MA4151 – Applied Probability and Statistics for
Computer Science Engineering / MCA
Unit - I
Vectorspace
1) Vectorspace Definition and Concepts:
Link: https://youtu.be/rBgFNT7croI?si=76CqB5FhtYsfVOXk
2) The Set of all polynomials over a field is Vectorspace:
Link: https://youtu.be/FhDLDRIuJA4?si=SVzuocxhfp6Y6E6U
3) The Set of all Sequences over a field is Vectorspace:
Link: https://youtu.be/K1IbrkpxV1w?si=Gi85kJolTAlwovcH
4) Definitions of Dimensions, Linear, N(t) and R(t):
Link: https://youtu.be/cUxmwSwexGE?si=3FjIJ7y_RBaVPpq7
5) Vectorspace Generate Problem:
Show that the vectors (1,1,0) , (1,0,1) and (0,1,1) generate 𝐹 3 .
Link: https://youtu.be/leQR_Njyc4A?si=nC-idse49Xz1fEKl
6) Matrix representation in Linear Transformation – Find T Matrix value using standard basis:
i) Let 𝛽 and 𝛾 be the standard basis for 𝑅 𝑛 and 𝑅 𝑚 respectively. For each linear
𝛾
transformation 𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚 compute [𝑇]𝛽 .
𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 3 → 𝑅 2 defined by 𝑇(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ) = (2𝑎1 +3𝑎2 - 𝑎3 , 𝑎1 +𝑎3 )
ii) Let 𝛽 and 𝛾 be the standard basis for 𝑅 𝑛 and 𝑅 𝑚 respectively. For each linear
𝛾
transformation 𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚 compute [𝑇]𝛽 .
𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 3 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑇(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ) = (2𝑎1 + 𝑎2 - 3𝑎3 )
iii) Let 𝛽 and 𝛾 be the standard basis for 𝑅 𝑛 and 𝑅 𝑚 respectively. For each linear
𝛾
transformation 𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚 compute [𝑇]𝛽 .
𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 3 → 𝑅 3 defined by 𝑇(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ) = (2𝑎2 + 𝑎3 - 𝑎1 , 4𝑎2 +5𝑎3 , 𝑎1 + 𝑎3 )
iv) Let 𝛽 and 𝛾 be the standard basis for 𝑅 𝑛 and 𝑅 𝑚 respectively. For each linear
𝛾
transformation 𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚 compute [𝑇]𝛽 .
𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑛 defined by 𝑇(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ,… 𝑎𝑛 ) = (𝑎1 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎1 , … 𝑎1 ).
v) Let 𝛽 and 𝛾 be the standard basis for 𝑅 𝑛 and 𝑅 𝑚 respectively. For each linear
𝛾
transformation 𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚 compute [𝑇]𝛽 .
𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚 defined by 𝑇(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ,… 𝑎𝑛 ) = (𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 ).
Link : https://youtu.be/ikazkZMMlSs?si=HTkVkiipylYWaDoJ
7) Find N(t), R(t), Dimension Theorem Check linear one-one & onto:
i) Let 𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 3 → 𝑅 2 defined by 𝑇(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ) = (𝑎1 - 𝑎2 , 2𝑎3 ). Prove that,
i)T is Linear,
ii) Find basis for N(T) and compute the nullity of T,
iii) Find basis for R(T) and Compute R(T),
iv) Verify Dimension Thorem,
v)Find T is one-one or onto.
Link: https://youtu.be/gpxNWiEZkBU?si=XGKE3BiONkD7e7TC
ii) Let 𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 2 → 𝑅 3 defined by 𝑇(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ) = (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 , 0, 2𝑎1 − 𝑎2 ). Prove that,
i)T is Linear,
ii) Find basis for N(T) and compute the nullity of T,
iii) Find basis for R(T) and Compute R(T),
iv) Verify Dimension Thorem,
v)Find T is one-one or onto.
Link: https://youtu.be/k66Pu60V0V4?si=1qtBoxohE2S8xR47
iii) Let 𝑇 ∶ 𝑀2𝑥3 𝐹 → 𝑀2𝑥2 𝐹 defined by
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 2𝑎11 − 𝑎12 𝑎13 + 2𝑎12
𝑇 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 =
21 22 23 0 0
i)T is Linear,
ii) Find basis for N(T) and compute the nullity of T,
iii) Find basis for R(T) and Compute R(T),
iv) Verify Dimension Thorem,
v)Find T is one-one or onto.
Link: https://youtu.be/L3cz6lX9UOU?si=iQgKsXhgg-2uqPk3
iv) Let 𝑇 ∶ 𝑃2 𝑅 → 𝑃3 𝑅 defined by 𝑇 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 1 𝑥
Then,
i)T is Linear,
ii) Find basis for N(T) and compute the nullity of T,
iii) Find basis for R(T) and Compute R(T),
iv) Verify Dimension Thorem,
v)Find T is one-one or onto.
Link: https://youtu.be/JGf0bdoTBCU?si=P_XEXbrGBUtHrLM3
8) Find the Matrix [T] over the Standard basis:
i) Let 𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 2 → 𝑅 3 be a linear transformation defined by
𝑇(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ) = (𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 , 0, 2𝑎1 - 4𝑎2 )
ii) Let 𝑇 ∶ 𝑃3 𝑅 → 𝑃2 𝑅 be the linear transformation defined by 𝑇 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 1 (𝑥).
𝛾
Find [𝑇]𝛽 .
iii) Let 𝛽 and 𝛾 be the standard basis for 𝑅 𝑛 and 𝑅 𝑚 respectively. For each linear
𝛾
transformation 𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚 compute [𝑇]𝛽 .
𝑇 ∶ 𝑅 2 → 𝑅 3 defined by 𝑇(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ) = (2𝑎1 - 𝑎2 , 3𝑎1 + 4𝑎2 , 𝑎1 )
Link : https://youtu.be/cY9JP6LCDgY?si=1FlPaUOw5FrrOLMe
9) QR Decomposition Problems :
1 0 −1
i) 1 2 1 Link: https://youtu.be/BDWyckSX2W4?si=mzSC4rEuWOmNshYg
2 2 3
1 0 2
ii) 0 2 0 Link: https://youtu.be/jHS2NuSq2O8?si=ebP7qYKKEFk80AKJ
0 −1 1
𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
−4 2 2
iii) 3 −3 3 Link: https://youtu.be/_vKEASb0dwU?si=0HtmlA54H-5qg9pF
6 6 0
(𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚)
−4 2 2
iv) 3 −3 3 Link: https://youtu.be/2ewJ8nGW-IM?si=hNOOZBV4GTpnS4Je
6 6 0
10) Find Eigen values of 2x2 Matrix:
For each of the following matrices 𝐴 ∈ 𝑀𝑛𝑥𝑛 𝐹 ,
i) Determine all Eigen values of 𝐴
ii) For each Eigen value 𝜆 of 𝐴, find the set of Eigen vectors corresponding to 𝜆.
iii)If Possible find a basis for 𝐹 𝑛 consisting of Eigenvectors of 𝐴
iv)Determine an invertible matrix 𝑄, and a diagonal matrix D suchthat 𝑄 −1 𝐴𝑄 = 𝐷
1 2
𝐴= for 𝐹 = 𝑅.
3 2
Link : https://youtu.be/ktb0YuM3cbQ?si=lPqePl2psPJ3AsUb
11) For each of the following matrices 𝐴 ∈ 𝑀𝑛𝑥𝑛 𝐹 ,
i) Determine all Eigen values of 𝐴
ii) For each Eigen value 𝜆 of 𝐴, find the set of Eigen vectors corresponding to 𝜆.
iii) Find a basis for 𝐹 𝑛
2 0 −1
𝐴 = 4 1 −4 𝐹 = 𝑅.
2 0 −1
Link : https://youtu.be/SKwRTEChacc?si=65W1nU6FizQqsUsv
11) Generalized Eigen vector Problems:
i) (University Exam Question)
Generalized Eigen vector in 3x3 matrix : Find a generalized eigen vector of rank 3
7 1 2
corresponding to eigen value 7 for the matrix 0 7 1
0 0 7
Link: https://youtu.be/BqqAb7aIW0Y?si=FNZrdvaV5BNsoIhm
ii) Generalized Eigen vector in 4x4 matrix
Find a generalized eigen vector of rank 2 corresponding to eigen value 4 for
4 0 0 0
the matrix 𝐴 = 1 5 1 0
−1 −1 3 0
0 0 0 3
Link: https://youtu.be/pLD8iU5Jztc?si=ikDJzh-wWOz4gjKw
12) Gramschmidt Method Problem to Find Orthonormal Matrix
Apply the Gramschmidt process to the given subset S of the inner productspace V to
i)Orthogonal basis for span(s)
ii) Normalize the vectors in this basis to obtain an orthonormal basis 𝛽 for the span (s).
−1 27 3 5 −1 9 7 −17
𝐴= 𝑉 = 𝑀2𝑥2 𝑅 𝑆 = , ,
−4 8 −1 1 5 −1 2 −6
Link: https://youtu.be/LXmOx13rr9U?si=iElC3vy8vFEEqvLL
13) Preparation for MA4151 – Unit 1
Link : https://youtu.be/SA-IDBkgG1M?si=6aeiFFhpb-D-hul2
