2e3mol control 3al d2 it’s a valve hon fie efta7a w
sakera ad ma bade fie kabere d2 w za8ro ad ma bade

Slide 13

Hala2 I need a relation between d2 and d1 d2 yalle houe l choke diameter wel d1 yalle houe tube
diameter hone chou ra7 yfout 3ena ra7 yfout 3ena bi ma 2eno 3am ne7ke 3an fluid ra7 yfou l Reynold
number leh min fi y2ele leh 3am nfawet Reynold number bi hal formula la 7ata nchouf iza laminar or
turbulent la2eno bade 2e7sob l cd

Slide 14

Tb kif bade 2e7sob ana hal choke discharging coefficient mtl abel ana 3eref salaf diameter taba3e
be7sob d2/d1 w be7sob Reynold number w brou7 3ala l graph

Slide 15

Hon nafs chi bs chou yalli 3am yefro2 3ena 7asab no3 moumkn tkoun nozzle momkn orifice ye3ne 7asab
l type

Slide 16

No heat transfer no increase nor decrease isentropic process friction 3am ne3tebera negligeable ris of
formation of ice leh badna ne7ke 3an risk of formation of ice leh hayda lgas bado ysir ice w hayde 5etra
ktir enol gas ysir ice chou bado ysir fi 3ena la 7ata ysir fi 3ende hydrates ye3ne t7awal la solid sar fi
3ende huge difference of temperature so ana wetyet ktir 3ende ltemperature so hal free water yalli bl
gas sar solids ye3ne ana bkon 3am 2ate3 gas bl choke faj2a sar 3ende solid wel choke ma ba2a 2eder la
efta7a wala sakera la2eno sar fi 3ende solid

Tb hon ra7 t2ouloule chou l7al chou beje ba3mel chou l7al bi ra2eykon la 7ata 2emna3 hayde l process
eno tsir

Adding a unit to heat abel choke

Slide 17

Hala2 if we have a gas flowrate for a subsonic regime hon we need to calculate the flow the gas passing
through the choke ra7 ykoun 2elo different formula taking into consideration kl chi hayde new formula
and we have to find the cd ana iza 3ende gas passing through the choke in a subsonic flow ana I can
calculate the flow ma fi machkal fhemna l fekra kid

Slide18

Then u can calculate the velocity yalli hie ra7 t8ayer ana abel

Slide 19

Now if u have a sonic flow here the flow of the fluid is very important now the choke coefficient will vary
bs its not related to the Reynold number so if we have a Reynold number 2a3la mn 10 power 6 ra7
ne3tebro eno 10 power 6 ye3ne iza 3melto calculation la Reynold number w tele3 higher than 10 power
6 kif bade 2e7sob cd bade 2e3teber eno Reynold number houe 10 power 6
Slide 20

Same we can calculate the velocity so serna ta2riban fehmin l 5abrie 2ases Reynold cd velocity

Slide 21

7kina chway abel about icing hon badna nfasela chway why the temperature is very important sem3in bl
joule Thomson effect when you transform the gas into liquid you are decreasing the temperature -160
so fi 3ende hal cryogenic effect l joule Thomson effect betsir lama ana 3alle l presuure ktir berja3
suddenly be3mol pressure release chou bi sir 3ende bl temperature sar fi 3ende a huge delta p hie li
7awalet hal gas into liquid or liquid chou l mechkle hon lmechkle hon eno ana hal pressure drop li saret
ymkn tkoun ktir kbire la daraje eno t7awele hal gas into solid wselet la temperature below the ice point
sar fi 3ende l hydrates li hene metle 7jar kermel hek bl lng bye3mlo dehydration abel

Slide 22

Hala2 ne7na ra7 tejo t2ouloule kif ba3ref iza temperature mnesbe wala la2 kif ba3ref isa bade 7et unit
to heat the gas hon beje ana be7sob l temperature at the choke la 7ata 2a3ref iza lezem zid a heating
unit walla la2 brou7 3ende formula

Slide 23

To resume this part

1- U need to calculate the critical pressure ratio that is related to the physical properties
2- U need to calculate the downstream to upstream pressure ratiota 2a3ref iza ana in a sonic or in
a subsonic regime

Slide 24

If the ratio is higher than the critical ratio u have to calculate the q through this equation otherwise fi
equation tenye