Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing is a fundamental concept in statistics used to make decisions or inferences about a population
based on a sample. The goal is to test whether the data supports a certain claim or hypothesis about the
population.
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Hypothesis Testing
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t-distribution
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t-distribution
The t-distribution, also known as Student's t-distribution, is a probability distribution that is symmetric and bell-shaped
like the normal distribution. However, it has heavier tails, meaning it is more prone to producing values that fall far from
the mean. This distribution is used primarily when the sample size is small, or the population standard deviation is
unknown.
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t-distribution
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t-distribution
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t-distribution
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t-distribution
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chi-distribution
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chi-distribution
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chi-distribution
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chi-distribution
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Hypothesis testing
Hypothesis testing is a fundamental concept in statistics used to make decisions or inferences about a population
based on a sample. The goal is to test whether the data supports a certain claim or hypothesis about the population.
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Hypothesis testing
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Hypothesis testing
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Hypothesis testing
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Hypothesis testing
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t-test
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t-test
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t-test
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t-test
A random sample of 16 observations is drawn from a population, and the sample mean is found to be 52 with a
standard deviation of 6. The population mean is hypothesized to be 50. Perform a hypothesis test at a 5%
significance level to determine if the sample mean is significantly different from the population mean.
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t-distribution
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t-test
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Two sample t-test
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Two sample t-test
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Two sample t-test
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Two sample t-test
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Paired t-test
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Paired t-test
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Paired t-test
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z-test
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z-test
A company claims that the average weight of its product is 500 grams. A sample of 50 products has a mean
weight of 490 grams with a standard deviation of 20 grams. Test the company’s claim at a 5% significance level.
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z-test
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z-test
A researcher wants to know if the average height of students from two different schools is different. School A has a
sample size of 40, with an average height of 170 cm and a standard deviation of 10 cm. School B has a sample size of 50,
with an average height of 175 cm and a standard deviation of 12 cm. Test the difference at a 5% significance level.
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z-test
In a survey, 100 people from City A and 120 people from City B were asked if they prefer public transportation. In
City A, 60 people said yes, and in City B, 70 people said yes. Test if the proportion of people preferring public
transportation differs between the two cities at a 5% significance level.
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z-test
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z-test
A salesman in a departmental store claims that at most 60 percent of the shoppers entering the store leave without
making a purchase. A random sample of 50 shoppers showed that 35 of them left without making a purchase. Are
these sample results consistent with the claim of the salesman?
Use an LOS (Level of Significance) of 0.05."
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Chi Square -test
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Chi Square -test
The Chi-Square Test (or χ2) is a statistical test used to determine if there is a significant association between observed
and expected frequencies or whether two categorical variables are independent.
It is widely used in hypothesis testing for categorical data, especially when working with contingency tables and
goodness-of-fit tests.
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Chi Square test
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Chi Square test
Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test
This test compares the observed distribution of data to a theoretically expected distribution. The test checks how well the
observed data "fits" the expected data.
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Chi Square test
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Chi Square test
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Chi Square –test Independence
This test checks whether two categorical variables are independent of each other. It's often used in a contingency
table, which shows the frequency distribution of variables.
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Chi Square –test Independence
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Chi Square –test Independence
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Chi Square –test Independence
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Chi Square –test Independence
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Chi Square –test for variance
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Chi Square –test variance
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Chi Square –test variance
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Chi Square –test variance
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Chi Square –test variance
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Chi Square –test variance
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Chi Square –test variance
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Chi Square –test variance
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Chi Square –test variance
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Chi Square –test variance
A factory claims that the variance of the length of metal rods it produces is 4 cm². A sample of 20 rods has a
sample variance of 5 cm². Test the factory's claim at a 5% significance level.
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Chi Square –test variance
The professor believes that the true standard deviation of exam scores is less than 8.6.
The professor samples 20 exam scores and finds that the sample standard deviation is 6.9.
We are asked to test this claim at a significance level 𝛼 = 0.05.
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Chi Square –test variance
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Central Limit Theorem
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Central Limit Theorem
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Central Limit Theorem
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Central Limit Theorem
The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) is a fundamental statistical concept that states that the sampling distribution of the sample
mean (or sum) approaches a normal distribution as the sample size becomes large, regardless of the shape of the
population distribution. This theorem is crucial because it allows us to make inferences about population parameters even
when the population distribution is not normal.
The central limit theorem states that
whenever a random sample of size n is taken
from any distribution with mean and
variance, then the sample mean will be
approximately a normal distribution with
mean and variance. The larger the value of
the sample size, the better the approximation
of the normal.
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Central Limit Theorem
Suppose the exam scores of students in a large class are skewed with a mean score of 70 and a standard deviation of 15.
If you take a random sample of 50 students, what is the probability that their average score is between 68 and 72?
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