ANIMAL KINGDOM

1. Levels of organisation
• Cellular - 1 ; Tissue - 2,3 ; Organ - 4 ; Organ system - 5 to 11
2. Digestive system
• Incomplete - 2,3,4 ; Complete - 5 to 11
3. Circulatory system
• Closed - 6,11 ; Open - 7,8,10 ; Water vascular - 9
4. Symmetry
• Asymmetry - 1 ; radial - 2,3,9 adult ; 4 to 11 & 9 larva
5. Arrangement of embryonic layer
• Diploblastic - 1,2,3 ; Triploblastic - 4 to 11
6. Coelom
• Acoelomate - 1 to 4 ; Pseudocoelomate - 5 ; Coelomate - 6 to 11
7. Segmentation - 6,7,11
8. Others
• Monoecious - 1,2,3,4,6(earthworm and leach)
• Dioecious - 5,6(Nereis),7,8,9,10
• Direct development - 5,6,7
• Indirect development - 1 to 10
• Internal fertilization - 1,4,5,7
• External Fertilization - 2,3,9,10
• generally Marine - 1
• mostly marine - 2
• exclusively marine - 3,11a,11b
• Marine - 9,10
• mostly endoparasites(animals) - 4
• freeliving/parasitic(plants&animals), Aquatic & Terrestrial - 5
• freeliving & sometimes parasitic, Aquatic/Terrestrial - 6
• Aquatic/terrestrial - 8
• Intracellular digestion - 1
• Intracellular & extracellular - 2,3
• sexual reproduction only - 3,6,9

9.general features of chordata

• Dioecious - 2 to 7
• Poikilotherms - 1 to 5
• Homeotherms - 6,7
• Internal fertilization - 2,5,6,7
• External Fertilization - 3,4
• Direct development - 2,3,5,6,7
• Indirect development - 4
• Viviparous - 2,7
• Oviparous - 3,4,5,6
• 2C heart - 2,3
• 3C heart - 4,5(except crocodile)
• 4C heart - 5(Crocodile), 6,7
10. General terms
• Radial symmetry - any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the organism
into 2 identical halves.
• Bilateral symmetry - body can be divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane.
• Diploblastic - External ectoderm, middle mesoglea, inner endoderm.
• Triploblastic - External ectoderm, middle mesoderm, inner endoderm.
• body cavity lined by mesoderm is called coelom.
• Pseudocoelomate - body cavity not lined by mesoderm, instead the mesoderm is present as
scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm.
• Acoelomate - body cavity is absent

1. PHYLUM PORIFERA
• primitive multicellular animals
• water transport/canal system
-> water enter through ostia into spongocoel, and goes out through osculum
-> food gathering, respiration, excretion.
• Choanocytes/collar cell - line spongocoel and canals
• body supported by skeleton made of spicules/spongin fibres.
• asexual reproduction - Fragmentation
• sexual reproduction - gamete formation.

2. PHYLUM COELENTERATA
• Have cnidoblasts/cnidocytes - having stinging capsules/nematocysts - present on tentacles
and body.
-> cnidoblasts - anchorage, defence, capture of prey
• Have central gastro vascular cavity with single opening, mouth on hypostome.
• Corals have skeleton composed of CaCO3.
• polyp - sessile & Cylindrical - Hydra, Adamsia
• medusa - umbrella shaped, free swimming - Aurelia/jelly fish.
• Alternation of generation (metagenesis) - Obelia
-> polyp produce medusa asexually, medusa produce polyp sexually.

3. PHYLUM CTENOPHORA
• sea walnuts/comb jellies
• 8 external rows of Ciliated comb plates - locomotion
• Bioluminescence

4. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
• dorso ventrally Flattened body - flatworms
• hooks & suckers in parasitic forms
• some absorb Nutrients directly from host through body surface
• flame cells - osmoregulation & excretion
• planaria - high regeneration capacity

5. PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
• Body is circular in cross section - round worms
• complete alimentary canal with muscular pharynx
• excretory tube remove waste through excretory pore
• females are longer than males

6. PHYLUM ANNELIDA
• Longitudinal and circular muscles - locomotion
• Nereis have parapodia(lateral appendages) - swimming
• Nephridia - osmoregulation and excretion
• neural system - paired ganglia connected by lateral nerves to a double ventral nerve cord

7. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
• Largest phylum of Animalia
• 2/3 of all named species are arthropods
• body covered by chitinous exoskeleton
• body = head , thorax , abdomen
• have jointed appendages
• Respiratory organs - gills, book gills, book lungs, tracheal system
• sensory organs - antennae, eyes, statocysts
• excretion - malphigian tubules

8. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
• 2nd largest phylum of Animalia
• body covered by calcareous shell
• body = head , muscular foot, visceral hump.
• soft and spongy layer of skin forms a mantle over the visceral hump.
• space between hump and mantle - mantle cavity - feather like gills are present - these have
Respiratory and excretory functions
• anterior head region has sensory tentacles
• mouth have file like rasping organ - radula - feeding.

9. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
• Have endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles
• mouth on lower ventral side, anus on upper dorsal side.
• water vascular system
-> locomotion, capture and transport of food, respiration.
• Excretory system absent
• free swimming larva.

10. PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA

• Have rudimentary structure in collar region - stomochord
• worm like animals
• body = anterior proboscis, collar, long trunk
• respiration - gills
• excretory organ - proboscis gland

11. PHYLUM CHORDATA

• Chordates
-> notochord present, CNS is dorsal hollow and single, Pharynx perforated by gill slits, ventral
heart, post anal tail is present
• Non chordates
-> notochord absent, CNS is ventral Solid and double, gill slits absent, dorsal heart, post anal
tail absent.

• Urochordata - notochord is present only in larval tail

• Cephalochordata - notochord extends from head to tail region , persistent throughout their life.
• Vertebrata - possess notochord during embryonic stage, replaced by bony/cartilaginous
vertebral column in adult.
• protochordates - Urochordata and cephalochordata

• Vertebrata has 2 division - Agnatha(lacks jaw) & Gnathostomata(bears jaw).

• Agnatha - Class Cyclostomata
• Gnathostomata has 2 super class - Pisces(bear fins) & Tetrapoda(bears limbs)
• Pisces - 2 class - Chondrichthyes & Osteichthyes
• Tetrapoda - 4 class - Amphibian, Reptilia, Aves, Mammals.

12. CLASS CYCLOSTOMATA

• ectoparasite on some fishes
• elongated body
• 6-15 pairs of gill slits - respiration
• sucking and circular mouth . No jaws
• devoid of scales and paired fins
• cranium & vertebral column - cartilaginous
• marine, but migrate to fresh water for spawning.

13. CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES

• Marine
• streamlined body
• cartilaginous endoskeleton
• ventral mouth
• Notochord persistent throughout life
• gill slits seperate - no operculum
• tough skin - minute placoid scales
• teeth - modified placoid scales, backwardly directed
• very powerful jaws
• predaceous
• air bladder - absent
• Ureotelic
• Torpedo have electric organs
• Trygon have poison sting.
• pelvic fins bear claspers in males

14. CLASS OSTEICHTHYES

• Marine and freshwater
• bony endoskeleton
• streamlined body
• terminal mouth
• 4 pair of gills - operculum present on each side
• cycloid/ctenoid scales
• air bladder - present
• ammonotelic

15. CLASS AMPHIBIA

• Aquatic and terrestrial
• 2 pair of limbs
• body = head + trunk (tail in some)
• moist skin without scales
• eyelids present
• tympanum - present
• alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts opens to Cloaca, which opens to exterior
• respiration - gills, lungs , skin

16. CLASS REPTILIA

• Creeping/Crawling mode of locomotion
• terrestrial animals
• body covered by dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales/scutes
• tympanum - present
• limbs if present are 2 pairs
• snakes and lizards shed their skin as skin cast

17. CLASS AVES

• Feathers are present
• ostrich - flightless bird
• beak present
• forelimbs modified to wings
• hindlimbs have scales - walking, swimming, clasping tree branches
• skin is dry without Glands - oil gland is present at base of tail
• endoskeleton is fully ossified(bony)
• long bones are hollow with air cavities (pneumatic)
• digestive tracts have crop and gizzard
• respiration - lungs
• air sacs connected to lungs supplement respiration

18. CLASS MAMMALIA

• Mammary glands
• 2 pair of limbs
• skin possess hair
• external ears / pinnae - present
• different types of teeth present in jaw
• respiration - lungs

-> PORIFERA - Euspongia(bath sponge), Spongilla(fresh water sponge), Sycon(scypha)

-> COELENTERATA - Meandrina(brain coral), Gorgonia(sea fan), pennatula(sea pen),
Adamsia(sea anemone), physalia(portuguese man of war), Aurelia (jelly fish), hydra, Obelia
-> CTENOPHORA - pleurobrachia, ctenoplana
-> PLATYHELMINTHES - fasciola(liver fluke), taenia(tapeworm)
-> ASCHELMINTHES- Ascaris (round worm), Wuchereria (filarial worm), Ancyclostoma(hook
worm)
-> ANNELIDA - Nereis, Pheretima(earth worm), Hirudinaria(blood sucking leech)
-> Arthropoda
• Economically important insects - Apis (honey bee), Bombyx(silk worm), laccifer(lac insect)
• Vectors - Anopheles, culex, Aedes
• Gregarious pest - locusta(locust)
• Living fossil - limulus(king crab)
-> MOLLUSCA - sepia(cuttle fish), pinctada(pearl oyster), pila(apple snail), aplysia(sea have),
loligo(squid), dentalium(tusk shell), octapus(devil fish), chaetopleura(chiton)
-> ECHINODERMATA - Asterias(star fish), antedon(sea lilly), cucumaria(sea cucumber),
echinus(sea urchin), ophiura(brittle star)
-> HEMICHORDATA - balanoglossus, saccoglossus

-> UROCHORDATA - doliolum, ascidia, salpa.

-> CEPHALOCHORDATA - Branchistoma(amphioxus/lancelet)
-> CYCLOSTOMATA - Petromyzon(lamprey), myxine(hag fish)
-> CHONDRICHTHYES - Torpedo, Trygon, pristis(saw fish), scoliodon(dog fish),
carcharodon(great white shark)
-> OSTEICHTHYES
• marine - exocoetus(flying fish), hippocampus (sea horse)
• fresh water - labeo(rohu), catla(katla), Clarius(magur)
• aquarium - betta(fighter fish), pterophyllum(angel fish)
-> AMPHIBIANS - Bufo(toad), rana(frog), hyla(tree frog), salamandra(salamander),
ichthyophis(limbless amphibian)
-> REPTILIA - Chelone(turtle), testudo(tortoise), chameleon(tree lizard), calote(garden lizard),
crocodilus (crocodile), alligator (alligator), hemidactylus(wall lizard)
• Poisonous snakes - naja(cobra), bangarus(krait), vipera(viper)
-> AVES - corvus(crow), columba (pigeon), psittacula(parrot), struthio(ostrich), pavo(peacock),
aptenodyte(penguin), neophron(vulture)
-> MAMMALIA -
• Oviparous - ornithorhynchus(platypus)
• Viviparous - macropus(kangaroo), pteropus (flying fox), macaca(monkey), camelus(camel),
rattus(rat), felis(cat), canis(dog), elephas(elephant), equus(horse), delphinus(dolphin),
balenoptera(blue whale).