INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

The petrol engine (spark ignition engines) is a type of internal combustion engine which ignites the fuel by
using spark plug

The diesel engine (compression ignition engines) is a type of internal combustion engine which ignites the fuel
by injecting it into hot, high-pressure air in a combustion chamber.
It is divided into 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines.

MAIN ENGINE PARTS

2 STROKE

4 STROKE
CYCLES
4 stroke cycle
The four-stroke cycle is completed in four strokes of the piston, or two revolutions of the crankshaft.
Stroke is the travel of the piston between its extreme points.

1-suction: The inlet valve opens and fresh air is drawn in as the piston moves down (Figure a).

2-compression: the inlet valve closes and the air in the cylinder is compressed (and consequently raised in
temperature) as the piston rises (Figure b).

3-power: Fuel is injected as the piston reaches top dead centre and combustion takes place, producing very high
pressure in the gases. The piston is now forced down by these gases (Figure c).

4-exhaust: exhaust valve opens. The final stroke is the exhausting of the burnt gases as the piston rises to top
dead centre to complete the cycle (Figure d).
2 stroke cycle
The two-stroke cycle is completed in two strokes of the piston or one revolution of the crankshaft.

1-Power & exhaust: after combustion (Figure a) the piston is forced down on its working stroke until it
uncovers the exhaust port (Figure b). The burnt gases then begin to exhaust and the piston continues down until
it opens the inlet or scavenge port (Figure c).

2-Scavenge & compression: Pressurized air then enters and drives out the remaining exhaust gas. The piston, on
its return stroke, closes the inlet and exhaust ports. The air is then compressed as the piston moves to the top of
its stroke to complete the cycle (Figure d).

Timing diagrams: a diagram showing the angles of the crank shaft at each stroke.
Slow Speed Engines :
Slow Speed engines are engines in the range of 50 – 300 rpm at rated power. These are mostly two stroke,
crosshead engines with between 4 to 12 cylinders in line and turbocharged.

The stroke – bore ratio of low speed engines varies between 2.5:1 to 4.2:1. These engines are called Super long
stroke engines, and are well suited to operate on low quality fuels .

Low speed engines are generally intended for direct drive, hence connected to the propeller directly.

Medium and High Speed Engines :

Medium Speed engines are in the range of 300 – 800 rpm whereas high speed engines are above 800 rpm,.
These are usually four stroke, trunk piston engines which have up to 10 cylinders inline or up to 18-24 cylinders
in V configuration, and mostly turbocharged.

Stroke to bore ratios are not very high, normally up to 1.5:1, because of the forces created by high speeds. These
engines are lighter, more compact, and lower in acquisition cost than low speed engines.

These engines have advantage of high power to weight ratio and used extensively in passenger / cruise ships
due to less head room required.

Though medium speed engines have proved capable of running on fuels of poor quality, high speed engines are
normally restricted to distillate fuels.

The maintenance required on these engines is more and these are more noisy as compared to slow speed
engines.

Medium and high speed engines, because of their higher rpm, drive propellers through speed reduction gears.

2 STROKE AND 4 STROKE ENGINES

TWO STROKE ENGINES :

Advantages :

* Able to develop much higher Power at lower rotational speed.

* Cheaper quality fuels can be used

* Slow speed so less wear and tear of moving parts

* Turning movement is more uniform, lighter flywheel can be used.

* Cost of lubricants is less.

* Crosshead bearings capable of sustaining high loads.

Disadvantages :

* Requires more space due to super long strokes.

* Expensive
FOUR STROKE ENGINES :
Advantages

* Requires less head room

* Working parts are fewer and less costly.

Disadvantages :

* Gudgeon pin Bearing assembly not suited for higher loads

* Cost of lubricant is more

* Medium speed or high speed, more wear and tear of moving parts.

* Power developed is less.

* Due to 1 power stroke is every 2 revolutions the turning movement is not so uniform. Heavier flywheel is
required.

* Difficulty in burning cheaper quality fuels.

CAM SHAFT FUNCTION

Opening inlet and exhaust valves
Operating the fuel pump
Operating the air distributer
Operating the cylinder lubricator

VALVES OPERATION MECHANISM

The crankshaft is arranged to drive through gears or chain the camshaft, which either directly or through
pushrods operates rocker arms which open the inlet and exhaust valves.

SCAVENGING AND SUPER CHARGING

A turbo charger is used to admit pressurized air to the combustion chamber, it is a centrifugal air compressor
driven by a turbine which is operated by the exhaust gas flow coming from the diesel engine.

Extra quantity of air is required to:

Achieve complete combustion and
Scavenge the exhaust gasses and
Give cooling effect.

Scavenging is the removal of exhaust and refilling the cylinder with fresh air required for combustion.

Scavenging methods:
Cross
Loop
Uniflow
WATER COOLING SYSTEM
Cooling of engines is achieved by circulating a cooling liquid around internal passages within the engine. It is
required to enable the engine metals to retain their mechanical properties.
The cylinder jacket cooling water after leaving the engine passes to a sea-water circulated cooler and then into
the jacket-water circulating pumps. It is then pumped around the cylinder jackets, cylinder heads and turbo-
blowers.
A heater in the circuit facilitates warming of the engine prior to starting by circulating hot water.

Expansion tank functions:

Allow for water expansion after being heated
Allow for replenishing water
Allow for detection of leaks
Allow for venting the cooling system
Allow for adding chemicals to the system for treatment
LUBRICATING OIL SYSTEM
Its function is to supply lube oil to all moving parts in the engine to reduce friction and wear. And to give
cooling effect.
The oil is drawn from the sump tank through a strainer, to the pump, then into a fine filter. It is then passed
through a cooler before entering the engine and being distributed to the various branch pipes. After lubrication
the oil collects again in the sump tank. A centrifuge is arranged for cleaning the lubricating oil in the system and
clean oil can be provided from a storage tank.

2 stroke engines are provided with a separate lubrication system for the cylinder liners. Oil is injected between
the liner and the piston by mechanical lubricators.
This oil must be with higher alkalinity than crank case oil to neutralize acids of combustion.
AIR STARTING SYSTEM
The compressed air supplied by a large bore pipe to a remote operating non-return or automatic valve and then
to the cylinder air start valve. Opening of the cylinder air start valve will admit compressed air into the cylinder.
This is achieved by pilot air coming from the air distributer. which is operated by camshaft.
REVERSING
In order to reverse the ship movement there is some methods:

Reversible engine: to reverse the engine rotation using (lost motion or axial motion) of cam shaft.
Reduction gear: reversing the shaft rotation by gear box.
Controllable pitch propeller (cpp): to change the angle of propeller blade.

POWER MEASURMENT
There are two possible measurements of engine power: the indicated power and the shaft power.

The indicated power is the power developed within the engine cylinder and can be measured by an engine
indicator.

The shaft power is the power available at the output shaft of the engine and can be measured using a
torsionmeter.

Mechanical efficiency: the ratio between the shaft power and the indicated power.