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Assessment of P-Delta Effect on High Rise Buildings
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 3 Issue: 5 3231 - 3236
Assessment of P-Delta Effect on High Rise Buildings
Prashant Dhadve1, Alok Rao2, Atul Rupanvar3, Deokate K.4, Admile P.R5, Dr. Nemade. P. D.6
1,2,3,4
under graduate student, Civil Engineering S.B. PATIL College of engg ,Indapur, pune, India
5
Assistant professor Civil Engineering S.B. PATIL College of engg, Indapur, pune, India
6
Principal , S.B. PATIL College of engg, Indapur, pune, India
Department Of Civil, S. B. Patil College Of Engg, Pune
University,
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract:- P-delta effect is secondary effect on structure .it is also known as „Geometric nonlinearity effect‟. As number of stories increases, P-delta effect
becomes more important. If the change in bending moments and displacements is more than 10%, P-delta effect should be considered in design. In this study the
P-delta effect on high rise building is studied. Linear static analysis (without P-delta effect) on high rise building having different number of stories is carried out.
For the analysis G+14, G+19, G+24, (i.e 15, 20, and 25storey) R.C.C. framed building are modeled. Earthquake load is applied on model of structure as per IS-
18939(2002) for zone III in E-Tab software. Load combination for analysis is set as per IS-456(2000).All analysis is carried out in software ETAB. Bending
moment, story displacement with and without p-delta effect is calculated and compared for all the models. Then by trial and error method suitable cross-section are
provided for unsafe building to bring within acceptable limit by increasing stiffness of a building. The result shows that it is essential to consider the P-delta effect
for 25storey building. So buildings having height more than or equal to 75m, should be designed considering P-delta effect. Also we can say that up to 25storey
building, it is not necessary to consider P-delta effect in design and primary or first order analysis is sufficient for design. By increasing stiffness of building by
providing suitable cross section or by increasing stiffness building can bring within acceptable limit.[7]
Keywords: P-delta effect, high-rise building, static nonlinear analysis, displacement, bending moment‟s stiffness.
*****
1. INTRODUCTION “effect” that is associated with the magnitude of the applied
A high rise building is a structure whose architectural
height is between 35 and 100 m or a structure a automatically
listed as a high rise when it has a minimum of a 12 floors,
whether or not the height is known .also if it has fewer than 40
floors and height is unknown, it is also classified as a high rise
structure.[6]
Generally Structural designers are prone to use linear static
analysis, which is also known as first order analysis, to
compute design forces, moments and displacements resulting
from loads acting on a structure. First order analysis is
performed by assuming small deflection behavior where the
resulting forces, moments and displacements take no account
of the additional effect due to the deformation of the structure
under vertical load prior to imposing lateral loads.P-Delta is a
non-linear (second order) effect that occurs in every structure
where elements are subject to axial loads. It is a genuine
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 3 Issue: 5 3231 - 3236
axial load (P) and a displacement (delta). If a P-Delta
affected member is subjected to lateral load then it will be
prone to deflect more which could be computed by P-Delta
analysis not the linear static analysis.[6]
P-Delta is a non-linear effect that occurs in every structure
where elements are subject to axial load. It is a genuine
“effect” that is associated with the magnitude of the applied
axial load (P) and a displacement (delta).[6]
Figure 1.1 P-Delta effects
The magnitude of P-delta effect is related to the:-
Magnitude of axial load
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 3 Issue: 5 3231 - 3236
Stiffness/slenderness of the structure as whole representation of the structures ability to resist the seismic
Slenderness of individual elements demand. To generate the capacity curve, the structure is
pushed in a representative lateral load pattern which is
1.1 Objectives of the present study;
applied monotonically while the gravity loads are in place.
Detailed study of P-Delta effect Any type of representative lateral load pattern can be
To study the effects of axial loadings on high rise defined but the load pattern similar to first mode shape
buildings amplitude of the structure is the most commonly used to
To Analysis of G+9, G+14 and G+19 story R.C.C. determine the capacity. The A predefined lateral load pattern
buildings with and without considering P-delta effects. as shown in fig.2.1.which is distributed along the building
Linear static Analysis procedure is carried out by height is then applied. The lateral forces are increased until
using E-Tab, for ascertaining the seismic Capacity of some members yield. The structural model is modified to
buildings. account for the reduced stiffness of yielded members and
Nonlinear static pushover analysis procedure is carried lateral forces are again increased until additional members
out by using E-Tab for ascertaining the seismic yield. The process is continued until a control displacement
capacity of building. at the top of building reaches a certain level of deformation
To decide the minimum height of building for which it or structure becomes unstable. The roof displacement is
is necessary to included P-delta effect in analysis.
plotted with base shear to get the global capacity curve.[4]
To calculate the % change in the values of forces,
deflections and moments considering P-delta effect
and without considering P-Delta effect and without
considering P-Delta effect of structures.
To decide the minimum height of building for which
it is necessary to include P-delta
effect in analysis.
To make a structure stiffer for bringing it
Fig. 2.1Capacity curve
within acceptable limit according to the code..
3. ANALYSIS OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGS IN ETAB
2. PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
Pushover analysis is a technique by which a computer Buildings having same plan but with different number of
model of the building is subjected to a lateral load of a stories are analyses ETAB with and without considering P-
certain shape (i.e., inverted triangular or uniform). The delta effect and their results are compared. Following three
intensity of the lateral load is slowly increased and the buildings are considered for study.
sequence of cracks, yielding, plastic hinge formation, and
Case1. 15storey
failure of various structural components is recorded.
Pushover analysis can provide a significant insight into the Case2. 20storey
weak links in seismic performance of a structure. Pushover
analysis is a simplified nonlinear analysis whose central Case3. 25storey.
focus is generation of the pushover curve or capacity curve.
3.1 Load calculations: Following loads are considered for
This represents the lateral displacement as a function of
the analysis of the buildings. The loads are taken in
force applied to the structure. This capacity curve is
accordance with IS: 875 (Part 1) and (Part 2).
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 3 Issue: 5 3231 - 3236
Dead load
a) Self-weight
b) Floor finish: 1.25 kN/m2
c) Wall load
Live load
a) Live load on intermediate
floors Intensity of live load= 2
kN/m2
b) Live load on roof
Intensity of live roof load= 1.5 kN/m2
Lateral loads for pushover analysis:- As per IS
1893:2002 for zone3
EQX: Earthquake load in X-direction
EQY: Earthquake load in Y-direction
Zone factor = 0.16
Fig. 3.1 ETAB Model (3D view and plan )
Soil: Type 2 Importance
factor = 1 3.3 Analysis Result for 25 Storey building:
Analysis result of building in case of deflection, bending
moment is presented below in tabular form.
Deflection at top: Table3.2: Deflection at joint at top
storey with and without P-delta effect (25 storey building)
B.M. at base (KNm)
Sr. With
Without %
No. Load case P-
P-delta Difference
delta
1) 1.2(DL+LL+EQX) 92.23 98.78 7.11%
2) 1.2(DL+LL-EQX) 69.14 71.37 3.28%
3) 1.2(DL+LL+EQY) 75.88 85.62 12.84%
4) 1.2(DL+LL-EQY) 69.20 78.14 12.92%
-
5) DL+LL+WL+EQX -141.45 2.40%
144.85
6) DL+1.5LL+1.5WLX -69.41 -75.25 8.42%
Table 3.2
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 3 Issue: 5 3231 - 3236
Fig 3.2: deflection at top
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 2. From graph, it is observed that increase in deflection
is more as number of storey increased.
4.1: Result of 15, 20, 25storey buildings
3. Also, P-delta effect is more observed in all load cases.
1. Graph 6.1 represents % increase in deflection for
various load cases for 15, 20 and 25 storey building.
Graph 4.1; % increase in deflection due to P-delta
effect for all load cases not necessary to consider P-delta effect.
4.2. DISCUSSION 5. Hence for 15 storey building, it is not necessary to
consider P-delta effect, so building can be designed
1) For 15 storey building
by 1st order analysis.
1. Change in B.M. at base is 2-6%.
2) For 20 storey building
2. Change in the deflection is 1-11%.
3. Change in B.M. of beams is less than 10%. 1. Change in B.M. at base is 2-4%.
4. Change in the B.M of the columns is up to 20% for 2. Change in the deflection is 2-14%.
some members in some load cases. But it is found 3. Change in B.M of beams which are parallel to y-
that their initial values are very small (i.e not more direction is up to 15%.
than 30KNm). So we can say that practically it is 4. Change in B.M of columns is 8-30%. It is more
observed at the exterior columns and their nearby
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 3 Issue: 5 3231 - 3236
beams. Also it is more observed at intermediate single iteration also. So there is no change in
stories. results by increasing the iterations.
5. So P-delta effect is observed in some load cases for As the cross sections of members increases
20 storey building. stiffness of a structure also increases.
6. So it is necessary to consider P-delta effect while So we should perform P-delta analysis for
designing a 20 storey building. designing a minimum of 20 storey building
considering seismic loads. And buildings up to 20
2) For 25 storey building
stories can be designed by conventional primary
1. Change in B.M. at base is 2-4%. analysis or linear analysis.
2. Change in the deflection is 3-15%. The conclusion is valid for RCC residential
3. Change in B.M of some beams is up to15%. buildings for seismic loading in all the zones of
4. Change in B.M of columns is 10-35%. It is more India and may not be applicable for commercial,
observed at the exterior columns and their nearby educational or industrial buildings.
beams. Also it is more observed at intermediate 6. FUTURE SCOPE OF THE WORK
stories.
Further work and studies on the P-delta effect on high-rise
5. So it is necessary to consider P-delta effect while
buildings is highly recommended to eliminate the risk of
designing a 25 storey building.
failures of high-rise buildings. Below are some of the
5. CONCLUSION recommendations for further studies:
This chapter presents the major conclusions and future In this work the stiffness of structure is increased
scope of the assessment of P-delta effect for high rise by the concept "The more uniform the internal
buildings. Based on the second order analysis using ETAB force distribution, the stiffer the structure" further
and verification with other authors following conclusions study can be carried out for the remaining concepts
can be drawn. i.e. X bracing for achieving economical design.
As number of storey increases P-delta effect In this work nonlinear behavior of building was
becomes more important. studied by static pushover analysis method further
P-delta effect is only observed in some of the study can be carried out by using nonlinear
beams and columns (Exterior columns and their dynamic analysis.
adjacent beams) in some load cases. If these load
References
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 3 Issue: 5 3231 - 3236
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