FUNDAMENTAL

OF CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
WITH
INTELLIGENCE

MERCY OCANA CABA-ONG, Ph.D.

Scene Of Crime Operation Unit
• NAPOLCOM Resolution No. 96-058 in 1995
established and organized the Scene of the
Crime Operation (SOCO) Unit to meet the core
mission of the PNP Crime Laboratory which is a
National Operating Support Unit of the PNP.

The established procedures are intended to

minimize the possibility of improper collection
and mishandling of physical evidence.
 SOCO Team Organization
1. SOCO Team leader, 7. Specialist (as required)
2. Photographer and Medical Examiner
Photographic Log Recorder Odonthologist
Engineer
3. Sketcher
Bomb Technician
4. Driver/Security
Crime laboratory
5. Evidence Log Examiner
Recorder/Custodian Fingerprint Examiner
Firearms Examiner
6. Evidence
Forensic Chemist
Processor/Collector Polygraph Examiner
Documents Examiner
SOCO Unit FUNCTIONS:
• the Scene of Crime Operation (SOCO) specialists of the Crime
Laboratory shall be requested:
a. Significant Cases;
Bombing incident b. Sensational Cases
CT initiated terrorist Elected Public Officials
activities
Raid, ambuscade, Appointed public officials with
liquidation the rank of commissioner,
KFR case secretary, and undersecretary
Armed Robbery of Banks Foreign diplomat
and other Financial
institution Any Foreigner
Calamity/Disaster PNP/AFP personnel
Massacre
Ex- high ranking government
Heinous crimes (as the law
defines) officials
Murder, Homicide, Arson, Other prominent figures.
Rape with Homicide
Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

a. Upon arrival at the crime scene

1. Receive the crime scene from the first responder.
2. Record everything at the crime scene
Golden Rule of
3. Photograph and/or video the entire crime scene. Homicide
Investigation
4. Before entering the crime scene, must put on surgical gloves.
5. Before touching or moving any object at the crime scene in a
homicide or murder case,
1. determine first the status of the victim.
2. If the victim is alive, the investigator should exert effort to gather
information regarding the circumstances of the crime, while a
member of the team must call an ambulance.
3. Before removing the victim, mark, sketch and photograph his/her
relative position. ( Prone / Supine )
4. Only the medical examiner shall approve the removal of the dead
body unless unusual circumstances justify its immediate removal.
 Collection of Evidence
This is accomplished after the search is completed, the rough sketch
finished and photographs taken.
• Fragile evidence should be collected as they are found.
• All firearms (FAs) found to have tampered serial numbers shall be
automatically subjected to macro etching at the PNP-CL.

Markings of Evidence
Any physical evidence obtained must be marked or tagged before its
submission to the evidence custodian.
• Markings on the specimen must at least contain the following:
1. Exhibit Case Number
2. Initials and or signature of the collecting officer.
3. Time and date of collection.
4. brief description of evidence
 Releasing of Evidence
All collected evidence can only be released upon order of the court or
prosecutor, as the case maybe.

Chain of Custody
• A list of all persons who came into possession of an item of evidence,
continuity of possession, or the chain of custody, must be established
whenever evidence is presented in court as an exhibit.
• Documentation of what has happened to evidence from the time it
was discovered until it is needed in court, including every person who
has had custody of the evidence and why.
 Proper chain of custody
Whenever the custody of the
Physical Evidence evidence passes from one person to
another, a receipt should always be
A. Properly Collected obtain in order to preserve the chain of
Preserved, custody for court consideration.
Labeled,
Packaged,
and Sealed.

Apprehending Investigator Forensic

Suspect On-Case Examiner
Officer

Evidence Forensic Court

Custodian Examiner
 Proper chain of custody
Whenever the custody of the evidence
Physical Evidence passes from one person to another, a
receipt should always be obtain in order to
A. Properly Collected
preserve the chain of custody for court
Preserved,
consideration.
Labeled,
Packaged,
and Sealed.

SOCO Evidence Forensic

Crime Scene
Custodian Examiner

Evidence Forensic Court

Custodian Examiner
Crime Scene Search
Methods
(a) Spiral

(b) Strip/Line

(c) Grid

(d) Zone/Quadrant

(e) Pie/Wheel
 Procedures on taking photographs

a. Overall photos of the scene are taken to show the

approach to the area, street signs, and street light
locations in relation to the actual scene, street addresses
and identifying objects at the scene.
b. Mid-range .Photograph the scene in a clockwise pattern
before altering the body's position or any other evidence
within the scene.
c. Close-Up. Photograph the body and the immediate
vicinity around the body.
d. Keep a photo log. Always record everything.
 Procedures on making a sketch
Sketches are not a substitute for notes or photos; they
are but a supplement to them.
• Write down all measurements.
• Fill in all the details on your rough sketch at the scene.
• Indicate the North direction with an arrow.
• Indicate the PLACE in the sketch as well as the person who drew it.
• Use KEY-capital letters of the alphabet for listing down more or less normal parts
or accessories of the place, and numbers for items of evidence.
• Indicate the position, location and relationship of objects.

GENERAL TYPE OF SKETCH

Rough Sketches – accomplished at the scene, no scale, proportion
ignored and everything is approximate

Final/Finished Sketches- accomplished after the rough

sketches and it may prepare at the office for courtroom presentation, scale and
proportion are strictly observed.
 1. Floor Plan/Over View/Bird’s Eye
Types of view

Sketches 2.
3.
Ground Sketch
Detailed Sketch
4. Neighborhood Sketch
5. Exploded View/Cross Projection
6. Elevation Sketch
7. Perspective Drawing

Methods or systems
of locating points 1. Triangulation

(objects) on sketch:

2. Rectangular- simplest method

3. Baseline/Coordinate Method

Types of 4. Polar Coordinate

5. Compass Point
Measurements 6. Grid
1. Triangulation Method
An object is located by drawing two straight lines from two fixed
points creating a triangle; the object is in an angle formed by the
line.
2. Rectangular Method
– This method uses two walls in a room as fixed points, from which
distances are measured at right angle to the object.
 3. Baseline/Coordinate Method
• measuring an object between two known points. This single
reference line is called the baseline.
• The baseline can be a wall or the known center of the room.
 4. Polar Coordinate Method –
• One permanent object is chosen and with the use of a compass,
the direction of the object to be measured is determined.
 5. Compass Point Method
• A protractor is used to measure the angle between two lines.
One point along a wall is selected as the origin. An axis line
drawn from the origin is the line from which the angle is
measured.
 6. Grid Method
• Starting at a known permanent reference point at the scene, a
measurement of predetermined increments is marked off
horizontally and vertically.
 Methods of Identification of
suspect made by eyewitness
• Verbal Description- portrait parley vividly describing in
words the appearance of a person by comparing and
thru personal appearance.
• Photographic files (rogues gallery)
• General photograph- files of photograph in any given
establishment.
• Artist Assistance or composite sketches- drawing or
sketching the description of a person’s face by the
cartographer
• Police line-up or Identification Parade 7-10 persons
–Reverse line-up- one suspect identified by numbers of
fictitious witnesses.
• Alphonse Bertillon – Founder of Criminal
Investigation/Instrumentation in the development of
Forensic Science. Developed the following;

–Anthropology – method of identification/body

measurements.

–Mug Shot – the standardized method of

photographing arrested suspects.

–Metric Photograph – this type of photograph was

enclosed within a metric scale.

–Portrait Parle – (Spoken picture) aided the police

in identifying individuals by detailed descriptions of
human head and features, e.g. “William West and
“Will West” convicted prisoners.
 Reconstruction of the scene

1. Physical reconstruction – The physical

appearance of the crime scene is
reconstructed from the description of the
witnesses and the indication of the
physical evidence.

2. Mental reconstruction – From the

physical reconstruction, some conclusions
can be made concerning the consistency
of the accounts of various witnesses.
 How circumstantial Evidence
Obtained
• 1. Motive- It is one which induces the criminal to act and
need not be shown in order to obtain conviction
Intent- it refers to the result of the act, require
to show in order to obtain conviction


2. Opportunity- The physical likelihood or possibility that
the suspect has committed the crime.
 Physical evidence may be considered as:
• CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE -which indirectly infers a
particular conclusion regarding the crime.
a. Corroborative Evidence- which tends to confirm or support
the theory of the crime
b. Cumulative Evidence- similar evidences which pointing to one.

• ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE - evidence which links the

suspect to the crime scene or offense.
Ex. Fingerprint, ballistics evidences

• TRACE EVIDENCE -is a subtle category of physical

evidence that is minute and transient, but measurable.
Microscopic Evidence
Ex. Fiber, hair
Two General classifications of sources of
information:

• Open Sources – 99% of the info collected

are coming from open sources.

Ex. Overt Intelligence

• Close Sources – 1% of info from close
sources.
Ex. Covert Intelligence
Persons as sources of Information

• Informant Net – It is a controlled group of people

who worked through the direction of the agent
handler.
• Informants (Asset) – people selected as sources of
information, which could be voluntary, or in
consideration of a price.
• Informant – refers to a person who gives information
to the police voluntarily or involuntarily without any
consideration
• Informer – those who give information to the police
for price or reward
Other classification of Informant Common Motives of
• Automatic Informants
• Penetration
• Full time work
Reward
Revenge
• Rival
Fear and avoidance
• Elimination
of punishment
• False Informant
Friendship
• Frightened Informant Patriotism
• Self- aggrandizing Informant Vanity
• Mercenary Informant Civic-Mindedness
• Double Crosser Informant Repentance
• Woman Informant Competition
• Legitimate Informant Other motives
Interview-(simple questioning)
• is the questioning of a person believed to
possess knowledge that is in official interest
to the investigator.

Interrogation
• is the questioning of a person suspected of
having committed an offense or of a person
who is reluctant to make a full disclosure of
information in h is posse ssion wh ich is
pertinent to the investigation.
STAGES OF INTERVIEW BY AN INVESTIGATOR:

• PREPARATION – mentally review the case and consider what

information the subject can contribute.

• APPROACH – on first meeting with the subject investigator

must identify himself – establish good rapport

• WARMING –UP – preliminary subject matter of conversation

should be focused to warm-up the atmosphere to promote
cordiality and trust.

• QUESTIONING – investigator should start questioning on points

he wants to elicit.
STAGES OF INTERVIEW BY AN INVESTIGATOR:

QUESTIONING:
– GUIDING THE CONVERSATION – investigation has to control the
proceedings to have a complete information.

– CORROBORATION – information from the witness must be

correlated with those obtained from others.

– INACCURACIES – questionable points should be treated

repeatedly by additional questions.

– TECHNIQUES OF QUESTIONING – questions should only be

asked when the person appears prepared to give the desired
information in an accurate fashion.
DIFFERENT TYPE OF SUBJECTS:

• KNOW-NOTHING TYPE – these are persons who are reluctant to

become witness and particularly true among uneducated people.

• DISINTERESTED TYPE – uncooperative, indifferent persons. They

should be flattered to develop pride in their ability to supply
information.

• DRUNKEN TYPE – flattery will encourage the drunk to answer

questions said develop interest.

• SUSPICIOUS TYPE – fear must be removed and the investigator

should apply psychological pressure.

• TALKATIVE TYPE – investigator must find ways and means to shift

his talkativeness to those matters useful in the investigation.
DIFFERENT TYPE OF SUBJECTS:

• HONEST TYPE – honesty and cooperative persons will be an ideal

witnesses with little care and guidance.

• DECEITFUL TYPE – these persons should be permitted to until he

is enmeshed with falsehood and inaccuracies.

• TIMID TYPE – investigator employs friendly approach and explains

on formation given will be treated as confidential.

• BOASTING, EGOISTIC, EGOCENTRIC TYPE – patience and flatter

are necessary for they will be good witnesses because of their
drive for self- expression.

• REFUSAL TO TALK TYPE – most difficult, but investigator must

persevere neutral topics must first be taken.
Interrogation Techniques

• Emotional Appeals –The investigator should provide

emotional stimuli that will prompt the subject to unburden
himself by confiding.

• Sympathetic Approach – The suspect may fell the need

for sympathy or friendship.

• Kindness/ Friendliness Approach – The simplest

technique is to assume that the suspect will confess if he
is treated in a kind and friendly manner.

• Extenuation – The investigator indicates he does not

consider his subject’s indiscretion a grave offense.
Interrogation Techniques

• Shifting the Blame – The interrogator makes pointing

the blame to other not by the suspect of the crime

• Mutt & Jeff – Two (2) agents are employed. Mutt, the
relentless investigator, who is not going to waste any
time because he knows the subject, is guilty. Jeff, of
the other hand, is obviously a king-hearted man.

• Stern Approach -Many types of suspects are in fear of

the police and the police station. Their confidence is
shaken in they are faced by a stern investigator. His
very coldness upsets any pre-conceived notions of
“kid gloves” treatment.
Types of Offenders and Approaches to be used
in Dealing With Them:

• Emotional Offenders- have a greater sense of

morality.

• Non-Emotional Offenders- normally do not

feel any guilt, so the best way to interrogate
them is through the factual analysis approach,
that is, by reasoning with the subject and
letting him know that his guilt has already been,
or will soon be, established.
 ARREST
It is an act of taking of a person into custody or under
restraint so he can answer for the commission of an offense
or the criminal charge against him.
WHO ARE EXEMPTED FROM ARREST
a. President of the Philippines
b. Senators or members of the House of Representatives, while Congress
is in session, in all offenses punishable by not more than six (6) years
imprisonment.
c. Diplomatic officials and their domestics.

WHAT ARE THE METHODS OF ARREST?:

a. With warrant of arrest
b. Without warrant of arrest
 A warrant of arrest is a written order, issued
What is
by the judge and is delivered by the law
e n f o r ce me n t o f f i ce r r e spo n si ble f o r
warrant of execution, apprehending person and bring
arrest? him before the court.

Requisite of a warrant of arrest(Rule n126):

a. Must be issued upon “probable cause
”;
b. Probable cause must be determined
personally by the judge;
c. Such judge must examine under oath or
affirmation the complainant and the
witness he may produce;
d. Th e w a r r a n t mu st be pa r ti cu la r ly
describe the place to be searched and
the things to be seized which may be
anywhere in the Philippines
LIFE AND LEGAL EFFECT OF A WARRANT OF ARREST:
It does not expire . Even if not served within the
statutory period, remains valid unless recalled by the
issuing court, or
• if the accused is arrested or has voluntarily submitted
himself to the jurisdiction of the issuing court,
• unlike a search warrant which has a lifetime of only ten
(10) days from its date of issuance.
• Can be served anytime of the day or night

Territorial Effectivity of a Warrant of Arrest

Can be served anywhere in the Philippines without a
certification by a judge of the Regional Trial Court.
INQUEST
Is an informal and summary investigation
conducted by a public prosecutor in criminal cases
involving persons arrested and detained without the
benefit of a warrant of arrest

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Conducted for the application of warrant of arrest
or search, to determine the probable cause.
 BUY-BUST” OPERATION
A “buy-bust” operation is a form of entrapment
which has been repeatedly accepted to be valid as a
means of arresting violators of Dangerous Drugs Law.

• It is a means of catching a malefactor in flagrante the

delicto.

• The police officers conducting the operation are not

only authorized but duty-bound to apprehend the
violator and to search him for anything that may have
been part of or used in the commission of the crime.
 What is A search warrant is an order in
writing issued in the name of the
SEARCH & People of the Philippines, signed by
SEIZURE? a judge and directed to a peace
officer, commanding him to search
for personal property described
therein and to bring it before the
court. (Sec 1, Rule 126)
SEARCH -is an examination of an
individual’s person, house papers
or effects, or other buildings and
premises to discover contraband or
some evidence of guilt to be used in
the prosecution of a criminal action.
Requisites for filing an application for Search
Warrant:
• All applications for Search Warrant shall be personally endorsed by
the Heads of the Agency for the search of places and the things to
be seized to be particularly described therein.

• The application shall be recorded in a log book. The application shall

likewise indicate the following data:
a. Office applying for the Search Warrant;
b. Name of officer-applicant;
c. Name of the Subject, if known;
d. Address/place(s) to be searched;
e. Specific statement of things/articles to be seized;
f. Sketch of the place to be searched.
 Time of Search
• The warrant should be served during daytime, unless there
is a provision in the warrant allowing service at any time of
the day or night.

Prohibited Acts in the Conduct of Search by Virtue of a

Search Warrant
• a. Houses, rooms, or other premises shall not be searched except in the
presence of the lawful occupant thereof or any member of his family or,
in the absence of the latter, in the presence of two (2) witnesses of
sufficient age and discretion residing in the same locality.

• b. Lawful personal properties, papers, and other valuables not

specifically indicated or particularly described in the search warrant
shall not be taken.
 RAID
A surprise invasion of a building or area.
LEGAL BASIS -its basis in lawful process and conducted in a
legal manner.
• This will be in the form of a search warrant or warrant of arrest.
• Or pursuit of a person reasonably believed to be guilty of
felony and when it is known that the felony has just been
committed.

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of a raid is usually to:
a. Effect an apprehension;
b. Obtain evidence of illegal activity by surprising the offenders
in flagrante delicto; or
c. Recover stolen property.
 BASIC REQUIREMENT IN THE CONDUCT OF
RAID
Generally, all police operations (arrest, raid, search and
seizure, checkpoint, etc) shall be conducted:
a. With a marked police vehicle;
b. Preferably led by a Commissioned Officer;
c. With personnel in proper police uniform

Exception to this rule:

when using a marked police vehicle will jeopardize the
safety of the raiding team and will greatly affect the
success of the operation.
 Seizure of evidence in plain view
Any object in the plain view is subject to seizure and
may be introduced as evidence.
Requirements under the Plain View Doctrine are:
1) The police officer must have prior justification for an
intrusion or, otherwise, must be in a position from which
he can view a particular area;
2) The discovery of the evidence in plain view is
unintentional;
3) It is immediately apparent to the police officer that the
item he observes may be evidence of a crime,
contraband, or is a valid subject of seizure.
VALIDITY OF SEARCH WARRANT

• The warrant shall be valid for ten (10) days from date of
issuance, thereafter, it shall be void.

• If the object or purpose of the search warrant cannot be

accomplished within the ten (10) day validity period, the
responsible police officer conducting the search must file,
before the issuing court, an application for the extension
of the validity period of said search warrant.
ITEMS TO BE SEIZED
A search warrant may be issued for the
search and seizure of the following personal
property:
a. Property subject of the offense;
b. Property stolen or embezzled and other or
fruits of the offense; and
c. Property used or intended to be used for
committing an offense.
Extent of Search of Moving
warrantless Vehicles may be made
search without a warrant
b eca use it wo uld b e
impractical to secure a
warrant before
engaging in “hot
pursuit”

Routine searches made

at or in the interest of
national security, such
a s b o rd e r ch e cks o r
Extent of
warrantless Stop- and- Search or Stop-
search and- Frisk, where the
search precedes the arrest,
and is allowed on grounds
of reasonable suspicion.

Search Incidental to a Lawful

Arrest or anything which
my be used as proof of the
commission of an offense,
without a search warrant.
WARRANTLESS ARREST

“Hot Pursuit” Arrest-must have the following

elements:
• a) that an offense has been committed,

• b) offense has just been committed, and

• c) that there is probable cause based on personal

knowledge of facts or circumstances that the persons
to be arrested where the ones who committed it.
Periods Within Which Person Arrested Without a Warrant
Should be Charge in the Proper Forum-

Executive Order No. 272, dated 25 July 1987, amended

Art. 125 of the RPC by extending the period authorized
to detain a person prior to delivery to the judicial
authority, to wit:
a) 12 hours for crimes or offenses punishable with light
penalties
b) 18 hours for crimes or offenses punishable with
correctional penalties
c) 36 hours for crimes or offenses punishable with
afflictive or capital penalties.
Types of Searches & Arrest Techniqu
1. Wall Search
2. Standing Search
3. Kneeling Search
4. Prone Search
Terms:
• Plain View Doctrine- In flagrante delicto, it is usually officer
is not searching for evidence against the accused, but
nonetheless inadvertently comes across an incriminating
object.
• Fruit of Poisonous Tree- evidence obtained illegally or by
unlawful arrest and seizure, hence, not admissible in
evidence court.
• Motive is that which induces the criminal to act.
• Intent is the accomplishment of the act.
• Deposition is the testimony of a witness reduced to writing
under oath or affirmation,
• Ex post facto- After the fact, means person cannot be
punished for crime before the enactment of such law.
Terms:
• Mandamus- A writ by which a court commands the
performance of particular act.
• Mens rea- “guilty mind”-the intend required to commit
the crime.
• Mittimus- order of the court, directing the sheriff or other
officer to convey a person to a prison, asylum or
reformatory.
• Non compos mentis- Not of sound mind; insane
• Stare decisis- the doctrine that, when a court has once laid
down a principle of law applicable to a certain set of facts, it
will adhere to tat principle and apply it to future cases.
• Dura lex, sed lex- the law is harsh, but it is the law.
POST-TEST…...
1. What is the lowest rank in the PNP that qualified to become an investigator?
a. PO1 b. PO2 c. SPO1 SPO4

2. It is the major objective of every investigation.

a. admission or confession
b. b. recovery stolen property
c. all of these
d. d. prosecution or conviction

3. These are the phases of criminal investigation, except.

a. Criminal is identified.
b. Traced and located the suspect.
c. Facts proving his guilt is gathered.
d. The suspect confessed and admitted his guilt.
4. It is the most universally used and most adaptable method
of crime scene recording.
a. sketching b. note-taking
c. photography d. all of these

5. The following are the best statement of confession, except.

a. It may be a direct acknowledgement of the truth of the
guilty fact as charge or of some essential part of the
commission of the criminal act itself.
b. It may be a self-incriminatory statement by the subject
falling short of an acknowledgement of guilt.
c. A statement of the suspect directly acknowledging his guilt.
d. all of these
6. What method promotes anxiety by accused on the line up and he is
identified by several fictitious witnesses or victims who got associated
with him in different offenses until subject becomes desperate and
confess in order to escape accusations?
a. greater or lesser guilt b. line up
c. reverse line up d. stern approach

7. This is a requisite of valid search warrant which refers to the facts

and circumstances that could lead a reasonable, discreet and prudent
man to believe that the property subject of an offense is in the place
sought to be searched.
a. Probable Cause b. Evidence
c. Search Warrant d. Sign of the Judge
8. The process of identification by witness of the known suspect mixed
innocent persons lined before the witness.
a. verbal description c. physical show-up
b. physical line-up d. general photographs

9. The physical likelihood or possibility that the suspect has committed

the crime.
a. motive b. intent c. opportunity d. freedom

10. Conducted for the application of warrant of arrest or search, to

determine the probable cause.
a. Preliminary Investigation
b. Inquest
c. Summary Proceeding
d. all of these
11. The first woman detective in the history of criminal investigation.
a. Alexandra Rose b. Kate Wayne
c. Charlot Dickens d. Franz Turkey

12. America’s most famous private investigator. Pioneered the

“Shadowing” and the “Undercover”.

a. Allan Pinkerton b. Sir Robert Peel

c. Henry Fielding d. Jonathan Wild

13. It is the art of suspect’s surveillance, and this was pioneered by

Allan Pinkerton.
a. Role b. Shadowing
c. Modus Operandi d. Casing
14. It is the duty of the officer who first arrive at the crime scene.
a. Locate and apprehend the accused
b. Protection of the crime scene
c. Collect evidence
d. Present evidence of guilt

15. This person in the field of investigation become popular in his

method of employing a thief to catch a thief.
a. Henry Fielding
b. John Fielding
c. Jonathan Wild
d. Robert Peel
ANSWERS
1. What is the lowest rank in the PNP that qualified to become an
investigator?
a. PO1 b. PO2 c. SPO1 SPO4
Ans: b
2. It is the major objective of every investigation.
a. admission or confession
b. recovery stolen property
c. all of these Ans: a
d. prosecution or conviction

3. These are the phases of criminal investigation, except.

a. Criminal is identified.
b. Traced and located the suspect. Ans: d
c. Facts proving his guilt is gathered.
d. The suspect confessed and admitted his guilt.
4. It is the most universally used and most adaptable method of crime
scene recording.
a. sketching b. note-taking Ans: b
c. photography d. all of these

5. The following are the best statement of confession, except.

a. It may be a direct acknowledgement of the truth of the guilty fact
as charge or of some essential part of the commission of the
criminal act itself.
b. It may be a self-incriminatory statement by the subject falling
short of an acknowledgement of guilt.
c. A statement of the suspect directly acknowledging his guilt.
d. all of these

Ans: b
6. What method promotes anxiety by accused on the line up and he is
identified by several fictitious witnesses or victims who got associated
with him in different offenses until subject becomes desperate and
confess in order to escape accusations?
a. greater or lesser guilt b. line up
c. reverse line up d. stern approach Ans: c

7. This is a requisite of valid search warrant which refers to the facts

and circumstances that could lead a reasonable, discreet and prudent
man to believe that the property subject of an offense is in the place
sought to be searched.
a. Probable Cause b. Evidence
c. Search Warrant d. Sign of the Judge
Ans: a
8. The process of identification by witness of the known suspect mixed
innocent persons lined before the witness. Ans: b
a. verbal description c. physical show-case
b. physical line-up d. general photographs

9. The physical likelihood or possibility that the suspect has committed

the crime. Ans: c
a. motive b. intent c. opportunity d. freedom

10. Conducted for the application of warrant of arrest or search, to

determine the probable cause.
a. Preliminary Investigation Ans: a
b. Inquest
c. Summary Proceeding
d. all of these
11. The first woman detective in the history of criminal investigation.
a. Alexandra Rose b. Kate Wayne
c. Charlot Dickens d. Franz Turkey Ans: b

12. America’s most famous private investigator. Pioneered the

“Shadowing” and the “Undercover”.

a. Allan Pinkerton b. Sir Robert Peel

c. Henry Fielding d. Jonathan Wild

Ans: a
13. It is the art of suspect’s surveillance, and this was pioneered by
Allan Pinkerton.
a. Role b. Tailing/Shadowing
c. Modus Operandi d. Casing
Ans: b
14. It is the duty of the officer who first arrive at the crime scene.
a. Locate and apprehend the accused
b. Protection of the crime scene Ans: b
c. Collect evidence
d. Present evidence of guilt

15. This person in the field of investigation become popular in his

method of employing a thief to catch a thief.
a. Henry Fielding
b. John Fielding
c. Jonathan Wild Ans: c
d. Robert Peel